REVIEWER IN READING & WRITING SKILLS

Critical Thinking
• involves series of complex thought process which allows you to make reasoned
judgements.
• The awakening of the intellect to the study of itself.
• You need to examine before believing.
Non- Critical Thinker
• when you simply accept the things you are told without examining them.
LEVELS OF THINKING
• In 1956 Benjamin Bloom constructed Bloom’s Taxonomy for Cognitive Domain.
• Revised by Lorin Anderson in 2001.
Remembering (1st Step) – requires information you just read, involves retrieval,
recognition and recall information. Asks you to define memorize and retrieve information.
Understanding (2nd Step) – drawing of interpretation and construction of meaning. Asks
you to discuss, paraphrase or explain.
Applying (3rd Step) – uses learning in a situation, implemation of knowledge on various
situation. Asks you to demonstrate, solve or use information.
Analyzing (4th Step) – examining the causes & making inferences. Breaking down ideas
and relating them to one another. Asks you to compare, integrate and structure
information, based on the text.
Evaluating (5th Step) – weighing the pros and cons. Making judgement based on value
and validity of ideas and events.
Creating (6th Step) – combining parts to form a whole. Asks questions which aim to
produce, design, or construct a product.
FUNDAMENTAL READING SKILLS
Why do we read?
1. To be informed.
2. To be entertained.
3. To be inspired.
TYPES OF READING
1. Developmental– systematic; aim to develop a specific reading skill and
developing reading comprehension.
2. Pleasure – to provide enjoyment to the readers. Aim is: enjoyment and
entertainment.
3. Functional- you are doing it because you have a purpose.
4. Remedial – correct the errors of poor teaching and learnings.
BASIC READING SKILLS
1. Rapid Reading – quickly reading; reading in a short span of time.
• Scanning – reading a text quickly in order to find specific information.
• Skimming – reading quickly to get a general idea of meaning. Choose only a part of
the text to get the general idea.
• Locating Main Idea – main ideas are normally set at the beginning of the text/end.
But may appear at the middle depending on the technique used by the author.
2. Previewing – when a reader browses a material hurriedly & checking whether ( by
the looks of it) it is relevant to the information needed. You check the title, cover
and etc. Evaluate if the information is relevant to what you are looking for.
3. Literal Reading – focus to understand, familiarize ourselves to the facts written.
• Summarizing – highlight important ideas without giving comments. Get the sub-
main ideas and put them together. Compare text to the original. Must be shorter than
the original text.
• Paraphrasing – involves restating ideas from original text. Length is almost the
same with the original.
4. Inferential Reading – deducing facts and ideas which are not directly expressed
in the text. We make our own inference. “Read between the lines.”
5. Critical Reading – close and thorough reading which tries to identify fallacies, fact
from opinion/symbols used. Closely examining the text.
SELECTING & ORGANIZING INFORMATION
Brainstorming – most popular tool in generating creative and rich ideas. Can be used
individually and also grouo activity. One can use Idea Map/Idea List.
Graphic Organizers – visual representations of concepts that help us structure
information into organizational patterns. They are helpful tools for: Brainstorming,
Facilitating Reading & Writing, Promoting active learning, and Accessing previous
knowledge & experience.
Outline – tool for organizing ideas. Used not only as a pre-writing strategy but also as
post-reading activity. Decimal outline & alphanumeric outline.
Topic Outline – uses words & phrases used when ideas is discussed.
Sentence Outline – sentences. Complicated & detailed.
TYPES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
1. Venn Diagram – Comparing & Contrasting.
2. Network Tree – hierarchy positions, classification & branching. Useful in showing
relationships of scientific categories, family trees and even line ages.
3. Spider Map – to enumerate various aspects of a central idea, which could be a
concept, topic or theme.
4. Problem-Solution Map – displays the nature of the problem and how I can be
solved. Contains the problem description, its causes & effect, logical solution.
5. Timeline – show how events occurred chronologically through a long bar labeled
with dates and specific event.
• Linear – within one period.
• Comparative – two sets of events with the same period.
6. Plot Diagram – tool used to map events in a story. Used to analyze the major
parts of the plot.
7. Series of Events Chain – used to show the logical sequence of events; procedural.
8. Fishbone Map – used to better understand the casual relationship of a complex
phenomenon. Shows the factors that cause a specific event/problem, as well as
details of each cause.
9. Cycle – describes how a series of events interact to produce a set of results
repeatedly.
10. Persuasion Map – used to map out arguments & evidence that prove a viewpoint.
Processing persuasive, argumentative text.
 Pattern Development - Logical arrangement of ideas.
- helps follow ideas and understand text better.

Definition
- explains the information through the use of illustrations, examples and descriptions. -
you can use a spider map.
Signal words: is defined as, as defined, means, refers to, to define, to illustrate
Exemplification
- presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples
to expound on the main idea. - is used to provide an example of something.
Signal words: After all, for instance, namely, that is
Description (Sensory and Spatial)
- provides details on the idea by using either a sensory or spatial pattern.
*sensory pattern - ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five senses.
*spatial pattern - arranges ideas by location or physical space. Signal words: Above,
around, between, in front of, onto
Chronology/Procedure
- organizes ideas or events according to time.
- either in a form of narration or a process.
*narration - sequences events in the order in which they occurred in time.
*process - details based on stages or steps.
Signal words: about, before, in the meantime, prior to, tomorrow
Listing
- organizes ideas using enumeration. presents a series of items (facts, examples, features,
reasons, and tips) - does not require the items to be sequenced chronologically.
Signal words: additionally, and then, further, likewise
Comparison-contrast
- organizes based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or
different from one another.
*separately - describing one item first followed by the second.
*side-by-side - discussion of both items based on each point of comparison. Signal
words:
*comparing - also, equally, in the same way, similarly
*contrasting - although, despite, instead, otherwise
Classification and Division
- organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and standards. - can be
used when classifying people, objects events, things, places and other items. Signal
words: another, classified as, one kind, the last group
Cause and effect
- organizes details based on the cause, the reason and the result or consequences of a
certain phenomenon.
Signal words: as, for, in view of (the fact), owing to (the fact)

Problem-solution
- organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions.
- problems include: what, who, when, where, why and how
 Signal words: but, nonetheless, one solution is, the problem
Persuasion
- organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument.
- presents the issue, the position and the supporting evidences
Signal words:
*Emphasizing a point - Again, in that case, to emphasize, truly
*Concluding and summarizing - accordingly, consequently, in brief
*Conceding a point - admittedly, it is true that, obviously