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 Respected ANKUR
SINGH
Jasleen mam
RE3801A29
CAP 401

Q 1.Discuss how Switching technology is used in PSTN

and when call is made through internet telephony?

Ans 1

The public switched telephone network (PSTN) also referred to as

the plain old telephone service (POTS) is the network of the
world's public circuit-switched telephone networks. It consists of
telephone lines, fiberoptic cables, microwave transmission links,
cellular networks, Communications satellites, and undersea
telephone cables all inter-connected by switching centers which
allows any telephone in the world to communicate with any other.
Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the
PSTN is now almost entirely digital in its core and includes mobile
as well as fixed telephones.

The technical operation of the PSTN utilises standards created by

the ITU-T. These standards allow different networks in different
countries to interconnect seamlessly. There is also a single global
address space for telephone numbers based on the E.163 and
E.164 standards.
The combination of the interconnected networks and the single
numbering plan make it possible for any phone in the world to
dial any other phone.

Q 2. Broadband transmission is better than base band

transmission why?
Ans 2

Baseband can carry both analog and digital signal where as

broadband carries analog signal.

Baseband is like point to point communication and broadband to

is point to multipoint communication.

base will carry single signal in a medium but broadband can carry
multisignals through single medium with shared bandwidth

Q 3. Role of modulation in signal transmission is varying

why?
Ans 3
A signal transmission apparatus for a digital modulation type,
wherein each of information codes is assigned to any one of a
plurality of signal points arranged on an I-Q complex plane, a pilot
signal used for demodulating said information codes and an
auxiliary signal are assigned to be arranged on signals points on
the I-Q complex plane, a signal modulated based on coordinates
corresponding to the assigned signal points is transmitted, the
transmitted signal is received, and the received signal is
demodulated to reproduce the information codes, and wherein
the signal points of said auxiliary signal and said pilot signal are
arranged on different positions on said I-Q complex plane.
Q 4. Problem that can arise if receiving of frames is slower
at receiver end as compare to sending of frames at sender
end? How it can be resolved?
Ans 4 A frame is defined as a group of bits representing a block
of data. A sender can send no. of frames one after another. As
frames arrive over the network into the socket buffer, there may
be drops in the buffer due to an excess of frames. In addition,
when these frames are passed to the application, some of them
may be dropped periodically in a controlled way if the sender’s
sound card runs at a higher realized sampling rate than the
receiver’s card. The loss concealment module conceals the effect
of these losses on the stream before the stream is passed to the
receiver. It is also possible that the receiver runs at a higher
realized sampling rate than the sender. In this case, instead of
dropping frames periodically, the application would have to insert
a controlled number of frames periodically, and the loss
concealment module would again be called into operation in
order to smooth the transitions between frames introduced due to
this action.

Q 5. Multi-access protocols and random access protocols

differ in which sense. Role of mac sublayer in supporting
data link layer?

Ans 5
Multiple access method allows several terminals connected to
the same multi-point transmission medium to transmit over it and
to share its capacity. Examples of shared physical media are
wireless networks, bus networks, ring networks, hub networks
and half-duplex point-to-point links.

A channel-access scheme is based on a multiplexing method, that

allows several data streams or signals to share the same
communication channel or physical medium. Multiplexing is in
this context provided by the physical layer. Note that multiplexing
also may be used in full-duplex point-to-point communication
between nodes in a switched network, which should not be
considered as multiple access.

A channel-access scheme is also based on a multiple access

protocol and control mechanism, also known as media access
control (MAC). This protocol deals with issues such as addressing,
assigning multiplex channels to different users, and avoiding
collisions. The MAC-layer is a sub-layer in Layer 2 (Data Link
Layer) of the OSI model and a component of the Link Layer of the
TCP/IP model.
Q 6. layers of TCP/IP protocol suit correlates to the layers
of OSI model.Justify.
Ans 6

1. They share similar architecture. - Both of the models share

a similar architecture. This can be illustrated by the fact
that both of them are constructed with layers.
2. They share a common application layer.- Both of the models
share a common "application layer". However in practice
this layer includes different services depending upon each
model.
3. Both models have comparable transport and network
layers.- This can be illustrated by the fact that whatever
functions are performed between the presentation and
network layer of the OSI model similar functions are
performed at the Transport layer of the TCP/IP model.
4. Knowledge of both models is required by networking
professionals.- According to article obtained from the
internet networking professionals "need to know both
models".
5. Both models assume that packets are switched.- Basically
this means that individual packets may take differing paths
in order to reach the same destination.