Nervous System
 Speech: speaking and writing (Broca’s area)
-the
network of nerve cells and fibers which transmits nerve impulses/
SIGNALS between parts of the body.
- is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as
NEURONS that transmit signals between different parts of the
body. It is essentially the body's electrical wiring.
- is a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to
and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body.
-The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact
the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to
respond to such events.
- The nervous system includes:
1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: made up of the brain and
spinal cord
BRAIN
- It has nerve cells called the neurons and supporting cells called
the glia.
-The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and
brainstem
Cerebrum- is the largest part of the brain
- plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual
awareness, thought, language and consciousness also known as
cerebral cortex.
- It performs higher functions like interpreting touch,
vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning,
emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
- is composed of right and left hemispheres.
*The cerebral hemispheres have distinct fissures, which divide
the brain into lobes. Each hemisphere has 4 lobes: frontal,
temporal, parietal, and occipital
 corpus callosum- it joined the right and left hemisphere.
-transmits messages from one side to the other
1. Frontal lobe- involved in conscious thought and higher mental
functions such as decision-making.
 Personality, behavior, emotions
 Judgment, planning, problem solving
 Body movement (motor strip)
 Intelligence, concentration, self awareness
2. Parietal lobe- involved in integrating sensory information from
the various senses, and in the manipulation of objects in
determining spatial sense and navigation.
 Interprets language, words
 Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip)
 Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory
and memory
 Spatial and visual perception
3. Temporal lobe- involved with the senses of smell and sound, the
processing of semantics in both speech and vision, including the
processing of complex stimuli like faces and scenes, and plays a key
role in the formation of long-term memory.
 Understanding language (Wernicke’s area)
 Memory
 Hearing
 Sequencing and organization
4. Occipital lobe- mainly involved with the sense of sight.
 Interprets vision (color, light, movement)
* Left Hemisphere vs. Right Hemisphere
Left Hemisphere
-dominant hemisphere- the left hemisphere of the brain is
responsible for language and speech
- The left side of the brain is responsible for controlling the right
sideof the body.
Right Hemisphere
- plays a large part in interpreting visual information and spatial
processing. In about one third of people who are left-handed,
speech function may be located on the right side of the brain.
Aphasia is a disturbance of language affecting speech production,
comprehension, reading or writing, due to brain injury – most
commonly from stroke or trauma.
Broca’s area: lies in the left frontal lobe (Fig 3). If this area is
damaged, one may have difficulty moving the tongue or facial
muscles to produce the sounds of speech.
Wernicke's area: lies in the left temporal lobe Damage to this
area causes Wernicke's aphasia. The individual may speak in long
sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and
even create new words.
*Cortex
-The surface of the cerebrum is called the cortex. It has a folded
appearance with hills and valleys. The cortex contains 16 billion
neurons
- contains neurons (grey matter), which are interconnected to
other brain areas by axons (white matter). The cortex has a folded
appearance. A fold is called a gyrus (The folding of the cortex
increases the brain’s surface area allowing more neurons to fit
inside the skull and enabling higher functions.) and the valley
between is a sulcus.
Cerebellum: is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to
coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
- The cerebellum and brainstem accompany the cerebrum in
promoting full physical and mental function.
- receives information from the sensory systems
several functions relating to movement and coordination,
including: Maintaining balance, Coordinating movement, vision,
motor learning
Brainstem:
-acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to
the spinal cord.
-It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart
rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion,
sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
- is the region of the brain that connects the cerebrum with
the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, medulla oblongata,
and the pons.
-MIDBRAIN: midbrain is to connect the three major brain
divisions: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
-MEDULA OBLONGATA: is a portion of the hindbrain that controls
autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart and blood
vessel function, swallowing, and sneezing.
-PONS: The pons is a portion of the hindbrain that connects
the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata. It also serves as a
communications and coordination center between the two
hemispheres of the brain. As a part of the brainstem, the pons
helps in the transferring of nervous system messages between
various parts of the brain and the spinal cord.
Spinal Cord
-the spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of
nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the
brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
- In humans there are 31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5
sacral, and 1 coccygeal.
-Cervical: The posterior distribution of the cervical nerves includes
the suboccipital nerve (C1), the greater occipital nerve (C2), and the
third occipital nerve (C3). The anterior distribution includes the
cervical plexus (C1–C4) and brachial plexus (C5–T1).
-Thoracic: Thoracic nerve branches exit the spine and go directly to
the paravertebral ganglia of the autonomic nervous system, where
they are involved in the functions of organs and glands in the head,
neck, thorax, and abdomen.
-Lumbar: The lumbar nerves are divided into posterior and anterior
divisions.
-Sacral: responsible for part of the sensory perception and the
movements of the lower extremities of the human body.-
Coccygeal: The coccygeal nerve is the 31st pair of spinal nerves and
arises from the conus medullaris. Its anterior root helps form the
coccygeal plexus.
* Reflexes - a reflex is a response or a reaction to a stimulus. It
often follows a pathway that begins at the sensory neuron
stimulated by a stimulus and then sending signals to a nerve center,
which in turn, sends signals to the effector cells to carry out an
action accordingly.
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
-mainly nerves
- The primary role of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the
organs, limbs, and skin.
- consists of the nerves and ganglia outside
the brain and spinal cord.[1] The main function of the PNS
is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially
serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and
the rest of the body.
- Somatic, , Autonomic nervous systems
A. SOMATIC
- responsible for carrying sensory and motor information
to and from the central nervous system. The somatic
nervous system derives its name from the Greek
word soma, which means "body."
- responsible for transmitting sensory information as well
as for voluntary movement. This system contains two
major types of neurons: SENSORY NEURONS, MOTOR
NEURONS
Sensory neurons (or afferent neurons) that carry
information from the nerves to the central nervous
system. It is these sensory neurons that allow us to take
in sensory information and send it to the brain and spinal
cord.
Motor neurons (or efferent neurons) that carry information from
the brain and spinal cord to muscle fibers throughout the body.
These motor neurons allow us to take physical action in response
to stimuli in the environment.
SYNAPSE
- Synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to
pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the
target effector cell.
- The function of the synapse is to transfer electric activity
(information) from one cell to another.
Dendrites
- Dendrites are the receiving end of neurons.
- Dendrites are projections of a neuron (nerve cell) that receive
signals (information) from other neurons.
- Also called as dendrons, are branched protoplasmic extensions
of a nerve cell that propagate the electrochemical stimulation
received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the
neuron from which the dendrites project.
Function
- Dendrites are the segments of the neuron that receive stimulation
in order for the cell to become active. They conduct electrical
messages to the neuron cell body for the cell to function.B.
AUTONOMIC SYSTEM
- system responsible for regulating involuntary body functions,
such as blood flow, heartbeat, digestion, and breathing. This
system allows these functions to take place without needing to
consciously think about them happening.
- This system is further divided into two branches:
  Sympathetic system regulates the flight-or-
fight responses. This system prepares the body to expend
energy and deal with potential threats in the
environment.
- When action is needed, the sympathetic system will
trigger a response by speeding up the heart rate,
increasing breathing rate, increasing blood flow to
muscles, activating sweat secretion, and dilating the
pupils.
 Parasympathetic system helps maintain normal body
functions and conserve physical resources. Once a threat
has passed, this system will slow the heart rate, slow
breathing, reduce blood flow to muscles, and constrict
the pupils. This allows us to return our bodies to a
normal resting state.
- It is made up of Cranial and Spinal Nerves
-12 CRANIAL NERVES
•Cochlear Portion – Specialized cells within your ear detect
vibrations from sound based off of the sound’s loudness and
pitch. This generates nerve impulses that are transmitted to the
cochlear nerve.
•Vestibular Portion – this portion can track both linear and
rotational movements of your head. This information is
transmitted to the vestibular nerve and used to adjust your
balance and equilibrium.
9.Glossopharyngeal Nerve
-Sending sensory information from your sinuses, the back of your
throat, parts of your inner ear, and the back part of your tongue.
-Providing a sense of taste for the back part of your tongue
-Stimulating for voluntary movement of a muscle in the back of
your throat called the stylopharyngeus

1.Olfactory Nerve – transmits sensory information to your brain
regarding smells that you encounter.
2.Optic Nerve – the sensory nerve involves vision.
3.Oculomotor Nerve – the nerve originates in the front part of
your midbrain, which is a part of your brainstem. It moves
forward from that area until it reaches the area of your eye
sockets.
• Muscle Function – provides motor function to four of the six
muscles around your eyes. These muscles help your eyes move
and focus on objects.
-This nerve originates in a part of your brainstem called the
medulla oblongata. It usually extends into your neck and throat
and region.
10. Vagus Nerve
-Communicating sensation information from your ear canal and
parts of your throat
-Sending sensory information from organs in your chest and
trunk, such as your heart and intestines
-Allowing motor control of muscles in your throat

•Pupil Response – It also helps to control the size of your pupil as

-Stimulating the muscles of organs in your chest and trunk,
it responds to light.
including those that move food through your digestive tract
(peristalsis)
4.Trochlear Nerve – This is the muscle responsible for downward
and inward eye movements.
• Providing a sense of taste near the root of your tongue

5.Trigeminal Nerve – is the largest of your cranial nerves and has

11. Accessory Nerve
both sensory and motor functions.

• A motor nerve that controls the muscles in your neck.

•Ophthalmic – it sends sensory information from the upper part
These muscles allow you to rotate, flex, and extend your neck and
of your face, including your forehead, scalp, and upper eyelids.
shoulders.

•Maxillary – the division communicates sensory information from

• It’s divided into two parts: spinal and cranial. The spinal
the middle part of your face, including your cheeks, upper lip, and
portion originates in the upper part of your spinal cord. The
nasal cavity.
cranial nerves start in your medulla oblongata.

•Mandibular – this division has both a sensory and a motor

• These parts meet briefly before the spinal part of the
function. It sends sensory information from your ears, lower lip,
nerve moves to supply the muscles of your neck while the cranial
and chin. It also controls the movement of muscles within your
part follows the vagus nerve.
jaw and ear.

12. Hypoglossal Nerve – this nerve is responsible for the

6.Abducens Nerve – it controls the muscle that’s associated with
movement of most of the muscles in your tongue. It starts in the
eye movement, called the lateral rectus muscle. This muscle
medulla oblongata and moves down into the jaw, where it
involves outward eye movement.
reaches the tongue.

7.Facial Nerve – provides both sensory and motor functions

-SPINAL NERVES
including

A nerve plexus is a network of nerves that seem to be tangled

•Moving muscle used for facial expressions as well as some
that mostly serve the limbs.
muscles in your jaw

•Providing the sense of taste for most of your tongue

•Supplying glands in your head or neck area, such as salivary
glands and tear-producing glands
8.Vestibulocochlear Nerve – It has sensory functions involving
hearing and balance. It consist of two parts
Cervical Plexus
This plexus is located underneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle
(from C1 – C4). Most of the branches innervate the skin of neck
and deep neck muscles.