CHEM1001

TUTORIAL NOTES and PROBLEM SETS

CONTENTS

Page Problem set Topic

2 notes The Periodic Table
3 notes Notes on Units
4 notes Names and Formulae of Ions
5 notes Reporting Your Answers To The Correct Significant Figures
9 notes Naming of Chemical Compounds – A 'DIY' Tutorial
18 1 Elements, Compounds, Mixtures and Naming Binary Compounds
22 2 Naming Compounds and Writing Equations
26 3 Chemical Calculations
29 4 Bonding, Lewis Structures and Solutions
32 5 Solution Concentrations
34 6 Solubility Rules and Nett Ionic Equations
37 7 Inorganic Compounds and Acids and Bases
40 8 Electron Transfer and Batteries
41 9 Chemical Equilibrium and Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

It is assumed that you will have attempted all of the problems in each tutorial set before the end-of-session
examination. The examinable material is as detailed in the syllabus, the exercises in the tutorial sets, and in the
laboratory assignments.

IMPORTANT NOTE: No written answers will be provided for these questions. You are expected to attempt the
relevant questions BEFORE tutorial class, and use the time in class to ask questions and record the correct written
method for any questions with which you are having difficulty. For this reason, attendance at tutorials is compulsory.

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 1

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Page 2
1 2
H
The Periodic Table He
1.008 4.003

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo 99Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98.91) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019)

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi 210Po 210At 222Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210.0) (210.0) (222.0)

87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
223Fr 226Ra 227Ac 261Rf 262Db 266Sg 264Bh 269Hs 268Mt 281Ds 272Rg 285Cn 284Uut 289Fl 288Uup 292Lv 294Uus 294Uuo
(223.0) (226.0) (227.0) (261) (262) (266) (264.1) (269.1) (268.1) (281) (272.1) (285) (284) (289) (288) (292) (294) (294)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd 145Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
KEY 140.1 140.9 144.2 (144.9) 150.0 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0

Atomic No. 6 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Symbol C Th 231Pa U 237Np 239Pu 243Am 247Cm 247Bk 252Cf 252Es 257Fm 256Md 259No 260Lr
At. weight 12.01 232.0 (231.0) 238.0 (237.0) (239.1) (243.1) (247.1) (247.1) (252.1) (252.1) (257.1) (256.1) (259.1) (260.1)

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

For radioactive elements the relative atomic mass of the most common isotope is given in parentheses, and the mass number for that isotope is given as a superscript
 NOTES ON UNITS

1. Two conventions are in common use for the graphical and tabular representation of data:
(a) The physical quantity is followed by the unit in parentheses:
e.g. mass (g), pressure (Pa), H (kJ mol–1), k (10–5 L mol –1 s–1)

(b) The better method is to divide the physical quantity by the unit, thus giving a number:
e.g. mass/g, pressure/Pa, H/kJ mol–1, k/10–5 L mol –1 s–1 or 105 k/ L mol –1 s–1
Both conventions are used in chemistry.

2. Although the SI unit of volume is m3, the units more often used in chemistry are dm3 (or litre, L) and cm3 (or
mL). In these tutorial notes a variety of units has purposely been used.

3. The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (1 Pa = 1 N m–2). However, 1 Pa is a very small pressure and multiples
such as kPa (i.e. 103 Pa), MPa (i.e. 106 Pa) are often used. Other units in common use are:
- the bar (1 bar = 105 Pa). A pressure of 1 bar is the standard state pressure for thermochemical data, and is
used in some books, e.g. SI Chemical Data;
- the standard atmosphere (atm, 1 atm = 1.013  105 Pa). A pressure of 1 atm is the pressure used in defining
the normal boiling temperature of a liquid and normal melting point of a solid.
- the mmHg or Torr. These are defined differently but are practically identical (both equal 133.3 Pa or
1 atm/760).

4. The use of mol–1 in thermochemical statements.

Many thermochemical data relate to a property of a particular substance with a specified formula. H or E
would be given per mole of the specified formula, e.g. formation of CaCO3(s) or vaporization of H2O(l). A

similar convention should be used for a balanced chemical equation. mol–1 means per mole of reactants or
products in the stoichiometric mixture as given by the specified equation, eg:

2 CO(g) + O2(g)  2 CO2(g), H° = –564 kJ mol–1

per mole of 2 CO(g) + O2(g) reacting or per mole of 2 CO2(g) being formed.

(This indicates that H° = – 564 kJ per mole of O2(g) consumed or per 2 moles of CO(g) consumed or per two
moles of CO2 produced.)

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 3

 NAMES, FORMULAE AND CHARGES OF SOME COMMON IONS

POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS)

H+ hydrogen Be2+ beryllium Al3+ aluminium

Li+ lithium Mg2+ magnesium As3+ arsenic(III)
Na+ sodium Ca2+ calcium Sb3+ antimony(III)
K+ potassium Sr2+ strontium Bi3+ bismuth
Rb+ rubidium Ba2+ barium Fe3+ iron(III)
Cs+ caesium Zn2+ zinc Cr3+ chromium(III)
NH4+ ammonium Cd2+ cadmium
Ag+ silver Ni2+ nickel Sn4+ tin(IV)
Cu+ copper(I) Co2+ cobalt
Hg22+ mercury(I) Pb2+ lead
Fe2+ iron(II)
Mn2+ manganese(II)
Cu2+ copper(II)
Hg2+ mercury(II)
Sn2+ tin(II)

NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)

H– hydride NO3 – nitrate O2– oxide

F– fluoride NO2– nitrite O22– peroxide
Cl– chloride ClO– hypochlorite S2– sulfide
Br– bromide ClO2– chlorite CO32– carbonate
I– iodide ClO3– chlorate C2O42– oxalate
OH– hydroxide ClO4– perchlorate SO42– sulfate
HCO3– hydrogencarbonate IO4– periodate SO32– sulfite
HSO3– hydrogensulfite BrO3– bromate CrO42– chromate
HSO4– hydrogensulfate MnO4– permanganate Cr2O72– dichromate
H2PO4– dihydrogenphosphate CN– cyanide HPO42– monohydrogenphosphate
CH3CO2– ethanoate (acetate) BiO3– bismuthate S2O32– thiosulfate
CH3CH(OH)CO2– lactate PO43– phosphate
CH3COCO2– pyruvate

Note: When naming an isolated cation or anion then the name of the ion must be followed by the word “ion”,
e.g. Cl– would be written or said as "chloride ion" or "chloride anion".

Page 4 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 TIPS FOR REPORTING YOUR ANSWERS TO THE CORRECT SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
The concept of “significant figures” (or “significant digits”) is considered assumed knowledge for this course. Taking
care with significant figures is part of a professional approach to data recording and handling, and is extremely
important in the study and practice of Chemistry.

In science, if you record too few significant figures, you risk creating an error because you have dropped digits which
were part of the original measurement. If you record too many significant figures, you are overstating the accuracy of
your measurements. Hence, when you compare your results to values in the scientific literature, differences may seem
significant when they are not.

This section is designed as a quick guide to assist you in your studies. Please read the entire section carefully.
Improper use of significant figures in assignments, lab reports, or exams may result in deducted marks.
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Identification
Here are some example numbers and how they are classified in terms of their decimal places and significant figures.
Note that zeroes which only show the size of a value are not considered significant.

Number Decimal Places Significant Figures Number Decimal Places Significant Figures
1200 0 2 (maybe*) 0.120 3 3
1200.0 1 5 0.012 3 2**
12.0 1 3 0.0012 4 2**
0.12 2 2 1.0012 4 5

* Zeroes which occur just before a decimal point (such as in the example above) are ambiguous: they may or may not be significant.

Unless otherwise stated, assume they are not significant.

** Zeroes which occur just after a decimal point and are not preceded by any significant figures (such as in the examples above), are
also NOT considered significant.

Calculations
When performing a calculation, consider the following steps:
• Check the number of significant figures and decimal places in each value you are given (either in the question
or in the data available).
• When adding or subtracting values, your answer must have the same number of decimal places as the value
above with the fewest decimal places.
• When multiplying or dividing values, your answer must have the same number of significant figures as the
value above with the fewest significant figures.
• When applying a logarithm, the number of decimal places in the answer needs to match the number of
significant figures in the value we applied (see the example below for more detail).
• Do not round any of intermediate values until the very end of your calculation.
o If you are using the resulting number in a further calculation, use the un-rounded value in your next
calculation.

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 5

 The most reliable way to determine the number of significant figures in a value
is to convert it into scientific notation.

NOTE: Some numbers in a calculation are “exact” numbers (eg: 2 sodium atoms in Na2CO3, 1000 g in a kg, an n=3
energy level, etc). Whilst an exact number of 2 can be written in the form “2”, this actually means “2.0000000000…”
with an infinite number of significant figures. Therefore, exact numbers should NOT affect the number of significant
figures in your calculation.

Example Questions
Here are a few examples, increasing in level of difficulty:
Question 1 – Adding/Subtracting Values
2.347 g of solid calcium carbonate is added to a beaker containing 20.0 g of calcium carbonate. How much
calcium carbonate is now in the beaker?
Working
2.347 g + 20.0 g = 22.347 g (based on the calculator display).

Now let’s look at the decimal places (since we’re adding values):
• 2.347 g has 3 decimal places
• 20.0 g has 1 decimal place
• Therefore our answer needs to be expressed to 1 decimal place
22.347 expressed to 1 decimal place is 22.3.
Answer
Hence our final answer to this question should be written as “22.3 g”.

Question 2 – Multiplying/Dividing Values

A sample of solid CaCO3 (1.65 mol) is added to 12 L of water until completely dissolved. Calculate the
concentration of CaCO3.
Working
Using the equation C = n/V, we see that 1.65 mol/12 L = 0.1375 mol L−1 (based on the calculator display).
Now let’s look at the significant figures (since we’re dividing values):
• 1.65 mol  1.65 x 100 mol. There are 3 digits in this scientific notation, so the value has 3
significant figures
• 12 L  1.2 x 101 L. There are 2 digits in this scientific notation, so the value has 2 significant
figures.
• Therefore, our answer needs to be in 2 significant figures.
0.1375 mol L−1  1.375 x 10−1 mol L−1. Expressed to 2 significant figures is 1.4 x 10−1 mol L−1.
Answer
Hence our final answer to this question should be written as “0.14 mol L−1”.

Page 6 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 Question 3 – Multiplying/Dividing Values (Harder)
Calculate the number of moles of potassium ions in 33.0 mL of 0.1444 mol L−1 K2SO4 (aq).
Working
Using the equation C=n/V, we rearrange the formula to find nsolute = CsolutionVsolution.
Therefore nsolute = 0.1444 mol L−1 x 0.0330 L = 0.0047652 mol (from the calculator).
nK+ = 2 x nsolute = 2 x 0.0047652 mol = 0.0095304 mol (from the calculator).
Now let’s look at the significant figures (since we’re multiplying values):
• 0.1444 mol L−1  1.444 x 101 mol L−1. This has 4 sig fig.
• 33.0 mL = 3.30 x 101 mL OR 3.30 x 10−2 L. Whether you consider the value in mL or L,
the value still has only 3 sig fig.
• The 2 in our “2 x nsolute” expression is an exact value (exactly 2 K+ ions per K2SO4)
• Therefore, our answer needs to be in 3 significant figures.
0.0095304 mol  9.5304 x 10−3 mol. Expressed to 3 significant figures is 9.53 x 10−3 moles.
Answer
Hence our final answer to this question should be written as “0.00953 mol”.

Question 4 – Applying Logarithms

Calculate the pH of a 0.095 mol L−1 solution of HCl (aq).
Working
pH = −log10[H+]. Therefore pH = −log10[H+] = −log10[0.095] = 1.022276395 (from the calculator).
Now let’s look at the significant figures of the values (since we’re applying a logarithm):
• 0.095 mol L−1  9.5 x 10−2 mol L−1. This has 2 sig fig.
• Since there are 2 sig fig in the value, our final answer needs to be expressed to 2 decimal places.
1.022276395 expressed to 2 decimal places is 1.02.
Answer
Hence our final answer to this question should be written as “1.02”.

The justification behind why logarithms behave like this is slightly complicated. However, if you are really interested in
finding out the answer to this mathematical subtlety, please ask your tutors or approach the Duty Tutor in the Chemistry
Student Study Area (see Moodle for details).
For more information, you can also see the following resources:
• Uncertainties and Significant Figures: Blackman (et al.) Chemistry, 3rd edition, Wiley & Sons. (Page 32–38)
• Uncertainty in Measurement & Significant Figures in Calculations: Zumdahl (et al.) Chemistry, 10th edition,
Cengage. (Pages 11–17)
• Rounding and Significant Figures: http://www.purplemath.com/modules/rounding2.htm
• Significant Figure Rules:
https://web.archive.org/web/20180701171213/http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/sigfigs.html
• Rules (and tips for logarithms/antilogarithms): http://www.ndt-ed.org/GeneralResources/SigFigs/SigFigs.htm
• Sig Figs and Logs:
https://web.archive.org/web/20171215093142/http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/courses/cem262/sigfigsandlogs.pdf

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 7

Rounding Errors
A common source of error in calculations can come about when students round their values too early. To avoid this
source of error, you should follow two simple rules:
• Only round a value to the correct number of significant figures at the FINAL STEP of the calculation (just
before you report your answer)
• If you are performing a calculation and need to use a value that you gave as an answer to a previous question,
always use the UNROUNDED value in your calculation (not the rounded value that you reported).

Here is a quick example to illustrate these points:

Question 5 – Rounding Errors 1 (CORRECT)
Calculate the molar mass of Compound A if 2.45 g of the solid dissolved in 100 mL of water produces a 0.1535
M solution
Working (CORRECT)
First we can calculate the number of moles of Compound A in the solution using C=n/V:
• C = n/V  0.1535 M = n / 0.100 L  n = 0.01535 mol
Now we can find the molar mass of Compound A using n = m/M:
• n = m/M  0.01535 mol = 2.45 / M  M = 159.6091205… g/mol
Using our rules of significant figures, this should be expressed to 3 significant figures.
159.6091205… expressed to 3 significant figures is 160
Answer
Hence our final answer to this question should be written as “160 g/mol”.
Here you can see that the rounding did not occur until the final step – after the correct answer was obtained, but before
reporting the answer. Now let’s see what happens if, instead, we round too early:
Question 6 – Rounding Errors 2 (INCORRECT)
Calculate the molar mass of Compound A if 2.45 g of the solid dissolved in 100 mL of water produces a 0.1535
M solution
Working (CORRECT)
First we can calculate the number of moles of Compound A in the solution using C=n/V:
• C = n/V  0.1535 M = n / 0.100 L  n = 0.01535 mol
What happens if we decided to (incorrectly) round our value at this point? We would see that, based on the
values used, the number of moles should be expressed to 3 significant figures. This would give us a value of
“0.0154 mol”.
Now we can find the molar mass of Compound A using n = m/M:
• n = m/M  0.0154 mol = 2.45 / M  M = 159.0909091… g/mol
Using our rules of significant figures, this should be expressed to 3 significant figures.
159.0909091… expressed to 3 decimal places is 159
Answer
Hence our final answer to this question would be written as “159 g/mol”.
Here you can see that rounding the value too early has produced an error in our final value. Therefore, in any
calculation, rounding should only be done when reporting your answer; not when using a value in a calculation.

Page 8 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 NAMING OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS – A 'DIY' TUTORIAL
Compounds are formed when two or more atoms of different elements combine together as the result of a chemical
change. Facility in naming chemical compounds and in writing the chemical formulae corresponding to these names is
important to an understanding of chemistry, because the names and the formulae given to the compounds store much
information, such as the relative numbers of each different kind of atom each compound contains, and sometimes
information about the arrangement in which the constituent atoms are held together.

Although certain rules are adopted in the naming of compounds (i.e. nomenclature) there is not just one universally
accepted system used to name all compounds. The most common system of nomenclature is that laid down by I.U.P.A.C
(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). Even this system has found it necessary to recognize certain
exceptions. Remnants of some of the older systems still remain in the chemical language.

Some of the simple rules for naming compounds are illustrated in the following self–instruction ('do it yourself' or 'DIY')
tutorial. This tutorial assumes a familiarity with the names and symbols of the elements and their periodic classification.
Each section of the tutorial begins with an informative statement, S, and the frames which follow it contain questions
relevant to that statement. In using the tutorial, you should cover the answers, attempt to answer the questions and
then immediately check your answer by uncovering the next line. If your answer is wrong you should not proceed
with the tutorial until you know why your answer is wrong, what remedial action you should take in order to get the
correct answer, and what you should do so as not to make the same error in the future.

S–1 Some of the elements have names which are derived from the Latin; others have been Anglicized, but the symbol
for them is derived from the Latin; others have Greek or other origins. Most of the new synthetic elements are named
after famous scientists or scientific establishments. Some of the elements whose names are of Latin origin (which remains
only in their symbol) are given below:

Gold Aurum Au Tin Stannum Sn

Silver Argentum Ag Lead Plumbum Pb
Copper Cuprum Cu Iron Ferrum Fe
Sodium Natrium Na Antimony Stibium Sb
Potassium Kalium K Tungsten Wolfram W
Mercury Hydrargyrum Hg

Q.1 What is the symbol for copper?

A.1 Cu Q.2 What is the symbol for fluorine?
A.2 F Q.3 Au is the symbol for which element?
A.3 Gold Q.4 What are the symbols for
(a) strontium , (b) nickel, (c) bromine?
A.4 (a) Sr (b) Ni (c) Br

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 9

S–2 Atoms combine with themselves or with one another owing to the operation of an electrostatic attraction (i.e. bond)
between them. Some atoms have a tendency to become positively charged by losing electrons, others to become
negatively charged by gaining electrons while some may become either positively or negatively charged depending on
the nature of the other atoms to which they are bonded. Atoms acquire a charge by gaining or losing electrons to become
ions.

A positively charged ion is called a cation; a negatively charged ion is called an anion. Metals, especially those elements
on the left hand side of the Periodic Table form cations; those in Group 1 (Li  Cs), lose 1 electron, show a charge of +1
(oxidation state) and those in Group 2 (Be  Ba) of +2. Nonmetals on the right hand side in Group 17 (F  I), gain 1
electron, form anions of –1 charge and those in Group 16 (O  Te) of –2. The nonmetals in groups 13  15, i.e. B, C
and N groups and the transition metals, as well as a few others, show several oxidation states.

When two different elements combine, a binary compound is formed. Such compounds are named by stating first the
name of the cation (or less negative of the two atoms) and then the name of the anion (or more negative atom). The
names of the anions end in –ide if the anions are formed from the elements. A vowel preceding the last syllable is dropped,
i.e. oxygen becomes oxide (not oxyide). Some elemental names drop more than one syllable, e.g. nitrogen and
phosphorus become nitride and phosphide (not nitrogide and phosphoride).

A summary of the common oxidation states of the elements in the main groups in the Periodic Table is given below.

Combining Capacities of the Elements

Group 1 Group 2 Group 13 Group 14 Group 15* Group 16 Group 17 Group 18
+1 +2 +3 +4 –3 or +3 –2 –1 zero
H
Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
K Ca Ge As Br
Rb Sr Sn** Sb I
Cs Ba Pb** Bi

* The elements in Group 15 show several variations.

** The elements tin (Sn) and lead (Pb) in Group 14 show an oxidation state of +2 or +4.
For Pb, +2 is the common oxidation state.

For the purposes of nomenclature it is necessary to decide which of two elements is the more negative. For
nomenclature purposes ONLY, the following order of negativity is used:
B, C, P, H, N, Se, I, Br, Cl, O, F.

Page 10 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 Q.5 Name the binary compounds
corresponding to:
(a) NaBr (b) K2S (c) MgO
(d) BaCl2 (e) Li3N (f) AgI

A.5 (a) sodium bromide Q.6 What would be the formula for
(b) potassium sulfide binary compounds formed from:
(c) magnesium oxide (a) calcium and phosphorus
(d) barium chloride (b) strontium and fluorine
(e) lithium nitride (c) silicon and carbon
(f) silver iodide (d) hydrogen and sulfur
(e) potassium and hydrogen
(f) boron and nitrogen
A.6 (a) calcium phosphide Ca3P2
(b) strontium fluoride SrF2
(c) silicon carbide SiC
(d) hydrogen sulfide H2S
(e) potassium hydride KH
(f) boron nitride BN

S–3 A few common binary compounds containing hydrogen are known by their common or trivial names. These are
given in Q.7.

When more than one binary compound is possible between two nonmetal elements, the prefixes mono–, di–, tri–, tetra–,
penta– and hexa– are used to indicate 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 atoms.

Q.7 Name the following compounds:

(a) NH3 (b) H2O (c) CH4
(d) AsH3 (e) PH3 (f) SiH4

A.7 (a) ammonia Q8. What would be the formula for

(b) water (a) carbon monoxide
(c) methane (b) sulfur dioxide
(d) arsine (c) phosphorus pentachloride
(e) phosphine (d) sulfur trioxide
(f) silane

A.8 (a) CO Q.9 Name the following:

(b) SO2 (a) CO2 (b) SO3 (c) PCl3 (d) SF6
(c) PCl5
(d) SO3

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 11

 A.9 (a) carbon dioxide
S–4 (b) sulfur trioxide
(c) phosphorus trichloride
(d) sulfur hexafluoride

Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms which have acquired a positive or negative charge and behave as if they were
+
a single unit. The most common polyatomic cation is the ammonium ion, NH4 . The names of some common anions

are:
–
OH– hydroxide NH2 amide
2–
O2 peroxide CN– cyanide

Q.10 Name the following:

(a) Ca(OH)2 (b) KCN

A.10 (a) calcium hydroxide Q.11 What is the formula for

(b) potassium cyanide (a) hydrogen peroxide
(b) sodium amide (sodamide)

A.11 (a) H2O2 (b) NaNH2

S-5 Some elements can combine with other elements to form more than one compound (i.e. show more than one
oxidation state). The compound formed depends upon the conditions used for its preparation. In order to distinguish
between these compounds, their names have to indicate the ratio in which the elements have combined. One of the ways
in which this is done is to use the prefix di–, tri–, etc. The prefix mono– is frequently omitted. This system is especially
suitable for binary compounds of nonmetals and is sometimes used for those of metals as well. This system is being
superseded although it is still retained completely in the names of some very common compounds such as sulfur dioxide
and sulfur trioxide.

Q.12 Name the following

(a) N2O3 (b) Fe3O4 (c) P2S5

A.12 (a) dinitrogen trioxide Q.13 What is the formula for:

(b) tri-iron tetraoxide (a) dinitrogen oxide
(c) diphosphorus pentasulfide (b) dinitrogen tetraoxide
(c) triuranium octaoxide
A.13 (a) N2O (b) N2O4
(c) U3O8

S–6 The modern system uses a Roman numeral immediately following the element to indicate its oxidation state.

Page 12 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

Notice especially that the numeral is used only when the possibility of ambiguity exists.

Q.14 Name the following:

(a) NO (b) N2O5 (c) PCl3
(c) SbCl5

A.14 (a) nitrogen(II) oxide Q.15 Name the following

(b) nitrogen(V) oxide (a) SrI2 (b) PCl5 (c) NaF

(c) phosphorus(III) chloride (d) CO (e) BaCl2 (f) BiCl3

(d) antimony(V) chloride

A.15 (a) strontium iodide Q.16 What is the formula for:
(b) phosphorus(V) chloride (a) dichlorine heptaoxide
(c) sodium fluoride (b) tin(IV) bromide
(d) carbon monoxide (c) selenium dioxide
(e) barium chloride (d) lead(IV) iodide
(f) bismuth(III) chloride (e) arsenic(III) oxide

A.16 (a) Cl2O7 (b) SnBr4 (c) SeO2

(d) PbI4 (e) As2O3

S–7 Oxygen forms polyatomic anions with all other nonmetals, except fluorine, and with some metals, e.g. manganese,
chromium, etc. Oxyanions can be formed between oxygen and the second row elements boron, carbon and nitrogen.
These atoms are small atoms and the maximum number of oxygen atoms able to be located around any one of these is
– 3– 2– – – – 2–
three. Oxyanions BO2 , BO3 , CO3 , NO2 and NO3 are formed. (Notice there is no CO2 or CO2 ).

Oxyanions between oxygen and the elements in the third and higher rows have a maximum of four oxygen atoms arranged
3- 3– 2– 2–
around the central atom, e.g. PO3 , PO4 , SO3 , SO4 . When the maximum number of oxygen atoms surrounds an

element in groups 13, 14, 15 or 16, the oxyanion has the ending –ate added usually to the stem of the name of the element.
–
When one oxygen less is bonded to the central atom, the ending is –ite (except for BO2 which is a metaborate). The

system of naming compounds containing these polyatomic anions is similar to that used for naming binary compounds.
The formulae and names of the common oxyanions and the anion of the elements in Groups 14, 15 and 16 are given
below.
2– 2–
Group 16 SO4 sulfate SO3 sulfite S2– sulfide (Note: All are 2– anions)
– –
Group 15 NO3 nitrate NO2 nitrite N3– nitride
(Note: Nitride is 3– BUT nitrate and nitrite are 1–)
3– 3–
PO4 phosphate PO3 phosphite P3– phosphide
(Note: All are 3–)
3– 3–
AsO4 arsenate AsO3 orthoarsenite
2– 2–
Group 14 CO3 carbonate SiO3 silicate
(Note: no –ite oxyanion for Group 14)

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 13

 Q.17 Name the following anions
3– 2– 2–
(a) PO3 (b) SO3 (c) CO3
– 3– –
(d) NO3 (e) BO3 (f) NO2

A.17 (a) phosphite ion Q.18 What would be the formula for
(b) sulfite ion (a) nitride ion (b) phosphate ion
(c) carbonate ion (c) sulfate ion (d) arsenate ion
(d) nitrate ion
(e) borate ion
(f) nitrite ion

3–
A.18 (a) N3– (b) PO4 Q.19 Name the following:
2– 3– (a) CaSO3 (b) MnSO4 (c) FePO4
(c) SO4 (d) AsO4
(d) Ag2CO3

A.19 (a) calcium sulfite
(b) manganese(II) sulfate
(c) iron(III) phosphate
(d) silver carbonate
A.20 (a) K2SO4 (b) AlPO4
(c) SrSO3 (d) Pb(NO2)2
(e) (NH4)2CO3
Q.20 What would be the formula for:
(a) potassium sulfate
(b) aluminium phosphate
(c) strontium sulfite
(d) lead nitrite
(e) ammonium carbonate

S–8 Oxyanions containing the halogens (except fluorine) follow a slightly different pattern of nomenclature to that in
S–7 in order to allow oxyanions containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 oxygen atoms to be named systematically. The ending –ate added
to the stem name is given to the anion containing 3 oxygen atoms and –ite to that containing 2. The prefix per– (a
contraction of hyper, meaning over or higher) is given to that containing 4 oxygen atoms and the prefix hypo– (meaning
under or lower) to that containing one oxygen atom. Notice that all of them, like the simple anion, X–, have a charge of
–1.
hypo ite XO– where X = Cl, Br or I
–
ite XO2 e.g. ClO– is hypochlorite ion
– –
ate XO3 BrO2 is bromite ion
– –
per ate XO4 IO3 is iodate ion
–
ClO4 is perchlorate ion

Page 14 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 Q.21 Name the following
– –
(a) IO– (b) BrO3 (c) ClO2
–
(d) IO4

A.21 (a) hypoiodite ion Q.22 What would be the formula for:
(b) bromate ion (a) sodium hypobromite
(c) chlorite ion (b) magnesium perchlorate
(d) periodate ion (c) potassium iodate
(d) calcium hypochlorite
A.22 (a) NaOBr or NaBrO
(b) Mg(ClO4)2 (c) KIO3
(d) Ca(ClO)2

S–9 If the neutral hydrogen compound of these oxyanions dissolves in water to form an acidic solution, the –ite ending
of the anion is changed to –ous and the –ate ending becomes –ic, and the word acid is added.

Q.23 What is the name of an aqueous solution of

(a) HClO (b) HIO4 (c) HBrO2

A.23 (a) hypochlorous acid Q.24 What would be the formula for:
(b) periodic acid (a) nitrous acid (b) phosphoric acid
(c) bromous acid (c) silicic acid (d) boric acid
(e) hydrofluoric acid
(f) chloric acid
A.24 (a) HNO2 (b) H3PO4
(c) H2SiO3 (d) H3BO3
(e) HF (f) HClO3

S–10 As stated in S–7, oxygen forms anions with some metals. The commonest of these oxyanions are the permanganate
ion, chromate ion, and dichromate ion. In all oxyanions, the oxidation state of oxygen is –2. The oxidation state of
– –
manganese in MnO4 is therefore +7 in order for MnO4 to be –1 (i.e. Mn (+7), 4(O) = 4 x 2 = –8, overall +7 – 8 = –1).
– –
In ClO4 the oxidation state of chlorine is +7 and the anion is called ‘perchlorate’; in MnO4 the oxidation state of the
2–
central atom is +7 and the anion is called ‘permanganate’. Similarly, the oxidation state of sulfur in SO4 is +6; this is
2–
the same as the oxidation state of chromium in the chromate ion, CrO4 .

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 15

 Q.25 What is the formula for:
(a) sodium permanganate
(b) ammonium chromate
(c) permanganic acid
(d) potassium dichromate

A.25 (a) NaMnO4 (b) (NH4)2CrO4

(c) HMnO4 (d) K2Cr2O7

S–11 Another important kind of polyatomic anion is formed from polyprotic acids. These type of anions are formed
when one or two protons (but not all the available protons) are reacted with bases. The resulting anions then contain
hydrogen and may also contain oxygen: this is reflected in the name and formula
2– –
e.g. H+ + CO3  HCO3 (hydrogencarbonate anion)

Q.26 Write the formula for

(a) hydrogensulfite ion
(b) (mono)hydrogenphosphate ion
(c) dihydrogenphosphate ion
(d) hydrogensulfide ion

2–
A.26 (a) HSO3– (b) HPO4 Q.27 Name the following
– (a) Na2HPO4 (b) NaH2PO4
(c) H2PO4 (d) HS–
(c) NH4HSO4

A.27 (a) sodium (mono)hydrogenphosphate Notice that the formula in (c) is

(b) sodium dihydrogenphosphate NH4HSO4 (not NH5SO4). Written
(c) ammonium hydrogensulfate this way, the ammonium ion and the hydrogen-sulfate ion
are clearly and distinctly represented.

S–12 Water of crystallisation may be indicated by (Greek prefix) hydrate or by numbers to indicate the relative numbers
of each formula: e.g. Na2SO4.10 H2O is sodium sulfate decahydrate or sodium sulfate– ten–water.

S-13 Binary acids are called hydro-acids, e.g.

HCl hydrochloric acid
H2S hydrosulfuric acid
HF hydrofluoric acid

Page 16 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

Having completed this programme, you should go through it again to reinforce the knowledge you have gained. Below
are presented the names of some compounds and their corresponding formulae. You should go through these by
covering the names and attempting to write the formula and then go through them again the reverse manner. If you
make a mistake at any stage, you should return to the appropriate part of the programme, find out how to correct your
error and take the necessary remedial action.

Chemical Name Chemical Formula

potassium chloride KCl
beryllium fluoride BeF2

tin(II) bromide SnBr2

mercury(I) nitrate Hg2(NO3)2

chromium(III) sulfate Cr2(SO4)3

manganese(II) sulfate MnSO4

ammonium perchlorate NH4ClO4

phosphorus pentachloride PCO5

aluminium oxide Al2O3

cobalt nitrate Co(NO3)2

barium sulfite BaSO3

lead chromate PbCrO4

nickel carbonate NiCO3

strontium iodide SrI2

phosphoric acid H3PO4

calcium hypoiodite Ca(IO)2

sodium dichromate Na2Cr2O7

lithium periodate LiIO4

iron(III) sulfate Fe2(SO4)3

copper(I) cyanide CuCN

potassium hydrogensulfite KHSO3

silver nitrite AgNO2

magnesium hydrogencarbonate Mg(HCO3)2

ammonia NH3

iron(II) chloride FeCO2

calcium carbide CaC2

copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate CuSO4.5H2O

iron(III) bromide hexahydrate FeBr3.6H2O

In any study of chemistry it is essential that you can write chemical names and formulae correctly and almost
automatically. This is an important first step in being able to use one aspect of the vocabulary of chemistry. Without
this proficiency, you are “chemically illiterate” and your difficulties in trying to master other topics in chemistry will be
compounded.

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 17

PROBLEM SET 1: ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, MIXTURES AND NAMING BINARY
COMPOUNDS

References: Zumdahl 'Chemistry', 1.1 – 1.3, 1.10, 2.2, 2.4 – 2.7

DIY Exercises
These questions are provided to help you become familiar with the names and symbols for common elements. The
answers are available from many sources, so they will not be covered in the tutorial class.
You are expected to know the names and symbols of at least the first 36 elements in the periodic table. You should also
know the names and symbols of other common elements such as gold, silver and mercury.
1. Write down the symbols for each of these elements.

(a) helium ______ (d) lithium ______ (g) hydrogen ______ (j) mercury ______

(b) cobalt ______ (e) chlorine ______ (h) potassium ______ (k) iron ______

(c) silicon ______ (f) phosphorus ______ (i) arsenic ______ (l) magnesium ______

2. Write down the names of the elements whose symbols are listed below.

(a) Li ____________ (e) Na ____________ (i) Al ____________ (m) N ____________

(b) F ____________ (f) Sr ____________ (j) Br ____________ (n) S ____________

(c) B ____________ (g) Cr ____________ (k) Zn ____________ (o) Mn ____________

(d) Si ____________ (h) Cu ____________ (l) O ____________ (p) Pb ____________

3. How would you describe where mettallic and nonmetallic elements are in the periodic table?
Classify each of the following elements as metallic or non–metallic.
(a) iron (e) zinc (i) nickel (m) calcium
(b) tin (f) chlorine (j) carbon (n) silicon
(c) oxygen (g) iodine (k) nitrogen (o) barium
(d) sulfur (h) cobalt (l) sodium (p) aluminium

Easy – medium difficulty questions

You should attempt these questions before the tutorial so that you can ask your tutor for assistance with the questions
you could not answer. There is not enough time in the tutorial to go through all these questions, so make sure you know
the ones you could not answer ahead of time.
Some of these questions will require you to consult books and the web. You can use any source you like, but you must
be prepared to defend your answer in the tutorial class.

1. Classify each of these substances as an element, a compound, or a mixture.

(a) hydrogen (e) iron (i) detergent (m) apple (q) aspirin
(b) water (f) steel (j) polystyrene (n) gold
(c) air (g) concrete (k) table salt (o) quartz
(d) oxygen (h) blood (l) sea water (p) calcite

Page 18 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 2. Classify each of these processes as a physical change or a chemical change.
(a) boiling water turns into steam
(b) a sugar cube dissolves in water
(c) egg changes colour as it is cooked in a pan
(d) water is formed as natural gas burns in a stove
(e) iron turns to rust when exposed outdoors

3. How could the components of the following mixtures be separated?

(a) sand mixed with salt
(b) alcohol and water
(c) air
(d) salt and water

4. (a) Complete the table below (there will some blanks).

Element Symbol Group Symbol of the common

No. anion or cation

Potassium

Calcium

Zinc

Aluminium

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Chlorine

Neon

5. Which of the subatomic particles (proton, neutron, electron) has:

(a) the smallest mass?
(b) a positive charge?
(c) a negative charge?
(d) no charge?
(e) the most effect on the chemical properties of an atom?

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 19

 6. Using your lecture notes, the web, or your textbook, write down a brief definition of each of these terms:
(a) atomic number (c) atomic mass unit
(b) mass number (d) atomic mass

7. (a) Complete the following table.

Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of

Symbol
Number Number Protons Neutrons Electrons
52
(i) 24 Cr

(ii) 80 46 36
81
(iii) Br–

(iv) 25 55 23

(b) Naturally occurring sulfur consists of four isotopes. From the following data calculate the average atomic
mass of sulfur.
isotopic mass number percent abundance isotopic mass
32 95.0 31.97207
33 0.760 32.97146
34 4.22 33.96786
36 0.0140 35.96709
ANS: (b) 32.1

Harder questions
You should attempt these questions before the tutorial, but be aware that they are more difficult than the questions
above. Your tutor will spend time discussing these questions with your group.

1. If someone thought that water was an element, how could you demonstrate to them that this is not true?

2. (a) What is the relationship (how are they similar, how are they different) between diamond and graphite?
(b) How do their structures influence their properties?

Page 20 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

Revision questions (for private study)
1. Fill in the blanks in the following table with names and formulae (three have been done for you):

K+ Mg2+ Ag+ Cu2+ Fe3+

potassium cation
NO3– AgNO3

nitrate anion silver nitrate

SO42–

Br–

2. (a) Complete the following table of neutral atoms.

Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of

Symbol
number number protons neutrons electrons
40
(i) 20 Ca

(ii) 55 25

(b) Calculate the average relative atomic mass for each of the elements given in the following table:

Relative Percentage Relative Isotopic Average Relative Atomic

Element
Abundance Mass Mass
7.5 6.015
lithium
92.5 7.016
79.0 23.985
magnesium 10.0 24.986
11.0 25.983
ANS: (b) lithium :6.941; magnesium :24.30;

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 21

 PROBLEM SET 2: NAMING COMPOUNDS AND WRITING EQUATIONS

References: Zumdahl 'Chemistry', 2.8, 3.8, 3.9, 3.1 – 3.7

DIY Exercises
The answers to these questions are available from many sources, so they will not be covered in the tutorial class.

1. (a) Write the chemical formula for each of the following compounds:
(i) sodium chloride (iii) sodium fluoride
(ii) magnesium oxide (iv) mercury(I) chloride

(b) Provide an unambiguous chemical name for each of the following:

(i) KBr (iv) FeI2
(ii) SrO (v) Al2S3
(iii) PCl3 (vi) N2O

2. (a) Write the chemical formula for each of the following compounds:

(i) lithium carbonate (iii) calcium oxalate (v) cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate
(ii) iron(III) phosphate (iv) potassium permanganate (vi) lead(II) chromate
(b) Provide an unambiguous chemical name for each of the following:
(i) K2SO4 (iii) KCN (v) Na2HPO4
(ii) NiSO4.7H2O (iv) K2Cr2O7 (vi) NaH2PO4

3. Calculate the molar masses of these compounds:

(a) NaCl (c) Ca(OH)2

(b) H2O2 (d) NiSO4.7H2O

ANS: (a) 58.4 g mol–1 (b) 34.0 g mol–1 (c) 74.1 g mol–1 (d) 280.9 g mol–1

Easy – medium difficulty questions

1. (a) The following chemical formulae are incorrect. Identify what is wrong with each one and write the
correct version:
(i) Calcium chloride : CaCl (ii) Magnesium oxide: MGO
(b) The following chemical formulae are incorrect. Identify what is wrong with each one and write the
correct version:
(i) Sodium Sulfate: NaSO4 (iii) Calcium hydroxide: CaOH2
(ii) Magnesium hydroxide: MgOH (iv) Potasium carbonate: KCO3

Page 22 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 2. Balance the following equations – the final equation should show the smallest whole number coefficients of
reactants and products.
(a) (NH4)2Cr2O7  Cr2O3 + N2 + H2O
(b) K + H2O  KOH + H2

(c) CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O

(d) Na + H2O  NaOH + H2
(e) Zn + HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
(f) C4H9OH + O2  CO2 + H2O
(g) FeS2 + O2  Fe2O3 + SO2
(h) Ca3(PO4)2 + SiO2 + C  CaSiO3 + CO + P4

3. Balance the following equations - the final equation should show the lowest whole number coefficients for
reactants and products.
(a) CH3COOH(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)  Ca(CH3COO)2(aq) + H2O(l)
(b) Na2CO3(s) + HNO3(aq)  NaNO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(c) K(s) + H2O(l)  KOH(aq) + H2(g)
(d) CH3CH2OH(l) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(e) Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4 (aq)  BaSO4(s) + NaNO3(aq)
(f) AgNO3(aq) + AlCl3(aq)  AgCl(s) + Al(NO3)3(aq)

Provide unambiguous names for all of the species (i.e. compounds and elements) in each reaction.

Revision questions (for private study)

1. (a) Write the chemical formula for each of the following:
(i) sodium chlorate (v) periodic acid (ix) mercury(I) chloride
(ii) lithium hydrogencarbonate (vi) copper(II) oxide (x) iron(III) phosphate
(iii) potassium permanganate (vii) cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate (xi) chromium(III) sulfate
(iv) sodium oxalate (viii) acetic acid (xii) lead(II) chromate
(b) Provide an unambiguous chemical name for each of the following:
(i) FeI2 (v) Cu2S (ix) K2CrO4
(ii) NaCN (vi) HNO2 (x) SF6
(iii) HClO3 (vii) (NH4)2HPO4 (xi) HNO3
(iv) Na2S2O3 (viii) NiSO4.7H2O (xii) MnO2
2. Balance the following equations – the final equation should show the lowest whole number coefficients of
reactants and products.
(a) CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
(b) Na + H2O  NaOH + H2
(c) Zn + HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
(d) Fe(NO3)3 + NaOH  Fe(OH)3 + NaNO3
(e) (NH4)2Cr2O7  Cr2O3 + N2 + H2O

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 23

Chemcial Calculations
1. One of the hydrides of boron has molar mass = 122.22 g mol–1 and is 11.55 % by mass hydrogen. Determine its
molecular formula. (Hint: a 'hydride of boron' contains only boron and hydrogen.)
ANS: B10H14

2. (a) Calculate the molar mass of phosphorus pentachloride.

(b) Calculate the number of moles of PCl5 in 35.0 g of phosphorus pentachloride.
(c) Calculate the number of moles of phosphorus atoms in 35.0 g of phosphorus pentachloride.
(d) Calculate the number of moles of chlorine atoms in 35.0 g of phosphorus pentachloride.
(a) 208.2 g/mol (b) 0.168 mol (c) 0.168 mol (d) 0.841 mol

3. (a) Determine the number of oxygen atoms contained in 1.10 moles of aluminium chlorate hexahydrate.
(b) Determine the number of moles of chromium atoms in 140.0 g chromium(III) oxide.
(c) Determine the mass of 1.16 moles of calcium phosphate.

(d) Calculate the mass of copper(I) sulfide which contains 4.6 x 1023 copper atoms.
(e) How many grams of ethanol (C2H5OH) must be added to 90.0 g water to make a solution containing equal
numbers of ethanol and water molecules?
ANS: (a) 9.93 x 1024; (b) 1.842; (c) 360 g; (d) 61 g; (e) 2.30 x 102 g

4. A sample of iron filings (8.03 g) was heated with excess chlorine gas. 23.43 g of a compound was formed,
presumably a chloride of iron. What was the empirical formula of this compound? (Hint: use conservation of
mass to calculate the mass of chlorine which reacted with the iron, then get the percentage by mass of each element
in the compound.)
ANS: FeCl3

5. Mercury(II) oxide decomposes on heating: HgO(s) Hg(l) + 1/2 O2(g)

(a) Calculate the expected mass of mercury which would be obtained by the complete decomposition of 5.860
g of mercury(II) oxide.
(b) If the mass of mercury was 4.937 g, what was the percentage yield?
ANS: (a) 5.427 g (b) 91%

6. Magnesium turnings will react with dry ice (solid CO2) in a sealed container, forming magnesium oxide and

carbon.
(a) Write an equation for this process.
(b) 10.0 g magnesium is reacted with 15.0 g dry ice. Which reagent is in excess? Which is the limiting reagent?
(c) Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide formed.

ANS: (c) 16.6 g.

Page 24 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

Revision questions (for private study)
1. Magnesium reacts with nitrogen to form Mg3N2. Will a mixture of 30.0 g Mg and 20.0 g N2 have sufficient
magnesium to react with all the nitrogen? What is the limiting reagent? Calculate the maximum mass of
magnesium nitride which can be formed.
ANS: 41.5 g

2. (a) Calculate the number of oxygen atoms that are contained in 1.10 moles of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.
(b) Determine the number of moles of chromium atoms in 25.0 g of sodium chromate.
(c) Determine the mass of 2.52 moles of oxygen gas.
(d) How many grams of methanol (CH3OH) must be added to 50.0 g water to make a solution containing equal
numbers of ethanol and water molecules?
ANS: (a) 5.962  1024, (b) 0.403, (c) 80.64 g, (d) 88.89 g

3. Lithium hydroxide is used to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in space craft. The products of this
reaction are lithium carbonate and water.
(a) Write a balanced equation for this reaction;
(b) Calculate the mass of CO2 which can be absorbed by 1.00 kg of lithium hydroxide.
ANS: (b) 917 g

4. (a) Calculate the percentage composition, by mass, of each element in C2H5OH (ethanol).
(b) The composition of caffeine is 49.48 % carbon, 5.15 % hydrogen, 16.49 % oxygen, and 28.87 % nitrogen by
mass. The molar mass of caffeine is 194.2 g mol–1. Determine the empirical formula and the molecular

formula of caffeine.
ANS: (a) 52.1 % C, 13.1 % H, 34.7 % O (b) molecular formula: C8H10N4O2

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 25

 PROBLEM SET 3: CHEMICAL SOLUTIONS AND CHEMICAL BONDING

References: Zumdahl 'Chemistry', 4.3, 11.1, 1.4, 1.5, 2.6, 2.7, 8.1, 8.7, 8.10, 8.11

Solution Concentrations
Easy – medium difficulty questions
1. (a) Calculate the mass of solute required to make
(i) 0.500 L of 0.300 M sodium carbonate.
(ii) 400 mL of 2.35 M lead nitrate.
(b) What is the molarity of each of the aqueous solutions that contain:
(i) 65.3 g sodium nitrate in 800 mL solution?
(ii) 0.680 g silver nitrate in 75.0 mL solution?
(c) Calculate the volume of concentrated reagent required to make the following dilute solutions:
(i) 15.0 M NH3, to make 200 cm3 1.8 M NH3

(ii) 12.0 M HCl, to make 300 cm3 of 4.0 M HCl

(d) What is the concentration of a solution made by mixing 50.00 mL of 3.50 M sodium chloride solution with
60.00 mL of water.
ANS: (a) (i) 15.9 g; (ii) 311 g; (b) (i) 0.960 M; (ii) 0.0534 M; (c) (i) 24.0 mL; (ii) 100. mL; (d) 1.59 M.

2. (a) Calculate the molarity of magnesium ions in each of the following solutions.
(i) 2.30 M MgCl2 (ii) 2.30 M MgSO4
(b) Calculate the molarity of sodium ions in each of the following solutions.
(i) 1.50 M NaCl (ii) 1.50 M Na2SO4 (iii) 1.50 M Na3PO4
ANS: (a) (i) 2.30 M (ii) 2.30 M; (b) (i) 1.50 M (ii) 3.00 M (iii) 4.50 M

3. A sample of concentrated hydrochloric acid contained 8.16 g of HCl in 200.0 cm3 of solution. This solution had
a density of 1.18 g cm–3. (Hint: masses are additive when mixing substances to make a solution so if you can
calculate the mass of HCl in a certain mass of solution, the rest of the mass is water.)
(a) Calculate the molarity of the solution.
(b) Calculate the molality of the solution.
(c) Calculate the mole fraction of HCl.
ANS: (a) 1.12 molar; (b) 0.982 molal; (c) 0.0174

4. (a) Calculate the volume of 0.150 M HCl which will react with 25.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH.
(b) Calculate the volume of 0.240 M NaOH which will react with 25.0 mL of 0.100 M H2SO4.

ANS: (a) 16.7 mL (b) 20.8 mL

Page 26 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

Revision questions (for private study)

1. A water solution containing 50.0 g ethanol, CH3CH2OH, per litre of solution has a density of 0.989 g cm–3 at
25°C. Calculate:
(a) the molarity of CH3CH2OH
(b) the molality of CH3CH2OH in this solution, and
(c) the mole fraction of CH3CH2OH in this solution.
ANS: (a) 1.08 mol L–1, (b) 1.098 mol kg–1, (c) 0.020

2. (a) Calculate the mass of solute required to make:

(i) 250 cm3 of 0.100 M potassium sulfate
(ii) 50.0 mL of 0.100 M copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
(iii) 5.0 L of 0.020 M potassium permanganate
(b) Calculate the volume of concentrated reagent required to make the following dilute solutions:
(i) 18.0 M H2SO4, to make 2.5 L of 2.0 M H2SO4.
(ii) 15 M NH3, to make 250 mL of 1.2 M NH3.
ANS: (a) (i) 4.358 g (ii) 1.249 g (iii) 15.80 g, (b) (i) 278 mL (ii) 20 mL

Bonding
1. (a) What do you understand the term 'chemical bond' to mean? What happens to two atoms as a chemical bond
forms between them? Does anything happen to the nuclei? The electrons?
(b) Describe clearly what is meant by each of the following:
(i) an ionic bond;
(ii) a covalent bond;
(iii) a polar covalent bond;
(iv) metallic bonding.

2. (a) How many valence electrons does an atom of each of these elements have?
(i) H (ii) Be (iii) C (iv) N (v) S (vi) Cl
(b) How many valence electrons are there in total for each of these molecules or ions?
(i) H2 (ii) O2 (iii) H2O (iv) CH4 (v) SF6 (vi) NO3–

3. (a) How many electrons are shared in a single covalent bond?

(b) How many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond? What about in a triple covalent bond?

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 27

Lewis Structures
1. (a) Draw a realistic Lewis structure for each of the following species.
(i) Cl2 (ii) HCl (iii) CHBr3 (iv) NH3 (v) CH4 (vi) H2O (vii) CO

(b) Draw a realistic Lewis structure for each of the following species and explain how these species violate the
octet rule. Calculate the formal charge of each atom in molecule and explain why your chosen Lewis
structure is the most ‘realistic’
(i) XeF4 (ii) PCl5 (iii) SF6 (iv) AlH3 (v) BeCl2 (vi) BF3

2. EXTENSION QUESTION: Draw a sensible Lewis structure for each of the following species.
(a) hydrazine (N2H4) (b) diazine (N2H2) (c) dinitrogen (N2)

Revision questions (for private study)

1. What is the total number of valence electrons in each of these species?
(a) SCl2 (c) CO32–
(b) BF3 (d) PCl5

2. (a) List those elements for which the octet rule is very rarely violated.
(b) Draw a Lewis structure for the following species and indicate those species where the octet rule is
violated. Calculate the formal charge of each atom in molecule and explain why your chosen Lewis
(i) AlCl3 (ii) F2 (iii) CN– (iv) XeF2 (v) NH4+ (vi) SeF4

3. EXTENSION QUESTION: Draw Lewis structures for the following organic molecules.
(a) H3CNH2 (c) CH3SH
(b) H3CCCH (d) CH3COOCH3 (take care with the connectivity of the atoms)

Page 28 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 PROBLEM SET 4: POLARITY, INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND STATES OF MATTER

References: Zumdahl 'Chemistry', 8.2, 8.3, 4.1, 4.2, 10.1, 5.1 – 5.3

Bonding and Polarity

1. (a) Define electronegativity. Describe how relative electronegativity can be used to indicate the covalent and
ionic nature of bonds.
(b) Using the relative electronegativity diference to predict whether the following bonds will be predominantly
ionic or covalent and indicate the direction of polarity.
(i) P – Cl (ii) Rb – Cl (iii) N–O (iv) C – Br
(v) N – H (vi) B – H (vii) K – F (viii) Ca – O
(c) Describe the bonding within the following compounds as ionic, polar covalent or covalent:
HCl, HBr, HI, NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, SiCl4, PCl3, SCl2, Cl2.

Intermolecular Forces
1. What is the diference between intermolecular forces/bonding and intramolecular forces/bonding?

2. Indicate the types of intermolecular force between molecules in the following pure substances.
Write 'yes' or 'no' in the boxes as appropriate

Substance Dispersion Forces Dipole–dipole forces Hydrogen Bonding

CH4

Cl2

CH3OH

CO2

NH3

3. For each of the following solutes, indicate the solvent it will have the greatest solubility in.

Solute Solvents Most soluble in…

potassium nitrate water, hexane, carbon tetrachloride

Iodine water, carbon tetrachloride, ethanol

methanol, CH3OH water, hexane

1–hexanol, CH3(CH2)5OH water, hexane

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 29

4. Based on their properties, label the solids A, B, C, D, E as metallic or non–metallic.

Substance A B C D E
m.p. (°C) 122.4 747 98 1083 1700
b.p. (°C) 249 1390 892 2600 2230
water solubility slightly soluble soluble reacts with insoluble insoluble
evolution of gas
benzene solubility soluble insoluble insoluble insoluble insoluble
Electrical conductivity

Solid insulator insulator conductor conductor insulator

Liquid insulator conductor conductor conductor insulator
water solution insulator conductor conductor — —
Hardness soft hard soft hard hard
Type of Solid

Gases

Useful conversion factors:

Pressure units: 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 Torr = 1.013  105 Pa.
1 bar = 1.000  105 Pa
Temperature units: 0 °C = 273.15 K

Ideal gas constant: R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1 (or m3 Pa K–1 mol–1 or L kPa K–1 mol–1)

= 0.08206 L atm K–1 mol–1

1. (a) A gas occupies a volume of 2.00 L at 25 °C and a pressure of 0.896 atm. If the temperature is kept constant
and the volume of the container is reduced to 1.75 L, to what value will the pressure inside the container
change?
(b) If 2.56 L of hydrogen gas at 27.1 °C and a pressure of 0.682 atm has its temperature lowered to –23.2 °C
and its pressure increased to 0.824 atm, to what value will the volume of the gas change?
(c) If 310.4 mL of oxygen gas at a temperature of 350 K and a pressure of 780 Torr has its volume reduced to
0.150 L and its pressure raised to 1.25 atm, to what value will the temperature of the gas change?
ANS: (a)1.02 atm; (b) 1.76 L; (c) 206 K

2. A given mass of chlorine occupies 38.0 cm3 at 20°C. Determine its volume at 45°C, pressure remaining constant.

3. A mass of helium occupies 1000 m3 at 15°C and 763 mmHg. Calculate its volume at –6°C and 420 mmHg.
ANS: 1685 m3

4. What volume will 1.216g of SO2 occupy at 18°C and 755 mmHg?

ANS: 456 cm3

Page 30 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 5. Calculate the density of gaseous CH4 at 25°C and a pressure of 750 mmHg.
If the temperature of the gaseous CH4 decreased to 15°C, the pressure remaining constant, would the density

of the gas decrease? Why?

ANS: 0.647 g L–1

6. (a) The volume of a gas is 45.0 L at 25 °C and 750 mmHg. What volume will it occupy at the same
temperature, but at 1.00 atm pressure?
(b) 500 mL of a gas at 10 °C, exerts a pressure of 1.0 atm. What will be the pressure if the temperature is
increased to 50 °C and the volume is kept constant?
(c) Calculate the molar mass of a gas if the gas has a density of 3.64 g L–1 at 27 °C and 772 mmHg.
ANS: (a) 44.4 L, (b) 1.14 atm, (c) 88.3 g mol–1

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 31

 PROBLEM SET 5: ACIDS AND BASES

References: Zumdahl 'Chemistry', 4.8, 14.3, 14.4

1. a. How are acids and bases defined according to the:

i. Arrhenius definition
ii. Bronsted-Lowry definition
b. Give different examples for each definition and write equations to illustrate the acid/base nature of
the substances you have chosen.
2. Write the unambiguous chemical name for each of these acids (some are stable only in aqueous solution):
(a)HClO (e) HIO4
(b)HClO2 (f) HNO3
(c)HClO3 (g) HNO2
(d)HClO4 (h) CH3COOH

3.
a. Give the conjugate base species for the following acids in water.
i. HIO3
ii. HNO3
iii. H2CO3
b. Give the conjugate acid species for the following bases water.
i. NH3
ii. HS-
iii. CH3COO-

4. Write an ionic equation to illustrate the acidic or basic behaviour of the following compounds in water.
a. HBr
b. LiOH
c. NH3
d. CH3COOH

5.
a. Fill in the missing entries in the table below for aqueous solutions at 25°C
[H+]/ molL-1 pH [OH-]/ molL-1 pOH
-2
i 2 × 10
ii 3.2
ii 2.5 ×10-5
iv 1.30
b. Classify each of the solutions in (a) as acidic, neutral, or basic.
c. Which of the solutions in (a) is the most acidic? Which is the most basic?

ANS: (a) i. pH = 1.7, [OH-] = 5.0 x 10-13 M , pOH = 12.3, (ii) [H+] = 6.31 x 10-4 M , [OH-] = 1.58 x 10-11 M, pOH =
10.8, (iii ) [H+] = 4.00 x 10-10M , pH = 9.4, pOH = 4.6, (iv) [H+] = 1.99 x 10-13 M , pH= 12.7, [OH-] = 5.01 x 10-2 M

Page 32 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 6. From the list below
a. identify which species are acids and which are bases.
b. For each, calculate the [H+], [OH-] and the pH of these strong acid and base solutions
i. 0.12M HCl
ii. 0.005M HClO4
iii. 0.5M H2SO4
iv. 0.67M NaOH
v. 0.045M H3PO4

ANS: (i)[H+] = 0.12M, [OH-] = 8.32 x 10-14 M pH = 0.92

(ii)[H+] = 0.005M, [OH-] = 2.00 x 10-10 M pH = 2.3
(iii) [H+] = 1M, [OH-] = 1x 10-14 M pH = 0, (iv)[H+] = 1.5 x 10-14 M, [OH-] = 0.631 M pH =13.8, (v)[H+] =
0.135M, [OH-] = 7.41x 10-14 M pH = 0.87

Revision questions (for private study)

1. (a) Calculate the missing values in this table:

[H+] /mol L–1 pH [OH–] /mol L–1 pOH

(i) 2.0  10–4

(ii) 1.30

(iii) 5.0  10–3

(iv) 5.60

(b) Classify each of the solutions in (a) as acidic, neutral, or basic

(c) Which of the solutions in (a) is the most acidic? Which is the most basic?
ANS: (a) (i) 3.70; 5.0  10–11; 10.30 (ii) 5.0  10–2; 2.0  10–13; 12.70
(iii) 2.0  10–12; 11.70; 2.30 (iv) 8.40; 4.0  10–9; 2.5  10–6

2. Calculate the pH of the following aqueous solutions:

(a) 0.25 M HClO4 (b) 0.25 M KOH

ANS: (a) 0.70 (b) 13.30

3. Calculate the pH of the following aqueous solutions:

(a) 0.20 M HCl

(b) 0.20 M KOH

ANS: (a) pH = 0.70, (b) pH = 13.30,

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 33

 PROBLEM SET 6: ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

References: Zumdahl 'Chemistry', 4.9, 4.10, 18.1, 18.5, 18.6, 13.1, 13.2, 13.7

Electron Transfer and Batteries

1. (a) What is meant by an 'oxidation process'?

(b) What is meant by a 'reduction process'?
(c) Why are oxidation and reduction reactions almost always seen to occur simulateously?
(d) What happens to the oxidation number of an element when it is oxidized?

2. What is the oxidation number of the element indicated in each of the following species?

2–
Species N2O Hg2Cl2 ClO– ClO3– Cl2O7 SO42– SO3 Cr2O72– MnO4–

Element N Hg Cl Cl Cl S S Cr Mn

Oxid. No.

3. (a) (i) What is an oxidising agent?

(ii) The following substances are commonly used as oxidizing agents. Write a balanced ion-electron half
equation for the reaction which each undergoes when acting as an oxidising agent.
– 2–
MnO4 O2 Cr2O7
(b) (i) What is a reducing agent?
(ii) The following substances are commonly used as reducing agents. Write a balanced ion-electron half-
equation for the reaction which each undergoes when acting as a reducing agent.
H2 Mg

4. For each of the following redox reactions, write separate oxidation and reduction half equations, balance the
overall equation, and determine what species is the oxidizing agent and what is the reducing agent:
(a) Ag(s) + Cl2(g)  AgCl(s)
(b) H2(g) + O2(g)  H2O(g)
(c) Hg2I2(s)  HgI2(s) + Hg(l)

5. An acidified solution of oxalate ion was oxidized to carbon dioxide by permanganate ion. By means of ion electron
half equations, write balanced overall ionic equations for this reaction.

Page 34 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 6. (a) Write an equation for the spontaneous reaction occurring in an electrochemical cell where Mg is oxidized
and Cl2 is reduced.
(b) Make a labelled drawing to represent this electrochemical cell. Mark on your drawing the following features:
Anode, cathode, salt bridge, direction of electron flow, direction of movement of anions and cations in the
salt bridge, identity and concentrations of all chemical species in the system.
(c) Write the conventional cell diagram for this cell.

7. EXTENSION QUESTION: By means of ion electron half equations, write balanced overall ionic equations for
the following reactions:
(a) copper metal reacted with dilute nitric acid solution to produce a solution of copper(II) nitrate and nitrogen
dioxide gas,
(b) acidified solutions of iodide and iodate ions were mixed, producing iodine.

Revision questions (for private study)

1. What is the oxidation number of the element indicated in each of the following species?

Species Na2O2 N2O4 CuCl ClO2– ClO4– NO3– CO2 C2O42–

Element O N Cu Cl Cl N C C

Oxidation
number

2. By means of ion electron half equations, write balanced overall ionic equations for each of the following reactions:
(a) an acidified solution of oxalate ion was oxidized to carbon dioxide by permanganate ion,
(b) adding acid to a solution of sodium thiosulfate produced elemental sulfur and sulfur dioxide.

3. (a) What is the difference between a galvanic (or voltaic) cell and an electrolytic cell?

Chemical Equilibrium

1. Write down an expression for the equilibrium constant in terms of concentrations at equilibrium for each of the
following reactions:
(a) 2Fe3+(aq) + Hg22+(aq) 2Fe2+(aq) + 2Hg2+(aq)

(b) HCOOH(aq) HCOO–(aq) + H+(aq)

(c) CH3NH2(aq) + H2O(l) CH3NH3+(aq) + OH–(aq)

(d) NiS(s) Ni2+(aq) + S2–(aq)

2. (a) Write expressions for the equilibrium constants Kp and Kc, in terms of the partial pressures and
concentrations at equilibrium respectively, for each of the following reactions:
(i) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
(ii) 2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g)

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 35

 3. When a mixture of carbon and carbon dioxide is heated, this endothermic reaction occurs to produce carbon
monoxide: C(s) + CO2(g) 2 CO(g)
Equilibrium mixtures of carbon, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide were subjected to the changes shown in
the following table. Complete the table by stating the effect each has on the moles of CO2 present and on the
value of Kc. Write 'increase', 'decrease', 'no change' or ‘unpredictable'.

Change Effect on amount of CO2 Effect on Kc

Decreasing volume of container

Adding CO(g)

Adding C(s)

Increasing temperature

Page 36 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 PROBLEM SET 7: ENERGY CHANGE, SOLUBILITY AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

References: Zumdahl 'Chemistry', 14.1, 4.5, 4.6, 14.9, 14.10, 6.1, 6.2

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

1. (a) Sucrose (C12H22O11, table sugar) is oxidized in the body by O2 through a complex series of reactions
which ultimately produce CO2(g) and H2O(l). The overall energy released by these reactions is
5.64  103 kJ mol–1 sucrose. Write a balanced chemical equation for the overall process.
(b) How much heat is released per gram of sucrose oxidized?
(c) Assume that the heat capacity of a person is the same as that of water, which is 4.2 J K–1 g–1. Estimate
the rise in temperature produced in a 70 kg person by the oxidation of 10 g of sucrose, assuming 100% of
the heat from the reaction goes into heating the person.
(d) Do you think 100% of the heat would really be absorbed by the person’s body?

ANS: (b) 16 kJ per gram of sucrose, (b) 0.56 K

2. EXTENSION QUESTION: A pack has been developed so that small amounts of food can be heated without the
need to light a fire or burn fuel. The researchers who designed the pack found that by mixing powdered magnesium
metal with sodium chloride and iron particles the following exothermic reactions would occur rapidly when water
was added:
Mg(s) + 2 H2O(l)  Mg(OH)2(s) + H2(g) H = –355 kJ mol–1

Thus, when water is poured into a porous pad containing the powdered magnesium mixture, heat is released. This
energy warms food contained in an adjacent sealed food pouch.
Assume that the pack contains 0.10 g of powdered magnesium.
(a) Calculate the maximum amount of heat that can be released by adding water to the powdered magnesium
mixture.
(b) Calculate the minimum mass of water that must be added to release this amount of heat.
(c) The directions on the pack specify the addition of a certain volume of water. If 50 mL of water is added,
calculate its maximum rise in temperature, assuming a heat capacity of 4.2 J K–1 g–1 and a density of
1.00 g mL–1 for all solutions.

ANS: (a) 1.5 kJ; (b) 0.15 g; (c) 7.0K

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 37

Solubility Rules and Nett Ionic Equations

The following table summarizes the general solubility behaviour of some common compounds. You will be provided
with this table in the final exam

The Solubility Rules

Behaviour with Common Cations

Anion
Usual Exceptions Slightly Soluble

Cl– Soluble Ag+, Cu+ Pb2+

Br– Soluble Ag+, Cu+ Pb2+

Ag+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Cu+

(Hg2+ forms a complex with excess)
I– Soluble
(Cu2+, Fe3+ undergo a redox reaction)

SO42– Soluble Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+ Ca2+, Ag+

NO3– Soluble

Na+, K+, Ba2+

– (Pb2+, Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+ form complexes with excess OH–)

OH Insoluble Ca2+, Sr2+
(AgOH is unstable, brown Ag2O is usually obtained)
(NH4OH is predominately NH3(aq))

Na+, K+, NH4+

PO43– Insoluble
(many cations form the hydroxide)

Na+, K+, NH4+

CO32– Insoluble (Al3+, Fe3+, Cr3+ form hydroxides,
Hg2+ forms mercury(II) oxide)
Note: A compound is considered to be soluble if a solution with concentration > 0.1 M can be prepared
for the compound.

1. Using the above solubility rules, would you expect a precipitate to form if you added Ag+ ions to separate
solutions of Cl–, Br– and I– ions.

2. Using the above solubility rules, would you expect a precipitate to form if you added Ba2+ and Pb2+ ions to
SO42– ions. What generalizations can you make about the solubility of sulfates.

3. Using the above solubility rules, would you expect a precipitate to form if you added Ag+,Ba2+,Cu2+, Na+,
Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions to NO3– ions. What generalizations can you make about the solubility of nitrates.

4. Using the solubility rules table, would you expect a precipitate to form if you added Na+ and K+ ions to any of
the anions listed. What generalizations can you make about the solubility of sodium and potassium compounds.

Page 38 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

5. (a) Balance each of the equations below which represent reactions in aqueous solution. Then re-write each
equation eliminating all species that do not undergo chemical change (this is the nett ionic equation) AND include the
correct states of mater for each species.
(i) MgCl2 + NaOH Mg(OH)2 + NaCl
(ii) BaCO + HNO3  Ba(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
(iii) Pb(NO3)2 + KOH  PbO + H2O + KNO3

(b) Write balanced ionic equations for the following reactions (figure out what all the products are first!):
(i) Silver nitrate solution on mixing with barium chloride solution gives a precipitate of silver chloride.
(ii) Solid calcium carbonate dissolves in dilute nitric acid with the evolution of carbon dioxide gas.
(iii) A solution of lead nitrate gives a yellow solid on mixing with potassium chromate.

6. 25.0 mL of 0.112 M NaCl is mixed with 30.0 mL of 0.110 M AgNO3 forming a precipitate of AgCl.
(a) Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
(b) Write a balanced nett ionic equation for this reaction (remember to remove spectator ions).
(c) Determine which reactant is the limiting reagent.
(d) Calculate the mass of silver chloride formed.
ANS: (d) 0.401 g

7. A solution of silver nitrate is mixed with a solution of potassium chromate to form a silver chromate precipitate.
(a) Write a balanced nett ionic equation for this reaction (remember to remove spectator ions).
(b) What is the minimum volume of 0.1060 M AgNO3 must be reacted with 125 mL of 0.0862 M K2CrO4 to
precipitate all the chromate ions as Ag2CrO4?
ANS: (a) 203 mL

Inorganic Compounds

1. Write the formulae of the binary oxygen compounds of the elements in the period Na – Ar, and specify whether
these compounds have a molecular or non-molecular structure. (Note: a binary compound involves only two
different elements, however the number of atoms of each element in the compound is not limited in any way, e.g.
N2O5 is a binary compound of nitrogen and oxygen).

2. Write the formulae of the binary hydrogen compounds of the elements in the period Na – Ar, and specify whether
these compounds have a molecular or non-molecular structure.

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 39

 PROBLEM SET 8: THE RATES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

References: Zumdahl 'Chemistry', 12.1, 12.2, 12.6, 12.7, 22.1, 22.2, 22.4

1. (a) List the main factors which determine the rate of a chemical reaction.
(b) For the general equation A + 3 B  2 C
express the rate of reaction in terms of the rate of change of the concentration of each of the species involved.
(c) How is the order of reaction with respect to a reagent determined experimentally?
(d) For the reaction between gaseous chlorine and nitrogen monoxide
2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)  2 NOCl(g)

it is found that doubling the concentration of both reactants increases the rate by a factor of eight, but
doubling the chlorine concentration alone, only doubles the rate. What is the order of the reaction with
respect to nitrogen monoxide and chlorine?

2. (a) The reaction between NO(g) and H2(g),

2 NO(g) + 2 H2(g)  N2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
is second order with respect to NO and first order with respect to H2.
(i) What is the rate equation for this equation?
(ii) What is the overall order of this reaction?
(b) The rate equation for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3 in excess O2 is as follows:
2 SO2(g) + O2(g)  2 SO3(g) Rate = k[SO2] [O2]
(i) What is the order of the reaction with respect to each reagent?
(ii) What happens to the rate of the reaction over time, and why?
(iii) The reaction proceeds slowly in the absence of platinum. How does platinum increase the speed of
the reaction?

3. For the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in solution at 25 °C

2 H2O2(aq)  2 H2O(l) + O2(g),
the following data were obtained:

1 d[H2O2]
Experiment No. Conc. H2O2 / mmol L–1 –2 / mmol L–1 s–1
dt
1 14.45 3.35 x 10–3
2 28.90 6.65 x 10–3
3 57.80 13.35 x 10–3
(a) What is the order of reaction?
(b) Write the rate equation for the reaction.
(c) Calculate the rate constant for the reaction at 25 °C.
(d) Calculate the rate of decomposition of H2O2 at 25 °C when [H2O2] is exactly 10.0 mmol L–1.
(e) Does the rate increase or decrease as the reaction proceeds?
ANS: (c) 2.3 x 10–4 s–1, (d) 4.6 x 10–3 mmol L–1 s–1

Page 40 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 PROBLEM SET 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

References: Zumdahl 'Chemistry', 22.4, 22.5

1. Draw all the possible constitutional (structural) isomers for each of the following molecular formulae:
(a) C5H12 (b) C4H8 (c) C4H8Cl2 (d) C5H12O

2. Explain the meaning of these frequently used abbreviations: Me, Et, Ph.

3. Complete the following table by stating the class of compound (e.g. alcohol, amine etc.) to which each of
the following molecules belongs:

Compound Class of Compound

H 3C H

H 3C H
O
CH3CH 2C
OCH3
O
CH 3C
H

CH3COOH

CH3CH2CH3

H 3C CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2Br

CH3CH2CH2NH2

H-CºC-H

CH3OH

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 41

 4. Give systematic names for the following compounds.

(a) (d)

OH

(b) (e) CO2H

(c) (f)

5. Complete the following table by providing either an appropriate structural formula or an unambiguous name
for each of the following compounds:

Name Formula

butanoic acid

CH3CH2CH2CH3

propene

CH3CH2OH

hexan-3-one

H-CºC-C(CH 3) 3

2,3–dibromobutane

CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH

2-chlorobutanoic acid

H CH3

CH3CH2 CH3

pentanal

Page 42 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY

 6. (a) Draw Lewis diagrams for each of the following alcohols, and classify each as primary, secondary, or
tertiary.
(i) propan–1–ol (iii) 2–methylpropan–2–ol
(ii) 3–methylbutan–2–ol (iv) cyclohexanol

(b) For each of the alcohols in (a) write the structure, and name, of the product (if any) formed by oxidizing
thalcohol with a strong oxidizing agent such as acidified dichromate.

7. Complete the following equations showing the major organic products:

CH2
HBr
(a)

CH3
H2
(b)
Pd catalyst
CH3

Cr2O72–/H+
(c) OH

MnO4–
(d) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
H+/D

(e) CH3COOH + NaHCO3

H+
(f) CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH

C
(g) OH H+
+ HOCH2CH2CH3

UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) Page 43

 Blank Page.

Page 44 CHEM1001 PROBLEM SETS (2019) UNSW SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY