Designati

Designation:
on: C 680 – 04

Standard Practice for

Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface
Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical
Systems by Use of Computer Programs 1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 680; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of 
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
cript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
superscript
supers

1. Sco
Scope
pe 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice
practice prov
provides
ides the algor
algorithm
ithmss and calculation
calculation 2.1   ASTM Standards: 2
methodologies for predicting the heat loss or gain and surface C 168 Te Terminology
rminology Relating to Thermal Insulating Materi-
temperatu
temp eratures
res of certa
certain
in ther
thermal
mal insul
insulation
ation systems that can als
attain
attain one dim dimens
ension
ional,
al, ste
steady
ady-- or qua
quasi-
si-ste
steady
ady-st
-state
ate hea
heatt C 177 Test MethMethod
od for Stea
Steady-St
dy-State
ate Heat Flux Meas
Measure-
ure-
transfer conditions in field operations. ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of 
1.2 This practice is based on the assumption
assumption that the thermal
thermal the Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus
insulation systems can be well defined in rectangular, cylindri- C 335 Test Method for SteadSteady-Sta
y-State
te Heat Tr
Transfe
ansferr Prope
Proper-
r-
cal or sphspheri
erical
cal coo
coordi
rdinat
natee sys
system
temss and thathatt the insinsula
ulatio
tionn ties of Horizontal Pipe Insulation
systems
syste ms are comp
composed
osed of homohomogeneo
geneous,
us, unif
uniforml
ormly y dime
dimen- n- C 518 Test MethMethod
od for Stea
Steady-St
dy-State
ate Heat Flux Meas
Measure-
ure-
sioned materials that reduce heat flow between two different ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of 
temperature conditions. the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
1.3 Qualified pers personnel
onnel famifamiliar
liar with insul
insulatio
ation-sys
n-systems
tems C 585 Practic
Practicee for Inn
Inner
er and Out
Outer
er Dia
Diamet
meters
ers of Rig
Rigid
id
design
des ign and ana analys
lysis
is sho
should
uld res
resolv
olvee the app
applic
licabi
abilit
lity
y of the Thermal Insulation for Nominal Sizes of Pipe and Tubing
methodologies to real systems. The range and quality of the (NPS System)
physical and thermal property data of the materials comprising C 1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions
Conditions That
the therm
thermalal insul
insulation
ation system limi limitt the calc
calculati
ulation
on accur
accuracy
acy.. Produce Contact Burn Injuries
Person
Per sonss usi
using
ng thi
thiss pra
practi
ctice
ce mus
mustt hav
havee a kno
knowle
wledge
dge of the C 1057
1057 Pract
Practice
ice for Deter
Determina
mination
tion of Skin Contact Tem-
practical application of heat transfer theory relating to thermal peratu
per ature
re fro
fromm Hea
Heated
ted Sur
Surfac
faces
es Usi
Using
ng a Mat
Mathem
hemati
atical
cal
insulation materials and systems. Model and Thermesthesiometer
1.4 The computer
computer program that can be generated generated from the 2.2 Other Document:
algorithm
algor ithmss and compu
computati
tational
onal meth
methodolo
odologies
gies define
defined d in this NBS Circular 564 Ta Tables
bles of Thermodynamic and Transport
Transport
practice is described in Section 7 of this practice. The computer Properties of Air, U.S. Dept of Commerce
progra
pro gram m is int
intend
endeded for flat slab, pip pipee and holhollow
low sphere
sphere 2.3   ASTM Adjuncts:
insulation systems. An executable version of a program based ADJC0680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss
on this standard may be obtained from ASTM. and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindri-
1.5 The values stated in in inch-pound units are to be regarded cal,, and Spherica
cal Sphericall Sys
System
temss by Use of Com
Comput
puter
er Pro
Pro--
as ththee st
stan
anda
dard
rd.. Th
Thee va
valulues
es gi
givevenn in papare
rent
nthe
hese
sess ar
aree fo
forr grams3
information only.
1.6   This standar
standard d doe
doess not purport
purport to add addreress
ss all of the 3. Terminology
safe
sa fety
ty co
conc
ncer
erns
ns,, if an
anyy, asasso
soci
ciat
ated
ed wit
withh its us use.
e. It is th thee 3.1   Definitions— For
For definitions of terms used in this prac-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- tice, refer to Terminology C 168.
 priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1.1   thermal insulation system—for this practice, a thermal
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. insulation system is a system comprised of a single layer or

2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal contact ASTM Customer Service at service@
service@astm.o
astm.org.
rg. For Annual
For  Annual Book of ASTM 
Insulation
Insulation and is the direct responsibility
responsibility of Subco
Subcommittee
mmittee C16.30 on Thermal Standards  volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Measurements. the ASTM website
website..
3
Curren
Cur rentt edit
edition
ion app
approv
roved
ed May 1, 200 2004.
4. Pub
Publish
lished
ed Jun
Junee 200
2004.
4. Orig
Origina
inally
lly Avail
vailable
able from ASTM Inte Internat
rnation
ional
al Head
Headqua
quarters
rters.. Ord
Order
er Adj
Adjunct
unct No.
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 680 - 03a. ADJC0680.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
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C 680 – 04
layers of homo
layers homogeneo
geneous,
us, unif
uniforml
ormly
y dime
dimension
nsioned
ed mate
material
rial(s)
(s) fer the
theory
ory as out outlin
lined
ed in textextbo
tbooks
oks and han handbo
dbooks
oks,, Ref
Refss
intended for reduction of heat transfer between two different (4,5,20,21,22,30).. Heat flux solutions are derived for tempera-
(4,5,20,21,22,30)
temperature conditions. Heat transfer in the system is steady- ture dependent thermal conductivity in a material. Algorithms
state. Heat flow for a flat system is normal to the flat surface, and computational methodologies for predicting heat loss or
and heat flow for cylindrical and spherical systems is radial. gain of singsingle
le or mult
multi-la
i-layer
yer therm
thermal al insul
insulatio
ation
n syste
systems
ms are
3.2   Symbols— The
The following symbols are used in the devel- provided
prov ided by this practice
practice for implementat
implementation ion in a comp
computer
uter
opment of the equations for this practice. Other symbols will program. In addition, interested parties can develop computer
be intr
introduce
oduced
d and defined in the detailed
detailed descr
descripti
iption
on of the progra
pro grams
ms frofrom
m the com comput
putati
ationa
onall pro
proced
cedure
uress for spe
specifi
cificc
development. applic
app licati
ations
ons and for one or mor moree of the thr three
ee coo
coordi
rdinat
natee
systems considered in Section 6.
where:
4.1.1 The compucomputerter program combines functions functions of data
h = surfac
surfacee trantransfer
sfer conductance
conductance,, Btu/( h·ft 2·°
Btu/(h·ft ·°F)
F) (W(W/ / 
input, analysis and data output into an easy to use, interactive
(m2·K))  h i   at inside surface; ho   at outside surface
computer program. By making the program interactive, little
k  conductivity,, Btu·in./(h·ft 2·°F) (W/ 
= apparent thermal conductivity
training for operators is needed to perform accurate calcula-
(m·K))
k e = eff
effective
ective thermal conductivity over a prescribed prescribed tem- tions.
2
perature range, Btu·in./(h·ft ·°F) (W/(m·K)) 4.2 The ope operat
ration
ion of the com comput
puter
er pro
progra
gramm fol
follow
lowss the
q = heat flux, Btu/ (h·ft2) (W/m2)
Btu/(h·ft procedure listed below:
q p = titime
me ra rate
te of he heatat flofloww pe perr un unit
it le
leng
ngth th of pipipe
pe,, 4.2.1   Data Input —The
—The computer requests and the operator
Btu/(h·ft) (W/m) inputs
inpu ts infor
informati
mationon that describes
describes the systsystem
em and opera
operating
ting
 R = therm
thermalal resis
resistance °F·h·ftt 2 /Btu (K·m2 /W)
tance,, °F·h·f environment. The data includes:
r  = rad
radius (m);;  r m+1  −  r m  = thickness
ius,, in. (m) 4.2.1.1 Analysis identification.
identification.
t  = local temp
temperat erature,
ure, °F (K)
4.2.1.2
4.2.1. 2 Date
Date..
t i = inner surf
surface
ace temper
temperaturaturee of the the insulati
insulation, on, °F (K)
(K)
t 1 = inner surf
surface
ace tempe
temperatur
raturee of the the system
system 4.2.1.3 Ambient temperature.
t o = tem
temper
peratu
ature
re of ambambien ientt flui
fluid d and surrou
surroundi ndings
ngs,, °F 4.2.1.
4.2 .1.4
4 Sur
Surfaface
ce trtrans
ansfer
fer con
conduc
ducta
tance
nce or am ambie
bient
nt win
wind d
(K) speed, system surface emittance and system orientation.
 x = dista nce, in. (m); xm+1  −  x m  = thickness
distance, 4.2.1.5   System
System Descr
Description
iption—Ma
—Mater terial
ial and thi thickn
ckness
ess for
e = ef
effect
fective
ive surface
surface emitta
emittance
nce between
between outside
outside surface
surface each layer (define sequence from inside out).
and the ambient surroundings, dimensionless
4.2.2   Analysis—On—Once ce inp
input
ut dat
dataa is ent
entere
ered,
d, the pro
progra
gramm
s = Ste
Stefan
fan-Bo
-Boltzltzman
mann n con
consta
stant,
nt, 0.1 714 3 10-8 Btu/ 
0.1714
calculat
calc ulateses the surf
surface
ace trans
transfer
fer condu
conductan
ctances
ces (if not enter
entered
ed
(h·ft2·°R4) (5.6697  3 10-8 W/(m2·K4))
directly) and layer thermal resistances. The program then uses
T s = absol
absolute
ute surfac
surfacee tempera
temperature,
ture, °R (K) (K)
thiss inf
thi inform
ormati
ation
on to calcalcul
culate
ate the heaheatt tra
transf
nsfer
er and sur
surfac
facee
T o = abs
absolu
olutete sur
surrou
roundi
ndings
ngs (ambien
(ambientt air if ass assume
umed d the
temperat
temp erature.
ure. The progr
program am cont
continues
inues to reperepeat
at the anal
analysis
ysis
same) temperature, °R (K)
T m = (T s + T o)/2 using the previous temperature data to update the estimates of 
 L = chara
characteri
cteristic
stic dimensio
dimension n for horizontal
horizontal and and vertical
vertical layer thermal resistance until the temperatures at each surface
flat surfaces, and vertical cylinders repeat within 0.1°F between the previous and present tempera-
 D = characteristic dimension for horizontal cylinders and tures at the various surface locations in the system.
spheres 4.2.3   Program Output —Once —Once convergence of the tempera-
c p = speci
specific
fic heat of of ambient
ambient fluid,
fluid, Btu/(lb·°
Btu/(lb·°R) R) (J/(kg·K))
(J/(kg·K)) tures is reached, the program prints a table that presents the
hc = avera
averagege convection
convection conductconductance, Btu/(h·ftt 2·°F) (W/ 
ance, Btu/(h·f input data, calculated thermal resistance of the system, heat
(m2·K)) flux and the inner surface and external surface temperatures.
k  f  = therm
thermalal conductivi
conductivity ty of ambient
ambient fluid, fluid, Btu/(h·ft·°
Btu/(h·ft·°F)F)
(W/(m·K)) 5. Signi
Significanc
ficancee and Use
V  = free strea
stream m velocity
velocity of ambient
ambient fluid,fluid, ft/h
ft/h (m/s)
(m/s)
 y = kinem
kinematic
atic visc
viscosit
osityy of ambie
ambient nt fluid,
fluid, ftft 2 /h (m2 /s) 5.1 Manufacturers of thermal insulation
insulation express the perfor-
g = accel
accelerati
eration on due
due toto gravit
gravity ft/h 2 (m/s 2)
y, ft/h mance of their products in charts and tables showing heat gain
b = volumetric thermal expansion coef coeffificient
cient of ambient or loss per unit surface area or unit length of pipe. This data is
-1
fluid, °R (K ) -1
presented for typical insulation thicknesses, operating tempera-
r = densi
density
ty of ambiambientent fluid, lb/flb/ftt 3 (kg/m3) tures, surface orientations (facing up, down, horizontal, verti-
DT  = abs
absolu
olutete val
value
ue of tem temper
peratuaturere dif
differ
ferenc
encee betbetwee
ween n cal), and in the case of pipes, different pipe sizes. The exterior
surface and ambient fluid, °R (K) surface temperature of the insulation is often shown to provide
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C 680 – 04
5.2 Users of thermal
thermal insulation
insulation faced with the probl
problem
em of  5.6 The calculation
calculation of surface temperatur
temperaturee and heat loss or
designing large thermal insulation systems encounter substan- gain of an insulated system is mathematically complex, and
tial engineering cost to obtain the required information. This because of the iterative nature of the method, computers best
cost
co st ca
can
n be su subs
bsta
tant
ntia
iall
lly
y re
redu
duce
ced
d by th thee us
usee of ac
accu
cura
rate
te handle the calculation. Computers are readily available to most
engineering data tables, or available computer analysis tools, or producers and consumers of thermal insulation to permit the
both. The use of this practice by both manufacturers and users use of this practice.
of therm
thermal
al insul
insulation
ation will provi
provide
de stand
standardiz
ardized
ed engin
engineeri
eering
ng 5.7 Compu
Computer ter programs
programs are desc described
ribed in this practice as a
data of suf
suffficie
icient
nt accur
accuracy
acy for pred
predicti
icting
ng therm
thermal
al insul
insulation
ation guide
gui de for calculat
calculation ion of the heat los losss or gai
gainn and surface
surface
system performance. However, it is important to note that the temperatures of insulation systems. The range of application of 
accuracy of results is extremely dependent on the accuracy of  these programs and the reliability of the output is a primary
the input data. Certain applications may need specific data to func
functi
tion
on of th thee rarang
ngee an and
d ququalalit
ity
y of th thee in
inpu
putt da
data
ta.. Th
Thee
produce meaningful results. programs are intended for use with an “interactive” terminal.
5.3 The use of analysis procedures described
described in this practice
practice Under this system, intermediate output guides the user to make
can also apply to designed or existing systems. In the rectan- programming adjustments to the input parameters as necessary.
gular coordinate system, Practice C 680 can be applied to heat The computer controls the terminal interactively with program-
flows normal to flat, horizontal or vertical surfaces for all types genera
gen erated
ted ins
instru
tructi
ctions
ons and que questistions
ons,, whi
whichch pro
prompt
mptss use
userr
of enclosures, such as boilers, furnaces, refrigerated chambers response.
resp onse. This facifacilita
litates
tes prob
problem
lem solut
solution
ion and incr
increases
eases the
and building envelopes. In the cylindrical coordinate system, probability of successful computer runs.
Practice C 680 can be applied to radial heat flows for all types 5.8 The user of this practice practice may wish to modify the data
of piping circuits. In the spherical coordinate system, Practice input and report sections of the computer programs presented
C 680 can be applied to radial heat flows to or from stored in this practice to fit individual needs. Also, additional calcu-
fluids such as liquefied natural gas (LNG). lations may be desired to include other data such as system
5.4 Pract
Practice
ice C 680 is refe
reference
rencedd for use with Guide C 1055 costs
cos ts or eco
econom
nomic ic thi
thickn
ckness
ess.. No con conflic
flictt exi
exists
sts wit
withh suc
such
h
and Pra
Practi
ctice
ce C 1057
1057 for bur
burnn haz
hazard
ard eva
evalua
luatio
tion
n for hea
heated
ted modificati
modi fications
ons as long as the user veri verifies
fies the modifications
modifications
surfaces. Infrared inspection, in-situ heat flux measurements, using a series of test cases that cover the range for which the
or both are often used in conjunction with Practice C 680 to new method is to be used. For each test case, the results for
evalua
evaluate
te ins
insula
ulatio
tion
n sys
system
tem per
perfor
forman
mancece and dur
durabi
abilit
lity
y of  heat flow and surface temperaturetemperature must be iden identical
tical (within
(within
operating systems. This type of analysis is often made prior to resolution of the method) to those obtained using the practice
system upgrades or replacements. described herein.
5.5 All porous
porous and non-poro
non-porousus sol
solids
ids of nat
natura
urall or man
man-- 5.9 Thi
Thiss pra
practi
ctice
ce has been pre prepar
pareded to pro
provid
videe inp
input
ut and
made origin have temperature dependent thermal conductivi- output data that conforms to the system of units commonly
ties. The change in thermal conductivity with temperature is used by United States industry. Although modification of the
different for different materials, and for operation at a relatively input/output routines could provide an SI equivalent of the heat
small temperature difference, an average thermal conductivity flow results, no such “metric” equivalent is available for some
may suffice. Thermal insulating materials ( k  <   < 0.85 {Btu·in}/  portions of this practice. To date, there is no accepted system of 
metric dimensions for pipe and insulation systems for cylin-
{h·ft2·°F
·°F})
}) are por
porous
ous sol
solids
ids whe
where
re the hea
heatt tra
transf
nsfer
er mod
modeses
drical
drical sha
shapes
pes.. The dim dimensension
ionss useused d in Eur
Europe
ope are the SI
includ
inc ludee con
conduc
ductio
tion
n in ser
series
ies and par
parall
allel
el flow thr throug
ough
h the
equivalents of American sizes (based on Practice C 585), and
matrix of solid and gaseous portions, radiant heat exchange
each has a different designation in each country. Therefore, no
betwee
bet ween n the surfaces
surfaces of the pores or intinters
erstic
tices,
es, as wel
welll as
SI vevers
rsio
ion
n of th thee prprac
acti
tice
ce ha
hass bebeenen prprep
epar
ared
ed,, be
beca
caus
usee a
transm
transmiss
ission
ion thr
throug
oughh non
non-op
-opaqu
aquee sur
surfac
faces,
es, and to a leslesser
ser
standa
standard
rd SI equequivaivalen
lentt of thi
thiss pra
practi
ctice
ce wou
would ld be comcomple
plex.
x.
extent, convection within and between the gaseous portions.
When an international standard for piping and insulation sizing
With the existence of radiation and convection modes of heat
occurs, this practice can be rewritten to meet those needs. In
transfer, the measured value should be called apparent thermal
addition, it has been demonstrated that this practice can be used
conductiv
condu ctivity
ity as descr
described
ibed in Termi
erminolog
nologyy C 168. The main
to calculate heat transfer for circumstances other than insulated
reason for this is that the premise for pure heat conduction is no
systems; however, these calculations are beyond the scope of 
longer valid, because the other modes of heat transfer obey
this practice.
different laws. Also, phase change of a gas, liquid, or solid
within a solid matrix or phase change by other mechanisms
6. Meth
Method
od of Calc
Calculat
ulation
ion
will provide abrupt changes in the temperature dependence of 
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C 680 – 04
based on sufficient information; and, ( 5) the thermal conduc-  xm11 t m11
tivity
tivity as a fun
functi
ction
on of tem
temper
peratu
ature
re for each sys
system
tem layer is q * dx  5 2 * k ~t !dt  (4)
known in detail.  xm t m
6.1.2 The solution
solution is a proce
procedure calling for ( 1) estimation
dure calling t m 2  t m11
q  5  k e,m
of the system temperature distribution; ( 2) calculation of the  xm11 2  x m
therma
the rmall res
resist
istanc
ances
es thr
throug
oughou
houtt the sys system
tem bas
baseded on thathatt For heat flow in the hollow cylinder, let  p  =  r ,  q  =  Q /(2prl)
distribution; ( 3) calculation of heat flux; and ( 4) reestimation of  and integrate Eq 2:
the sys
system
tem temtemper
peratu
ature
re dis
distri
tribut
bution
ion.. The ite
iterat
rative
ive pro
proces
cesss
r m11 t m11
continues until a calculated distribution is in reasonable agree- Q dr 
ment with the previous distribution. This is shown diagram- 2pl * r 
52 * k ~t !dt  (5)
r m t m
matically in Fig. 1. The layer thermal resistance is calculated
t m 2  t m11
each time with the ef effect
fective
ive ther
thermal
mal conductivity
conductivity being ob- Q  5  k e,m 2pl
ln~r m11 /  r 
 r m!
tained by integration of the thermal conductivity curve for the
layer being cons considere
idered.
d. This practice uses the temp temperat
erature
ure Divide both sides by 2prl
dependence of the thermal conductivity of any insulation or t m 2  t m11
q  5  k e,m
multiple
mult iple layer combi
combinati
nation
on of insul
insulatio
ations
ns to calc
calculat
ulatee heat  ln ~r m11 /  r 
r  ln  r m!
flow. For radial heat flow in the hollow sphere, let p = r , q =
6.2   Developmen
Developmentt of EquatiEquations
ons—Th
—Thee devdevelo
elopme
pment nt of the Q /(4pr 2) and integrate Eq 2:
mathematical equations is for conduction heat transfer through r m11 t m11
homogeneo
homog eneous us soli
solids
ds havin
havingg temp
temperat
erature
ure depen
dependent
dent ther
thermal
mal Q dr 
conduc
con ductiv
tiviti
ities.
es. To proprocee
ceed
d wit
withh the devdevelo
elopme
pment,nt, sev
severa
erall 4p * r 2
 5 * k ~t !dt  (6)
r m t m
precepts or guidelines must be cited:
t m  2  t m11
6.2.1  Steady-state Heat Transfer —For
—For all the equations it is Q  5  k e,m
1 1
4p
assumed that the temperature at any point or position in the 2
r m r m11
solid is invariant with time. Thus, heat is transferred solely by
Divide both sides by 4pr 2 and multiply both sides by r mr m11 / r 
rm  r m11
temperature difference from point to point in the solid.
r mr m11 t m 2  t m11
6.2.2   One-dimensional Heat Transfer —For
—For all equations it q  5  k e,m
is assumed there is heat flow in only one dimension of the r 2 r m11 2  r m
particular coordinate system being considered. Heat transfer in Note that the effective thermal conductivity over the tem-
the other dime
dimensio
nsions
ns of the particular
particular coor
coordinat
dinatee syste
system
m is perature range is:
considered to be zero. t m11
6.2.3   Conduction Heat Transfer —The
—The premise here is that
the heat flux normal to any surface is directly proportional to
*
k ~t !dt 
t m
the temperature gradient in the direction of heat flow, or k e,m 5 (7)
t m11 2  t m
dt  6.3   Case 1, Flat Slab Systems:
q  5 2 k  (1)
dp
6.3.1 From Eq 4, the temp
temperat
erature
ure difference across the  m th
difference
where the ther
thermal
mal condu
conductiv
ctivity
ity,, k , is the pro
propor
portio
tional
nality
ity layer material is:
constant, and p   is the space variable
constant, variable through
through whi
which
ch hea
heatt is t m 2  t m11 5  qR m (8)
flowing.
flowin g. For stea
steady-st
dy-state
ate condi
conditions
tions,, one-d
one-dimen
imension
sional
al heat
~ xm11 2  x m!
flow,, and temp
flow temperatu
erature
re depen
dependent
dent ther
thermal
mal condu
conductiv
ctivity
ity,, the where Rm 5
k e,m
equation becomes
Note that  R m  is defined as the thermal resistance of the mth
dt 
q  5 2k ~t ! (2) layer of material. Also, for a thermal insulation system of  n
dp
layers, m   = 1,2...n, it is assumed that perfect contact exists
where at all surfaces normal to the heat flux, the total heat between layers. This is essential so that continuity of tempera-
flow through these surfaces is the same and changes in the ture between layers can be assumed.
thermal conductivity must dictate changes in the temperature 6.3.2
6.3 .2 Hea
Heatt is tra
transf
nsferr
erred
ed bet
betwee
weenn the ins
inside
ide and out
outsid
sidee
gradient. This will ensure that the total heat passing through a surfac
surfaces
es of the sys
system
tem and amb
ambien
ientt flui
fluids
ds and sur
surrou
roundi
nding
ng
given surface does not change from that surface to the next.
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C 680 – 04
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C 680 – 04
t n11 2  t o  5  qR o by succe
successive
ssive iterations.
iterations. However,
However, one should note that the
1 1 definition of  R R m  found in Eq 17 must be substituted for the one
where Ri 5 , Ro  5 presented in Eq 8.
hi ho
6.6   Calculation of Effective Thermal Conductivity:
For the computer program, the inside surface transfer con-
ductance,  h i, is assumed to be very large such that  R i  = 0, and 6.6.1 In the calculational
calculational methodologies
methodologies of 6.3, 6.4, and 6.5,
t 1  =  t i   is the given surface temperature. it is necessary to evaluate  k e,m  as a function of the two surface
temperatures of each layer comprising the thermal insulating
6.3.3 AddinAdding g Eq 8 and Eq 10 yields the following
following equation:
equation:
system. This is accomplished by use of Eq 7 where   k(t) is
t i 2  t o  5  q~ R1 1  R 2 1...1 Rn 1  Ri  1  Ro !   (11) defined
define d as a polyn
polynomia
omiall funct
function
ion or a piec
piecewise
ewise continuous
continuous
From the previous equation a value for q   can be calculated function
func tion compr
comprised
ised of indi
individua
vidual,
l, integ
integrable
rable funct
functions
ions over
from estimated values of the resistances,  R . Then, by rewriting specific temperature ranges. It is important to note that tem-
Eq 8 to the following: peratu
per ature
re can eit
either
her be in °F (° (°C)
C) or abs
absolu
olute
te tem
temper
peratu
ature,
re,
because the thermal conductivity versus temperature relation-
t m11 5  t m  2  qR m   (12)
ship is regression dependent. It is assumed for the programs in
t 1 5  t i 2  qR i, for R i .  0
this practice that the user regresses the k   versus t  functions
The temperature at the interface(s) and the outside surface using °F.
can be calculated starting with  m  = 1. Next, from the calculated 6.6.1.1
6.6.1. 1 When k(t)  is defined as a polynomial function, such
temperatu
temp eratures,
res, valu es of  k e,m   (Eq
values (Eq 7) and Rm   (Eq
and (Eq 8) can be as   k(t) = a + bt  + ct 2+ dt 3, the expression for the effective
calcul
cal culate
ated
d as wel
welll as Ro and Ri. The Then,
n, by sub
substi
stitut
tuting
ing the thermal conductivity is:
calculated  R -values back into Eq 11, a new value for  q  can be t m11
calculated. Finally, desired (correct) values can be obtained by
repeating this calculation methodology until all values agree *  1  ct 2 1 dt 3!dt 
~a 1  bt  1
t m
with previous values. k e,m 5   (18)
~t m11 2  t m!
6.4  Case 2, Cylindrical (Pipe) Systems:
b 2 c d 
6.4.1 From Eq 5, the heat flux through
through any layer of material
material a~t m11 2  t m! 1 ~t m11 2 t 2m! 1 ~t 3m11 2 t 3m! 1 ~t 4m11 2  t 4m!
2 3 4
is referenced to the outer radius by the relationship: k e,m 5
~t m11 2  t m!
r  t m  2  t m11 b c d 
qn  5  q m 5 k e,m   (13) k e,m  5  a  1 ~t   1  t m11! 1 ~t 2m 1 t mt m11 1  t 2m11! 1 ~t 3m 1 t 2mt m11
r n11  r m!
r n11 ln ~r m11  /  r  2 m 3 4
and, the temperat
and, temperature
ure dif
differ
ferenc
encee can be defi
defined
ned by Eq 8, 1  t mt 2m11 1 t 3m11!
where: It should be noted here that for the linear case,  c  =  d  =
 = 0, and
r n11  ln~r m11 /  r 
 r m! for the quadratic case, d  = 0.
 Rm 5 (14)
k e,m 2 When   k(t)   is defi
6.6.1.2
6.6.1. defined
ned as an exp
expone
onenti
ntialal fun
functi
ction,
on,
such as   k(t) = ea+bt , the expression for the effective thermal
Utilizing the methodology presented in case 1 (6.3), the heat
conductivity is:
flux, qn, and the surface temperature, t n+1, can be found by
succes
successiv
sivee ite
iterat
ration
ions.
s. How
Howeveever,
r, one sho
should
uld not
notee tha
thatt the t m11
definition of  R
 R m found in Eq 14 must be substituted for the one * e
a1bt 
dt 
presented in Eq 8. t m
k e,m 5   (19)
6.4.2
6.4.2 For radial
radial hea
heatt tra
transf
nsfer
er in pip
pipes,
es, it is cus
custom
tomary
ary to ~t m11 2  t m!
define the heat flux in terms of the pipe length: 1 a1bt 
~e m11 2 e a1bt m!
q p  5  2pr n11qn   (15) b
k e,m 5
~t m11 2  t m!
where  q p  is the time rate of heat flow per unit length of pipe.
~ea1bt m11 2  e a1bt m!
If on
onee ch
choo
oose sess no
nott to do th
this
is,, th
then
en heat flux ba
base
sed
d on th
thee k e,m 5
b~t m11 2  t m!
interi
interior
or rad
radius
ius must be rep report
orteded to avo
avoid
id the infl
influen
uence
ce of 
outer-diameter
outer-diame ter dif
differences.
ferences. 6.6.1.3 The piece-wise
6.6.1.3 piece-wise continuous
continuous function
function may be define
defined
d
6.5  Case 3, Spherical Systems : as:
6.5.1 From Eq 6, the flux through any layer of materialmaterial is k ~t ! 5  k 1~t ! t bl # t  # t l   (20)
referenced to the outer radius by the relationship: 5k 2~t ! t l # t  # t u t bl # t m  and  t m11 # t bu
2
~ ! k  ~ !
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C 680 – 04
into. Onc
into. Oncee the
these
se two par
param
amete
etersrs are dec
decide
ided,
d, the efeffec
fectiv
tivee T m = (T s + T o)/2
thermal conductivity can be determined using simple calculus. 6.7.3  Convective Heat Transfer Conductance —Certain con-
For example, if  t bl # t m # t l and t u # t m+1 # t bu   then the dition
ditionss nee
needd to be ideidenti
ntified
fied for pro proper
per calculat
calculationion of thi
thiss
effective thermal conductivity would be: component. The conditions are: ( a) Surface geometry—plane,
T l T u t m11 cylinder or sphere; ( b) Surface orientation—from vertical to
* k  ~t !dt  1
1  1 * k  ~t ! 1 *
2 k 3~t ! horizo
hor izonta
ntall inc
includ
luding
ing flow dep depend
endenc y; ( c) Na
ency; Natuture
re of he
heat
at
t m T l T u transf
transfer
er in fluifluid—f
d—fromrom fre
freee (na
(natur
tural)
al) con
convec
vectio
tionn to for
forced
ced
k e,m 5   (21)
~t m11 2  t m! convection with variation in the direction and magnitude of 
fluid
flu id flo w; (d ) Con
flow; Condit
dition
ion of the sur surfac
face—f
e—fromrom smosmooth
oth to
It should be noted that other piece-wise functions exist, but
various degrees of roughness (primarily a concern for forced
for brevity, the previous is the only function presented.
convection).
6.6.2 It should also
also be note
notedd that when the relationshi
relationship p of  k 
6.7.3.1
6.7.3.1 Mode
Modernrn corre
correlati
lation
on of the surface transfer
transfer condu
conduc-c-
with t   is mor
moree com
comple
plex
x and does not lend its itself
elf to sim
simple
ple
tances are presented in terms of dimensionless groups, which
mathematical treatment, a numerical method might be used. It
are defined
defined for flui fluids
ds in con
contac
tactt wit
withh sol
solid
id sur
surfac
faces.
es. These
is in these cases that the power of the computer is particularly
groups are:
useful
use ful.. The
There
re are a wid
widee varvariet
iety
y of num
numerierical
cal tec
techni
hnique
quess
availa
ava ilable
ble.. The mos
mostt sui
suitab
table
le wil
willl dep
depend
end of the par partic
ticula
ularr  —
hc L
 —
hc D
Nusselt,
 — 
Nu 5 or
 — 
Nu 5 (24)
situation, and the details of the factors affecting the choice are  L k  f   D k  f 
beyond the scope of this practice.
g  ·  b  ·  r  ·  c p~DT ! L3 g  ·  b  ·  r  ·  c p~DT ! D3
6.7   Surface Transfer Conductance : Rayleigh, Ra L  5 or Ra D  5
n ·  k  f  n  ·  k  f 
6.7.1 The surfa
surface
ce trans
transfer
fer condu
conductan
ctance,
ce, h, as define
defined d in (25)
Terminology C 168, assumes that the principal surface is at a VL VD
unifor
uni formm tem
temper
peratu
ature
re and thathatt the amb
ambien
ientt flui
fluidd and othother
er Reynolds, Re L  5 or Re D  5   (26)
n n
visible
visib le surf
surfaces
aces are at a dif
differen
ferentt unif
uniform
orm temp
temperat
erature.
ure. The
n ·  r  ·  c p
conductance includes the combined effects of radiant, convec- Prandtl, Pr  5
 5 (27)
k  f 
tive, and conductive heat transfer. The conductance is defined
by: where:
h  5  h r  1  h c   (22)  L = character
characteristi
isticc dimension
dimension for horizonta
horizontall and vertical
vertical
flatt su
fla surf
rfac
aces
es,, an
and
d vevert
rtic
ical
al cy
cyli
lind
nder
erss fe feet
et (m
(m),
), in
where hr   is the component due to radiation and hc   is the general, denotes height of vertical surface or length of 
component due to convection and conduction. In subsequent horizontal surface,
sections, algorithms for these components will be presented.  D = characteristic dimension for horizontal cylinders and
6.7.1.1 The algorithms
algorithms presented
presented in this practice
practice for calc
calcu-
u- spheres feet (m), in general, denotes the diameter,
lating surface transfer conductances are used in the computer c p = speci
specific
fic heat of of ambient
ambient fluid,
fluid, Btu/(lb·°R
Btu/(lb·°R)) (J/(kg·K))
(J/(kg·K)),,
progra
pro gram;
m; howhoweve
ever,
r, sur
surfac
facee tra
transf
nsfer
er con
conduc
ductan
tances
ces may be — = avera
average
ge conve
convectio
ction
n condu
conductanc
ctance,
e, Btu/(
Btu/(h·fth·ft2·°F) (W/ 
hc
estimated from published values or separately calculated from (m2·K)),
algorithms other than the ones presented in this practice. One k  f  = therm
thermal
al conductivi
conductivityty of ambient fluid,
fluid, Btu/(h·ft·°
Btu/(h·ft·°F)
F)
special note, care must be exercised at low or high surface (W/(m·K)),
temperatures to ensure reasonable values. V  = free stream
stream veloci
velocity
ty of ambient
ambient fluid,
fluid, ft/h
ft/h (m/s),
(m/s),
6.7.2   Radiant Heat TrTransfe
ansferr Condu
Conductanc
ctancee—The radi
radiation
ation n = kinem
kinematic
atic visc
viscosity
osity of ambie
ambient
nt fluid,
fluid, ftft 2 /h (m2 /s),
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C 680 – 04
geometric shape and surf
geometric surface
ace orie
orientati
ntation
on the over
overall
all avera
average
ge — 1/3
107 ,  Ra L  ,  10 11
 L  5  0.15 Ra L
 Nun, L
Nusselt number is to be computed from the average Nusselt
— 1/4
number for forced convection and the average Nusselt number Heat flow down:  L  5  0.27  Ra L
Nun, L 105 , Ra L  ,  10 10
for nat
natura
urall con
convec
vectio
tion.
n. The film conconduc
ductan
tance,
ce, h, is the
hen
n
In the cas
casee of hor
horizo
izonta
ntall flat sur
surfac
faces,
es, the cha
charac
racter
terist
istic
ic
computed from Eq 24. The relationship is:
dimension, L, is the area of the surface divided by the perimeter
— of the surface (ft). To compute the overall Nusselt number (Eq
~ Nu 2 d ! j 5 ~ Nu f  2 d ! j 1 ~ Nun 2 d ! j
 —   —  (28)
28), set j  = 3.5 and d = 0.
where the exponent,  j , and the constant,  d , are defined based
6.7.5   Convection Conductances for Horizontal Cylinders :
on the geometry and orientation.
6.7.5.1
6.7.5. 1 For forced
forced convection
convection with fluid flow norm normal al to a
6.7.3.3 Once the Nusse
Nusselt lt number has been calculated
calculated,, the
circul
circular
ar cyl
cylind
inder
er,, Inc
Incrop
ropera
era and Dew
Dewitt
itt (p. 370 citee   Heat 
370)) cit
surface
surface tran
transfer
sfer conductance
conductance is calc
calculat
ulated
ed from a rearr
rearrange-
ange-
Transfer  by Churchill and Bernstein for the following correla-
ment of Eq 24:
tion:
—
hc  5  Nu L  ·  k  f  /  L
 L   (29) 1/2
Pr 1/3
0.62 Re D
F1 1 S282 000D G
Re D 5/8 4/5
—
 D  5  0.3  1
 Nu f , D 2/3 1/4 (35)
— — @1 1 ~0.4 /  Pr 
 Pr ! #
h c  5  Nu D  ·  k  f  /  D
 D
All Re D  ·  Pr  .
 .  0.2
where L and D   are the cha charac
racter
terist
istic
ic dim
dimens
ension
ion of the
system. The term k a   is the thermal conductivity of air deter- In the case of horizontal cylinders, the characteristic dimen-
mined at the film temperature using the equation in TableTable A1.1. sion, D, is the diameter of the cylinder, (ft). In addition, this
6.7.4  Convection Conductances for Flat Surfaces : correlation should be used for forced convection from vertical
6.7.4.1 From  Heat Transfer  by
  by Churchill and Ozoe as cited pipes.
in   Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer  by   by Incropera and 6.7.5.2
6.7.5.2 For natural convection
convection on horiz
horizontal
ontal cylinders,
cylinders, In-
Dewitt, the relation for forced convection by laminar flow over cropera and Dewitt (p. 502) cite “Correlating Equations for
an isothermal flat surface is: Laminar
Lami nar and Turbulent
Turbulent Free Convection
Convection from a Horiz
Horizonta
ontall
Cylinder” by Churchill and Chu for the following correlation:
— 0.6774 Re L1/2Pr 1/3
 L  5 Re L  ,  5  3  10 5
H J
 Nu f , L (30) 1/6 2
— 0.387 Ra D
 Pr !2/3#1/4
@1 1 ~0.0468 /  Pr   Ra D  ,  10 12
 D  5
 Nun, D 0.60 1
 Pr !9/16#8/27
@1 1 ~0.559 /  Pr 
For forced convection by turbulent flow over an isothermal (36)
flat surface, Incropera and Dewitt suggest the following:
To compute the overall Nusselt number using Eq 28, set  j  =
—
 L  5
 Nu f , L ~0.037 Re L4/5 2 871 ! Pr  1/3 5
5 3  10 , Re L  ,  10 8
(31) 4 and d  = 0.3.
6.7.6   Convection Conductances for Spheres :
It sh
shou
ould
ld be no
note
ted
d th
that
at th
thee up
uppe
perr bo
boun und forr Re L   is an
d fo
approximate value, and the user of the above equation must be 6.7.6.1
6.7.6.1 For for
forced
ced con
convec
vectio
tion
n on sph
sphere
eres,
s, Inc
Incrop
ropera
era and
aware of this. DeW
De Wit
ittt ci
cite
te S. Wh
Whititaker in   AICh
aker AIChE
E J . fo
forr th
thee fo
foll
llow
owin
ing
g
correlation:
6.7.4.2 In “Corr
“Correlat
elating
ing Equations for LamiLaminar
nar and Tur
Turbu-
bu-
lent Free Convection from a Vertical Plate” by Churchill and
Chu,, as cit
Chu cited
ed by Inc
Incrop
ropera
era and Dew
Dewitt
itt,, it is sug
sugges
gested
ted for
—
 Nu f , D 1/2 2/3 0.4
 D  5  2  1 ~0.4  Re D 1  0.06  Re D ! Pr  SD µ
 µs
1/4
(37)

natural convection on isothermal, vertical flat surfaces that: 0.71 ,  Pr  ,

 ,  380
3.5 ,  Re D  ,  7.6  3  10 4
H 0.387 Ra L1/6
J
2
—
 Nu 0.825 1 All Ra   (32)
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C 680 – 04
7. Comp
Computer
uter Program
Program Type Functional Relationship

7.1   General: Quadratic k  =

 =  a 
 a  +
 +  bt   +  ct 2
 bt  +
where a 
where  a ,  b , and c 
and  c  are
 are constants
7.1.1 The computer program(s)
program(s) are writt
written
en in Microsoftt t
Microsof
3
Visual Basic. Linear k  =
 =  a 1+  b 1t ;  t 
 t  <
 <  t L
k  =
 =  a 2+  b 2t ;  t L  <  t 
 t  <
 <  t U 
7.1.2 The program
program consists
consists of a main program that utilizes
utilizes k  =
 =  a 3+  b 3t ;  t 
 t  >
 >  t U 
several subroutines. Other subroutines may be added to make where a 
where  a 1, a 
1,  a 2, a 
2,  a 3, b 
3,  b 1, b 
1,  b 2, b 
2,  b 3 are constants, and
the pro
progra
gram
m mor
moree app
applic
licabl
ablee to the spe
specifi
cificc pro
proble
blems
ms of  t L  and  t U  are, respectively, the lower and upper
inflection points of an S-shaped curve
individual users.
7.2   Functiona
Functionall Descr
Description
iption of Pro
Program
gram—Th
—Thee flow cha chart
rt Additional or different relationships may be used, but the
shown in Fig. 1 is a schematic representations of the opera- main program must be modified.
tional procedures for each coordinate system covered by the
program. The flow chart presents the logic path for entering 8. Repo
Report
rt
data, calculating and recalculating system thermal resistances 8.1 The res result
ultss of cal
calcul
culati
ations
ons per
perfor
forme
medd in acc
accord
ordanc
ancee
and temperatures
temperatures,, rela
relaxing
xing the succ
successiv
essivee erro
errors
rs in the tem- with this practice may be used as design data for specific job
perature to within 0.1° of the temperature, calculating heat loss conditions, or may be used in general form to represent the
or gain for the system and printing the parameters and solution perfor
performan
mancece of a parpartic
ticula
ularr pro
produc
ductt or sys
system
tem.. Whe
When n the
in tabular form. results will be used for comparison of performance of similar
7.3   Compute
Computerr Pro
Program
gram Variab
ariable
le Descriptionss—T
Description —The
he dede-- produc
products,
ts, it is rec
recomm
ommendended
ed tha
thatt ref
refere
erence
nce be mad
madee to the
scription of all variables used in the programs are given in the specific
specific const
constants
ants used in the calc calculati
ulations.
ons. These refe
reference
rencess
listing of the program as comments. should include:
7.4   Program Operation: 8.1.1 Name and other identificati
identification on of produ
products
cts or compo
compo--
nents,
7.4.1 Log on pro
7.4.1 proced
cedure
uress and any exe
execut
cutive
ive program
program for
execution of this program must be followed as needed. 8.1.2
8.1 .2 Identific
Identificati
ation
on of the nom nominainall pip
pipee siz
sizee or sur
surfac
facee
insulated, and its geometric orientation,
7.4.2 The input for the thermal
thermal condu
conductiv
ctivity
ity versus mean
8.1.3 The surface temperat
temperatureure of the pipe or surf
surface,
ace,
temperature parameters must be obtained as outlined in 6.6.
The typ
typee cod
codee det
determ
ermine
iness the the
therma
rmall con
conduc
ductiv
tivity
ity ver
versus
sus 8.1.4 The equations
equations and constants
constants selected for the therm thermal
al
temperature relationship applying to the insulation. The same conductivity versus mean temperature relationship,
type
type cocode
de ma
mayy be us
used
ed fo
forr mo
more
re th
than
an on
onee in
insu
sula
lati
tion
on.. As 8.1.5 The ambient temperature and humidity, humidity, if applicable,
presen
pre sented
ted,, the pro
progra
grams
ms wilwilll ope
operat
ratee on thr
three
ee fun
functi
ctiona
onall 8.1.6
8.1 .6 The sursurfac
facee tra
transf
nsfer
er con
conduc
ductan
tance
ce and concondit
dition
ion of 
relationships: surface heat transfer,
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C 680 – 04

FIG. 3 Mean Temperature vs. Thermal Conductivity

FIG. 4 Thermal Conductivity vs. Mean Temperature

8.1.6.1 If obta
obtained
ined from publi
published
shed information
information,, the source NOTE   1—The term “do
“double
uble precision
precision”” shou
should
ld not be con
confus
fused
ed with
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C 680 – 04
The accuracy of applicability of these data is derived from two
S ( S S D D D
n 2 1/2
S  ] R
 5 D xi (39)
factors. The first is the accuracy of the test method used to  R i51 ] xi
generate the data. Since the test methods used to supply these
data are typically Test Methods C 177, C 335, or C 518, the where:
S  = estimate
estim ate of the proba
probable
ble erro
errorr of the proce
procedure
dure,,
reports should contain some statement of the estimates of error
 R = result of the proce
procedure
dure,,
or estimates of uncertainty. The remaining factors influencing
 xi = ith variable in procedure,
the accuracy are the inherent variability of the product and the
] R/ ] xi = chan
ch ange
ge in reresu
sult
lt with respe
respect
ct to change
change in ith
variability of the installation practices. If the product variabil-
variable,
ity is large, the installation is poor, or both, serious differences D xi = uncer
uncertain
tainty
ty in value of vari able, i, and
variable,
might
mig ht exi
exist
st bet
betwee
ween n mea
measur
sured
ed per
perfor
forman
mancece and pre
predic
dicted
ted n = total numb
numberer of vari
variable
abless in proce
procedure.
dure.
performance from this practice.
10.2 ASTM Subcommitte
Subcommitteee C16.30
C16.30,, Task Group 5.2, which
10. Prec
Precisio
ision
n and Bias is responsible for preparing this practice, has prepared Appen-
10.1 When concern exists
exists with the accuracy of the input
input test dix X1. The appendix provides a more complete discussion of 
data,
dat a, the rec
recomm
ommend
ended
ed pra
practi
ctice
ce to eva
evalua
luate
te the imp
impact
act of  the precision and bias expected when using Practice C 680 in
possible errors is to repeat the calculation for the range of the the analysis of operating systems. While much of that discus-
uncertainty of the variable. This process yields a range in the sion is relevant to this practice, the errors associated with its
desire
des ired
d out
output
put var
variab
iable
le for a giv
given
en unc
uncert
ertain
ainty
ty in the inp
input
ut applic
app licati
ation
on to ope
operat
rating
ing sys
system
temss are bey
beyond
ond the pri
prima
mary
ry
variable. Repeating this procedure for all the input variables Practice
Prac tice C 680 scope
scope.. Porti
Portions
ons of this disc
discussi
ussion,
on, howev
however
er,,
would yield a measure of the contribution of each to the overall were used in devel
developing
oping the Prec
Precisio
ision
n and Bias statements
statements
uncertainty. Several methods exist for the combination of these included in Section 10.
effects; however, the most commonly used is to take the square
root of the sum of the squares of the percentage errors induced 11. Keywords
by each variable’s uncertainty. Eq 39 from  Theories of Engi-
11.1 com
11.1 comput
puter
er pro
progra
gram;
m; hea
heatt flow
flow;; hea
heatt gai
gain;
n; hea
heatt los
loss;
s;
neering Experimentation  by H. Schenck gives the expression
pipe; thermal insulation
in mathematical form:

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. EQUA
EQUATIONS
TIONS DERIVED
DERIVED FROM THE NIST CIRCULAR

A1.1 Table A1.1 lists

lists the equations
equations derived
derived from the NBS A1.2 T k  is temperature in degrees Kelvin,  T  f  is temperature
Circular for the determination of the properties of air as used in in degrees Farenheit.
this practice.
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C 680 – 04
APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. APPL
APPLICA
ICATION
TION OF PRACTICE C 680 TO FIELD MEASU
MEASUREMEN
REMENTS
TS

X1.1 Thi
X1.1 Thiss appendix
appendix has been
been included
included to provide
provide a more from this comparison could be used to help predict the effect of 
complete discussion of the precision and bias expected when the equation sets on overall calculation precision.
using this practice in the analysis of operating systems. While X1.3.3.2
X1.3.3 .2 The systematic
systematic prec
precisio
ision
n of the surface equation
much of the discussion below is relevant to the practice, the set used in this practice has had at least one through intralabo-
errors associated with its application to operating systems is ratory evaluation  (9)
 (9).. When the surface convective coefficient
beyond the immediate scope of this task group. Portions of this equation (see 6.6) of this practice was compared to another
discussio
discussion,
n, howev
howeverer,, were used in devel
developin
opingg the Preci
Precision
sion surface equation set by computer modeling of identical condi-
and Bias statements included in Section 10. tions, the resultant surface coefficients for the 240 typical data
sets varied, in general, less than 10 %. One extreme case (for
X1.2 This appendi
appendix
x will consider
consider precisi
precision
on and bias as it flat surfaces) showed variations up to 30 %. Other observers
relates to the comparison between the calculated results of the have recorded larger variations (in less rigorous studies) when
Practice C 680 analysis and measurements on operating sys- additiona
addi tionall equat
equation
ion sets have been comp compared.
ared. Unfor
Unfortunat
tunately
ely,,
tems. Some of the discussion here may also be found in Section there is no standard for comparison since all practical surface
10; however, items are expanded here to include analysis of  coefficient equations are empirically derived. The equations in
operating systems. 6.6 are accepted and will continue to be recommended until
evidence suggests otherwise.
X1.3   Precision:
X1.3.4  Precision of Radiation Surface Equation :
X1.3.1
X1.3 .1 Th
Thee pr
prec
ecis
isio
ion
n of th
this
is pr
prac
acti
tice
ce ha
hass no
nott ye
yett be
been
en X1.3.4.1
X1.3.4 .1 The Stefen-Boltzm
Stefen-Boltzmannann equa
equation
tion for radi
radiant
ant trans-
demons
dem onstra
trated
ted as des
descri
cribed
bed in Spe
Specifi
cificat
cation
ion E 691
691,, but an fer is widely applied. In particular, there remains some concern
interlaboratory comparison could be conducted, if necessary, as as to whether the exponents of temperature are exactly 4.0 in
facilitie
facilitiess and sche
schedules
dules permit.
permit. Assuming no erro
errors
rs in pro- all cases. A small error in these exponents cause a larger error
gramming or data entry, and no computer hardware malfunc- in cal
calcul
culate
ated
d rad
radian
iantt hea
heatt tra
transf
nsfer
er.. The exa
exactn
ctness
ess of the
tions, an interlaboratory comparison should yield the theoreti- coeffi
coef ficient
cient 4 is well-
well-found
founded
ed in both physical and
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C 680 – 04
parametric sensitivity study on the method. Since it is beyond (4)   It is obvious from this example that analysis by the
the intent of this discussion to conduct a parametric study for methods described in this practice should be performed only on
all possible cases, X1.3.5.3-X1.3.5.7 discuss in general terms areas which are thermally homogeneous. For areas in which
the potential for such errors. It remains the responsibility of  the temp
temperat
erature
ure dif
differe
ferences
nces are smal
small,
l, the resu
results
lts obta
obtained
ined
users to conduct their own investigation into the impact of the using Practice C 680 will be within acceptable error bounds.
analysis assumptions particular to their own situations. For larlarge
ge sys
system
temss or sys
system
temss wit
with
h sig
signifi
nifican
cantt tem
temper
peratu
ature
re
X1.3.5.3   Conductivity Data—The accuracy and applicabil- variat
var iation
ions,
s, tot
total
al are
areaa sho
should
uld be sub
subdiv
divide
ided
d int
into
o reg
region
ionss of 
ity of the thermal conductivity data are derived from several nearly uniform temperature difference so that analysis may be
factors. The first is the accuracy of the test method used to performed on each subregion.
generate the data. Since Test Methods C 177, C 335, and C 518 X1.3.5.5  Ambient Temperature Variations—In the standard
are usually used to supply test data, the results reported for analysis by the methods described in his practice, the tempera-
these tests should contain some statement of estimated error or turee of the rad
tur radian
iantt sur
surrou
roundi
ndings
ngs is tak
taken
en to be equ
equal
al to the
estimated
estim ated uncer
uncertain
tainty
ty.. The rema
remaining
ining fact
factors
ors influe
influencing
ncing the ambient air temperature (for the designer making comparative
accuracy
accur acy are the inherent variabili
variability
ty of the produ
product
ct and the studies, this is a workable assumption). On the other hand, this
variabili
varia bility
ty of insu
insulati
lation
on inst
installa
allation
tion practice.
practice. If the prod
product
uct assump
ass umptiotionn can caucause
se sig
signifi
nifican
cantt err
errors
ors whe
whenn app
applie
lied
d to
variability is large or the installation is poor, or both, serious equipment in an industrial environment, where the surround-
differences might exist between the measured performance and ings may contain objects at much different temperatures than
the performance predicted by this method. the surrounding air. Even the natural outdoor environment does
not conform well to the assumption of air temperatures when
X1.3.5.4  Surface Temperature Data—There are many tech-
the sol
solar
ar or nignight
ht sky rad
radiat
iation
ion is con
consid
sidere
ered.
d. Whe
When n thi
thiss
niques
niq ues for col collec
lecti
ting
ng sur
surfac
facee tem
temper
peratu
atures
res fro
from
m ope
operat
rating
ing practice is used in conjunction with in-situ measurements of 
systems. Most of these methods assuredly produce some error surface temperatures, as would be the case in an audit survey,
in the measurement due to the influence of the measurement on extreme care must be observed to record the environmental
the opera
operating
ting condition
condition of the syst system.
em. Additionall
Additionallyy, the in- conditions at the time of the measurements. While the com-
tended use of the data is important to the method of surface puter program supplied in this practice does not account for
temper
tem peratu
ature
re dat
dataa col
collec
lectio
tion.
n. Mos
Mostt use
users
rs des
desire
ire dat
dataa tha
thatt is these differences, modifications to the program may be made
representa
repre sentative
tive of some significant
significant area of the surface. Since easily to separate the convective ambient temperature from the
surface temperatures frequently vary significantly across oper- mean radiative environmental temperature seen by the surface.
ating surfaces, single-point temperature measurements usually The key in this application is the evaluation of the magnitude
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C 680 – 04
blowing across real objects often follows flow directions and sum of the squares of the fractional errors. This technique is
velocities much different from the direction and velocity of the also known as Pytha
Pythagore
gorean
an summ
summatio
ation.
n. This relationship
relationship is
main
ma in fr
free
ee st
stre
ream
am.. Th
Thee eq
equa
uati
tion
onss us
used
ed in PrPracacti
tice
ce C 686800 described in Eq 39, Section 10.
analys
ana lysis
is yie
yield
ld “av
“avera
eraged
ged”” res
result
ultss for the ent
entire
ire sur
surfac
facee in X1.3.7  Bias of Practice C 680 Analysis :
question. Because of this averaging, portions of the surface will
X1.3.7
X1. 3.7.1
.1 As in the case of the precisi precision,
on, the bias of thi thiss
have different surface temperatures and heat flux rates from the
standard practice is dif
standard diffficul
icultt to define
define.. From the prec preceding
eding
average.
avera ge. For this reas
reason,
on, the conve
convective
ctive surface coef
coeffficie
icient
nt
disc
discus
ussi
sion
on,, so
some
me bi bias
as cacan
n reresu
sult
lt du
duee to th thee se
sele
lect
ctio
ionn of 
calculation cannot be expected to be accurate at each location
alternat
alte rnative
ive surf
surface
ace coef
coeffficie
icient
nt equat
equation
ion sets
sets.. If, howev
however er,, the
on the surface unless the wind velocity measurements are made
close to the surface and a separate set of equations are applied same equation sets are used for a comparison of two insulation
that calculate the local surface coefficients. system
sys temss to be ope operat
rated
ed at the same con condit
dition
ions,
s, no bia
biass of 
X1.3.6   Theoretical Estimates of Precision : results is expected from this method. The bias due to computer
X1.3.6.1 When concern exists exists regarding the accuracy
accuracy of the differences will be negligible in comparison with other sources
input
inp ut tes
testt dat
data,
a, the rec
recomm
ommend ended
ed pra
practi
ctice
ce is to reprepeat
eat the of popote
tent
ntia
iall er
erro
rorr. Li
Like
kewi
wise
se,, th
thee us
usee of th thee he
heat
at tr
tran
ansf
sfer
er
calculation for the range of the uncertainty of the variable. This equations
equat ions in the program impliesimplies a sourcsourcee of potential
potential bias
process yields a range of the desired output variable for a given errors, unless the user ensures the applicability of the practice
input variable uncertainty. Several methods exist for evaluating to the system.
the combined variable effects. Two of the most common are X1.3.8   Error Avoidance—The most significant sources of 
illustrated as follows: possible error in this practice are in the misapplication of the
X1.3.6.2
X1.3.6 .2 The most conse
conservat
rvative
ive method assumes that the empirica
empi ricall form
formulae
ulae for surf
surface
ace trans
transfer
fer coef
coeffficie
icients,
nts, such as
errorss prop
error propagati
agatingng from the input variable uncertaintie
uncertaintiess are using this practice for cases that do not closely fit the thermal
additive for the function. The effect of each of the individual and physical model of the equations. Additional errors evolve
input
inp ut par
paramamete
eters
rs is com
combin
bined
ed usi
using
ng Tayl
aylor’
or’ss The
Theore
orem,
m, a from the superficial treatment of the data collection process.
special case of a Taylor’s series expansion  (10)  (10).. Several
Sever al promi
promising
sing techniques
techniques to mini
minimize
mize these sourc
sources
es of 
S  n ] R error
error are in stastages
ges of dev
develo
elopme
pment.
nt. One att
attem
emptpt to add
addres
resss
 R i(
 5 UU
51 ] xi
·D xi   (X1.2)
some of the issues has been documented by Mack   Mack   (11).
(11). This
technique addresses all of the above issues except the problem
where: of non-s
non-stand
tandard
ard insu
insulati
lation
on k   values.
values. As the limilimitati
tations
ons and
S  = esti
estimate
mate of the proba
probable
ble error of the proc
procedure
edure
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C 680 – 04
circular metal disks, 7 1 ⁄ 2-in. in diameter. The total heat loss was to obtain the convective heat loss. He obtained his correlation
measured for the disks when placed in still air at 80.3°F and from dimensional reasoning and analysis of this data.
heated to temperatures of 125°F to 1160°F. One of the disks X2.1.5 Heilman also measured
measured the total heat loss from
from 1-in.
wass ma
wa madede of pu
pure
re po
poli lish
shed
ed si
silv
lver
er,, wh
whic
ich
h ha
hadd a vevery
ry lo
low w and 3-in. vertical pipes with heights of 3 feet. These data led to
emittance. The emittance for this disk was estimated from the the factor of 1.235 to be used his correlation. For plane vertical
theoretica
theoreticall Hagen
Hagen-Rube
-Rubens ns equat
equation,
ion, and the radia
radiation
tion heat surfaces, he used three heavily silver-plated and highly pol-
transfer was calculated and subtracted from the total heat loss ished
ished bra
brassss dis
disks.
ks. The sil
silver
ver pla
platin
ting
g and pol
polish
ishing
ing gregreatl
atly
y
to give the natural convection coefficient. The convection heat reduced the radiation heat loss. The three plates had diameters
losses for a vertical surface were compared with a theory by of 3.47, 6.55, and 9.97 inches, and corresponding thicknesses
Lorenz.
Loren z. Langm
Langmuir
uir note
noted d that chang
changing
ing the nume
numerica
ricall coef
coefffi- of 0.758, 0.80, and 0.90 inches. From data on these disks, he
cient from 0.296 to 0.284 would give good agreement with his derived the factor of 1.394. He suggested that “further inves-
measured
meas ured data. He note
noted d that convection
convection from a horizhorizonta
ontall tigational work should be carried out on larger plane surfaces
surfac
surfacee fac
facing
ing upw
upward
ardss was abo about
ut 12 % larlarger
ger tha
thann for a than were used during this investigation.” For horizontal plates,
vertical surface (actually, his data indicates the percentage to he relied upon experimental data of Griffiths and Davis on a
be closer to 10 %). For a horizontal surface facing downwards, 50-in. square plate. They found the convection upward from a
he states that the convection is about one-half as great as that horizontal plate to be 28 % higher than for a vertical plate, and
the convection downward to be about 34 % less than that for a
facing upwards (his numbers indicate a factor of 0.45 rather
vertical plate. Heilman applied these percentage changes to the
than 0.5).
fact
factor
or of 1. 1.39
3944 to ob
obta
tain
in fa
fact
ctor
orss of 1.
1.79
79 an
and
d 0.
0.89
89 foforr th
thee
X2.1.3 To inves
investiga
tigate
te the effect
effect of air currents,
currents, Langm
Langmuir
uir horizonta
hori zontall plat
platee faci
facing
ng upwar
upward d and downwa
downward,
rd, resp
respectiv
ectively
ely..
madee mea
mad measur
sureme
ements
nts on a 7  ⁄ 2-in
1
-in.. dia
diamet
meter
er ver
vertic
tical
al dis
disk
k of  Heilman’s paper deals only with still air conditions, and thus
“calorized” steel. The steel disk was heated to 932°F. Heat loss his equations do not contain any reference to wind speed. The
measurements were made in still air and then when subjected multipli
mult iplicati
cation
on of Heilm
Heilman’s
an’s equat
equation
ion by Langm
Langmuir’
uir’ss wind
to the wind produced by an electric fan. Wind speeds of 6.0, factor appears to have been made later by Malloy.
8.3, and 9.2 miles per hour were used. From these data, he
derived the factor used in the practice. Since these data were X2.2 Th
X2.2 Thee nenext
xt ma
majo
jorr re
revi
visi
sion
on ococcu
curr
rred
ed in 19
1982
82.. Th
Thee
taken with one geome
geometry
try,, one surface size, and one surface program was rewritten in the BASIC programming language to
temper
tem peratu
ature,
re, it is not obv
obviou
iouss tha
thatt his cor
correl
relati
ation
on can be make it more readily available to users of desktop personal
generaliz
gener alized
ed to all other condi
conditions
tions Langm
Langmuir
uir does note that comput
com puters
ers,, sin
since
ce BAS
BASIC
IC cam
camee wit
with
h the ope
operat
rating
ing sys
system
tem..
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C 680 – 04
TABLE
TABLE X3.1 Code Listings
Listings

Attribute VB_Name = 9ModC6809

’
’ This program is a demonstration of the procedure presented in ASTM C680
’ and is not meant to be the only acceptable procedure to estimate surface
’ temperatures and heat flows of insulated piping and equipment
’
’ Constructive comments are welcome and should be directed to ASTM
’
Option Explicit

Public sinCharaDimension, sinSurfaceTemp, sinWindSpeed, sinSurfaceEmitt

Public sinDiameter, sinAmbientTemp,
sinAmbientTemp, sinT
sinTsHl
sHl
Public intNumberOfLayers As Integer
Public PipeSizes, PipeOD, InsulWallThick, PipeWallThick, NomInsulThick
Public MtlKval(11), kCurvCf(10, 11)

’ ******************************************************************
Public Sub Calculate()
Dim InsThk(11), R(11), Rad(11), Temp(11), MtlKval(11)
Dim Delt, H0, Phi, QHl, Qs, QlHl, Qc, Rsp, Rst, Tae
Dim Tse, TsOld, Tothk, V, Xx, Emt, ChkVal
Dim Iflag As Integer, intJ As Integer, intK As Integer
Dim K1 As Integer, K2 As Integer, K3 As Integer, LoopCnt As Integer
Dim Eror
Eror = False
Select Case frmC680Main.lstSurfType.ListIndex
frmC680Main.lstSurfType.ListIndex ’ separate flat and pipe/tank
Case 2, 3, 4 ’ flat surfaces
Rad(
Ra d(0)
0) = 0! ’ fo
forr fla
flatt th
thee ra
radi
dius
us is no
nott de
defin
fined
ed
For intJ = 1 To intNumberOfLayers ’ now get thickness
Rad(intJ) = Rad(intJ - 1) + Val(frmC680Main.txtInsulThick(intJ - 1).Text)
InsThk(intJ) = Val(frmC680Main.txtInsulThick(intJ - 1).Text)
Next
C as
ase 0, 1 ’ cy
cyli
lind
nder
ericical
al sur
urfa
face
cess
’ first radius is the OD of the pipe
Rad(0)
Rad (0) = sinD
sinDiam
iamete
eterr / 2!
2! ’ insid
inside
e radiu
radiuss of
of pipe
pipe
’ now add the insulation
insulation layer thicknesses
thicknesses to the radii
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C 680 – 04

TABLE
TABLE X3.1   Continued 
Vpipe Tse, Tae, sinCharaDimension, V, sinSurfaceEmitt, H0
Case 2 ’ vert ic
ical flat surf ac ace
Phi = 90! ’ vert ic ical tilt
Flat Tse, Tae, Phi, sinCharaDimension, Iflag, V, sinSurfaceEmitt, H0
Case 3 ’ top of tank
Phi = 0# ’ no titillt, ho
hoririz
zon
onta
tall
Iflag
Ifl ag = 1 ’ fla
flatt su
surf rfac
acee fafaci
cing
ng upupwaward
rd
Flat Tse, Tae, Phi, sinCharaDimension, Iflag, V, sinSurfaceEmitt, H0
Case 4 ’ bottom of tank
Phi = 0# ’ no titillt, ho
hoririz
zon
onta
tall
Iflag
Ifl ag = 2 ’ fla
flatt su
surf rfac
acee fafaci
cing
ng dodownwnwa
wardrd
Flat Tse, Tae, Phi, sinCharaDimension, Iflag, V, sinSurfaceEmitt, H0
End Select
For intJ = 1 To intNumberOfLayers
Xx = RaRad(
d(in
intJ
tJ)) ’ ge
gett raradi
dius
us foforr th
this
is la
laye
yerr
’ for pipe use logmean radius, for flat use actual thickness
If frmC680Main.lstSurfType.ListIndex< 2 Then Xx = Rad(intNumberOfLayers) * Log(Rad(intJ) / Rad(intJ - 1))
R(intJ)) = Xx / MtlKval
R(intJ MtlKval(intJ)
(intJ) ’ layer
layer resis
resistance
tance
Rsp
Rs p = Rs
Rspp + R(
R(inintJ
tJ)) ’ ac
accucumu
mula late
tedd re
resi
sist
stan
ance
ce
Next
Rstt = Rs
Rs Rspp + 1# / H0 ’ to
tota
tall re
ress in
incc fil
film
m la
laye
yerr
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C 680 – 04

TABLE
TABLE X3.1   Continued 
Rho = 22.0493 / Tk
’ kinematic viscosity, FT2/HR
Nu = Mu / Rho
’ specific heat of air, non-linear regression from -100F to 1300F, Btu/(LB-F)
Cp = ((-0.000000000016088 * Tf1 + 0.000000040489) * Tf1 - 0.0000012477) * Tf1 + 0.24008
’ RAYLEIGH NUMBER, LEADING COEFFICIENT IS
’ 32.174 * 3600 * 3600, FT / HR2
Ra = (416975000#) * Beta * Rho * Cp * Abs(Dt) * (sinCharaDimension ^ 3) / Nu / intK
End Sub

’ ******************************************************************
Public Sub Flat(Ts, sinAmbientTemp, Phi, sinCharaDimension, Iflag As Integer, _ 
V, Emiss, Htot)
’ calculates the surface heat transfer coefficient for a horizontal
’ flat surface.
Dim A, B, Beta, Cp, Dt
Dim Hc, Hrad, intK
Dim Mu, Nu, Nus, Nusf, Nusn
Dim Pr, Ra, Re, Rho, Tf
Dim Tf1, Tk, Tr1, Tr2, TsSave
Dim TaSave
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C 680 – 04

TABLE
TABLE X3.1   Continued 
’ Ta = air temperature, F
’ sinCharaDimension = characteristic dimension, feet
’ V = wind speed, ft per hour
’ Emitt = emissivity of surface
’ HTOT = total surface heat transfer coefficient
Dim A, A1, B, Beta
Dim Cp, Dt, Hcf, Hc
Dim Hcn, Hrad, Kf, Mu
Dim Nu, Nus, Nusf, Nusn
Dim Pr, Ra, Re, Rho
Dim Tf, Tf1, Tk, Tr1
Dim Tr2, TsSave, TaSave

Dt = Ts - Ta
Tf = (Ts + Ta) / 2
Tf1 = Tf
Tk = (Tf + 459.67) / 1.8
AirProp Kf, Mu, Pr, Beta, Dt, Rho, Nu, Cp, Tk, Tf1, Ra, sinCharaDimension
’ Calculate coefficient for free convection
B = (1# + (0.559 / Pr) ^ (9 / 16)) ^ (16 / 9)
A = 0.6 + 0.387 * Ra / B ^ (1! / 6!)
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C 680 – 04

TABLE
TABLE X3.1   Continued 
A = 0.62 * Sqr(Re) * Pr ^ (1 / 3) * (1 + Sqr(Re / 282000))
B = (1 + (0.4 / Pr) ^ (2 / 3)) ^ 0.25
Nusf = 0.3 + A / B
Else
A = 0.62 * Sqr(Re) * Pr ^ (1 / 3)
A1 = (1 + (Re / 282000) ^ (5 / 8)) ^ (4 / 5)
B = (1 + (0.4 / Pr) ^ (2 / 3)) ^ 0.25
Nusf = 0.3 + A * A1 / B
End If
Nusf = Nusf - 0.3
’ Calculate coefficient for mixed convection
Hc = ((Nusn ^ 4 + Nusf ^ 4) ^ (1 / 4) + 0.3) * intK / sinCharaDimension
’ Calculate radiation coefficient
Tr1 = (Ts + 459.67) / 100
Tr2 = (Ta + 459.67) / 100
Hrad = Emitt * 0.001714 * (Tr1 * Tr1 + Tr2 * Tr2) * (Tr1 + Tr2)
’ Calculate total heat transfer coefficient
Htot = Hc + Hrad
End Sub

’ ******************************************************************
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C 680 – 04

TABLE
TABLE X3.1   Continued 
.lblLayerNumber(intJ).Visible = False
.cmbInsulMaterial(intJ).Visible = False
.txtInsulThick(intJ).Visible = False
.lblOutTemp(intJ).Visible
.lblOutT emp(intJ).Visible = False
End If
Next
sinAmbientTemp
sinAmbientT emp = Val(.txtAmbTemp.T
Val(.txtAmbTemp.Text)
ext) ’ ambient temp
sinSurfaceTemp
sinSurfaceT emp = Val(.txtSurfTemp.T
Val(.txtSurfTemp.Text)
ext) ’ surface temp
sinWindSpeed = Val(.txtWi
Val(.txtWindSpeed.T
ndSpeed.Text)
ext)
sinSurfaceEmitt = Val
Val(.txtSurfEmit.T
(.txtSurfEmit.Text)
ext)
End With
Dimensions
Calculate
End Sub

’ ******************************************************************
Public Sub Dimensions()
PipeSizes = Array(0.5, 0.75, 1#, 1.25, 1.5, 2#, 2.5, 3#, 3.5, 4#, 4.5, 5#, 6#, _ 
7#, 8#, 9#, 10#, 12#, 14#)
PipeOD
Pipe OD = Array
Array(0.86,
(0.86, 1.07, 1.38, 1.68, 1.92, 2.41, 2.91, 3.53, 4.03, _ 
4.53, 5.03, 5.64, 6.7, 7.7, 8.7, 9.7, 10.83, 12.84, 14.09)
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C 680 – 04

REFERENCES

(1) Arpaci, V. S.,  Conduction Heat Transfer , Addison-Wesley, 1966, pp. (19
19)) Malloy, J. F.,  Thermal lnsulation, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York,