CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY LOS ÁNGELES DE CHIMBOTE

PROFESSIONAL ADMINISTRATION SCHOOL

COURSE:
ENGLISH I

MONOGRAPH:
"CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN RISK
MANAGEMENT"

AUTHOR:
JUAN CARLOS MACHACA HUANCA

JULIACA - PERU
2018
DEDICATION

God.

For having allowed me to reach this point and

have given me health to achieve my goals, in
addition to their infinite kindness and love.

Here the author begins his dedication naming

God. Remember all those moments of stress
that you lived in the realization of your thesis
and all the patience that you asked God to
continue and not die in the attempt. Dress as
the author in a small paragraph could express
a lot without need to extend.

To my father Francisco.

For the examples of perseverance and

perseverance that characterize him and that
he has always infused me, for the courage
shown to get ahead and for his love.
 GRATITUDE

In love it is a little easier to say what you feel than in friendship. While with friends
the words are superfluous, there are never too many phrases of thanks so that
the other knows what you feel. The friend is the one who is in the good and the
bad, for that reason he deserves more than a simple "thank you".
 INDEX

CARATULA

CONTRACARATULA

DEDICATION

AGGRESSION
 I. INTRODUCTION

In March 2008, based on the lessons learned from the earthquake of August 15,
2007, the Round Table for the Fight Against Poverty (MCLCP), Cáritas del Perú,
ITDG Practical Solutions and the National Defense Institute Civil (INDECI),
initiated the institutional coordination to elaborate an instrument that would allow
to apply these learnings to the reconstruction processes of the affected area, and
to the extent possible, take advantage of them for other localities of the country
exposed to equivalent risks. This publication is one of the results of this work and
has the purpose of promoting sustainable development, expressly incorporating
risk management as a tool to achieve this objective. It is aimed at local authorities
and officials belonging to district and provincial municipalities, small and medium-
sized municipalities (less than 125,000 inhabitants), civil society organizations
and non-governmental organizations dedicated to advocating and providing
technical support in relation to the management of risk and governance. The year
and a half elapsed between the beginning of its formulation and its present
publication, has been a time dedicated to the accompaniment of local processes,
to the formulation of the guide as such and to its validation with the actors linked
to the decision-making processes at the local level for the reconstruction of the
areas affected by the earthquake of August 15, 2007. The validation process has
been very important, both because of the number of people who participated (447
people) and because it also served to develop capacities and collect the
contributions of this population, potential users of the material developed. Thus,
25 interviews with local authorities were developed between Mayors, Mayors and
Regidores, (See the detail in Annex Nº 9), 12 Workshops (4 correspond to the
Lima region and 8 to the Ica region). And, in turn, 10 complete validation reports
were generated from the promoters who intervened in the area. The aim of the
guide is to become a technical instrument that can be used to incorporate
Disaster Risk Management into the Participatory Budget process and the
Concerted Development Plans. It offers concepts, approaches and
methodological tools based on the national legal framework and the international
mandate of Hyogo, which has been signed by the Peruvian State. It is divided
into three chapters, the first begins with the concept of sustainable development,
in turn develop the concepts of disaster, danger, vulnerability, capacity and
resilience, risk, risk estimation, disaster risk reduction, response and
reconstruction .

The second chapter presents the roles and functions of regional and local
governments in relation to disaster management and thoroughly develops the
procedure for incorporating this approach into the participatory budgeting
process. Within the phases of the Participatory Budget, greater attention has
been given to the updated workshops of the Concerted Development Plan, in
which the use of a methodology related to risk estimation has been suggested,
providing variables and indicators for this purpose. make a diagnosis Finally, in
the third chapter, the fundamental tools for preparing the local diagnosis are
presented, such as: the risk estimation, the communal map of risks, the map of
actors. It also includes the Declarations and the Emergency Operations Plan,
instruments that will facilitate the technical management of risk management in
local governments.
 II. DEVELOPMENT

2.1. Sustainable development

a. Definition

Sustainable development is called development that meets the needs of the

present without endangering the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.

All development implies the improvement of the conditions and levels of life of a
society or community. Currently, there are two major development models: a
traditional one, which seeks economic growth without restrictions, and an
alternative one, called sustainable development. The concept of sustainable
development is based on the fact that the planet's resources, although abundant,
are limited, so its infinite exploitation and the concentration of benefits it produces
are unsustainable. It was presented for the first time in 1987, in the report Our
common future, of the World Commission on Environment and Development of
the United Nations. In this framework, countries must prepare their own national,
regional and local agendas for sustainable development. For this, the United
Nations proposed Agenda 21 or Agenda 21, an action plan for the sustainable
global development of the 21st century, from the social, economic and ecological
point of view.

b. Sustainable livelihoods

Each person and each community have their own livelihoods or means of
livelihood, thanks to which they survive and have a certain level of life. A
livelihood is sustainable when it can withstand and recover from shocks and
tensions, and, at the same time, maintain and improve its possibilities and assets,
both now and in the future, without damaging the existing natural resource base.
Differences and advantages Traditional development processes focus on
exploitable resources. Sustainable development processes, on the other hand,
focus on people and populations in a participatory, integral and dynamic way. A
process is sustainable when it is focused on protecting and strengthening the
livelihoods of the population; therefore, it will have greater possibilities of
achieving greater development than other models that do not take these aspects
into account. The work approach focused on livelihoods or means of subsistence
considers five kinds of resources, capital or interrelated assets, which must be
analyzed to propose protection and strengthening strategies that lead to
sustainable development. A graphic tool that clarifies work centered on
livelihoods is the pentagon of resources or capital. The strengthening of each
resource transforms the figure of the pentagon, evidencing which one needs to
be protected or strengthened for a balanced development. For example, in the
following pentagon, it is visualized that the physical resource is more developed,
more resistant than the natural resource, which would need to be strengthened.
Human resource. It represents the skills, knowledge, work capacity and good
health of the people. This resource varies depending on the size of the family,
skill levels, education, leadership potential, health, and so on. Natural resource.
It indicates the existence of forests, agricultural lands, water, air, livestock,
climate, biodiversity and other resources on which people depend.

Social resource. They are interpersonal, formal and informal relationships, from
which opportunities and benefits are derived for the strengthening of livelihoods.
They are developed by improving interaction, which increases the ability of
people to work together; belonging to more formal groups, trusting relationships
that facilitate cooperation, reduce transaction costs and help develop protection
networks among social groups with fewer resources. The main benefits of the
social resource are access to information, influence or power, as well as the
possibility of presenting a claim or demanding support from others. Physical
resource. It is the physical environment that helps people meet their basic needs
and make more productive basic infrastructure, transportation systems, water
supply and sanitation, energy, good communications and access to information,
the productive capital that improves income, household items and utensils and
personal consumption goods. Financial resource. They are the ones that people
use to increase, diversify or optimize their livelihoods. It includes available
resources (savings, credit, cash, bank deposits or assets such as livestock and
jewelry) and regular cash flows (pensions, salaries, remittances, etc.).

c. Disasters in development

Disasters are serious interruptions in the development process. They can alter it,
stop it or obstruct it, and they must be considered as work variables, together with
political and social factors. As UNDP notes, "approximately 75% of the world's
population lives in areas that have been hit, at least once between 1980 and
2000, by an earthquake, a tropical cyclone, a flood or a drought."

d. Disaster risk reduction

Disaster risk reduction is a fundamental strategy for development. For this

reason, the decade of 1990 was called "International Decade for the reduction of
natural disasters", seeking to generate strategies for the response and reduction
of disasters and then creating the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
(ISDR). This strategy seeks to establish communities resilient to disasters, by
promoting greater awareness of the importance of disaster reduction as an
integral component of sustainable development. In this same direction, the Hyogo
Framework for Action 2005-2015 was created, which seeks to increase the
resilience of nations and communities in the face of disasters. The graph
represents the impact generated by a hazard in the development process. It is
evident that a society develops in an unsustainable way when it is most affected
by the impact of a danger. A society is sustainable when it reduces poverty levels
and incorporates risk management. Disaster risk management can be:

a) Prospective management, which avoids the generation of new conditions of

vulnerability.

b) Corrective management, which seeks to reduce existing vulnerability

conditions.

c) Reactive management, which seeks to respond in the best way to disaster

situations (preparations for emergency and reconstruction).

Disaster Risk Management (DRM) is the set of administrative decisions,

organizational and operational knowledge developed by societies and
communities to implement policies and strategies, and to strengthen their
capabilities, in order to reduce the impact of natural hazards and threats.
environmental and technological disasters. This involves all kinds of activities,
including structural measures (for example, construction of river defenses to
avoid the overflow of a river) and non-structural (for example, the regulation of
land for housing purposes) to avoid or limit adverse effects of disasters. Seeking
to reduce existing levels of risk to protect the livelihoods of the most vulnerable,
disaster risk management forms the basis of sustainable development, and in this
framework it is linked to other cross-cutting issues, such as gender, rights and
the environment.

Definitions a. Disaster A disaster is a serious interruption in the functioning of a

community that causes great losses at a human, material or environmental level,
sufficient for the affected community to be unable to get ahead by their own
means, needing external support. Although disasters are classified according to
the origin of the danger that generates them (natural or induced by the human
being), it is the conditions of vulnerability and the capacities of the affected society
that determine the magnitude of the damage. That is why an earthquake of the
same intensity can destroy a four-story building in Peru and does not affect a 50-
story building in Japan (use of seismic microzoning, building systems, among
others). As a result, disasters are not natural but, on the contrary, they are the
result of a process of construction of conditions of vulnerability caused by man
and of an inadequate and unsustainable development over time. Every disaster
has a defined territorial expression, which can vary from local to cover large areas
of a country, which does not always coincide with a jurisdictional delimitation. In
addition, the territory where a disaster occurs is not necessarily the same space
where the causal factors of the risk were generated. For example, the
contamination of the upper part of a basin, caused by a company that throws its
waste in the river, constitutes a risk for the communities located near the source
of contamination but also for the communities that live in the lower part of the
river. Basin. Without an integrated management of the basins, through
coordination between local governments, civil society, companies, etc., to
prevent and mitigate the risk of disaster and favor the protection of the
environment, the risk shifts to areas that do not generate it.

Danger A danger is the probability of occurrence of a natural or human-induced

phenomenon, potentially harmful, for a specific period and a known location or
area. It is identified, in most cases, with the support of science and technology.
They can be classified into: - Hazards of natural origin, which are explained by
dynamic processes in the interior (for example, earthquake, tsunami) or on the
surface of the Earth (for example, landslides), by meteorological and
oceanographic phenomena (such as Phenomenon of the Child) or biological
(such as pests) - Hazards induced by human activity (for example, fires, spills,
explosions, etc.). In Peru, the most frequent hazards are of natural origin, such
as the probability of floods, floods, landslides, frosts, droughts and earthquakes.
However, in recent decades we see that human activity (pollution, deforestation,
industrial development) has consequences on climate behavior, aggravating and
making events more frequent and unpredictable. In the interaction of nature with
human action appear threats to the environment. Examples of this are floods and
landslides resulting from the processes of deforestation and degradation or
deterioration of watersheds, coastal erosion due to the destruction of mangroves
and urban flooding due to the lack of adequate drainage systems. Changes in
the environment and the new threats that will be generated by Global Climate
Change are the extreme example of threats. c. Vulnerability and capacity
Vulnerability is the degree of resistance and / or exposure of an element to the
occurrence of a hazard. It can be physical, social, economic, cultural and
ideological, institutional and political, or otherwise. It refers to a series of
characteristics that predispose a person, a group or a society to suffer damages
in the face of the impact of a danger and that hinder their recovery. These
vulnerability factors can be reversed in capital or resources, through the
strengthening of livelihoods, understood as the combination of all the strengths
and resources available within a community or society that can reduce the level
of risk or the effects of a disaster. The development of the capacities allows to
reinforce the means of life and to increase the protection of said means before
the occurrence of a dangerous event. Vulnerability and capacity are two sides of
the same coin.

The factors that condition global vulnerability can be reversed in capital or

resources, through the strengthening of livelihoods, the same ones that allow the
development of the resilience of the community. For example, the contamination
of river water, the inadequate treatment of domestic waste and the indiscriminate
felling of forests for agricultural use show a vulnerability of the natural
environment by the community, which can revert to natural capital if the villagers
learn to manage and properly use their natural resources. The protection of
livelihoods allows a community to reverse conditions of vulnerability in capitals or
resources that strengthen their ability to transform and / or recover after an
adverse event. Resilience is the ability to adapt a community or society,
potentially exposed to hazards, resisting or changing in order to achieve and / or
maintain an acceptable level of risk in its operation. It is determined by the degree
to which it is capable of self-organizing to increase its capacity for learning about
past disasters, in order to achieve better future protection and improve disaster
risk reduction measures. d. Risk The risk is the estimation or evaluation of
probable loss of lives and damage to material goods, property and economy, for
a specific period and a known area. It is evaluated according to the relationship
between danger and vulnerability.

The risk can only exist when a danger occurs in certain conditions of vulnerability,
in a particular space and time. There can be no danger without the existence of
a vulnerable society and vice versa. In fact, dangers and vulnerabilities are
mutually conditioned. Therefore, by increasing their resilience, a community will
reduce their conditions of vulnerability and level of risk.

2.2. Process The National Institute of Civil Defense (INDECI) identifies four
processes in disaster risk management for the National Civil Defense System
(SINADECI):

- Risk estimation

- Risk reduction

- The answer

- The reconstruction

a. Risk estimation

The risk estimation is the set of actions and procedures that are carried out in a
specific populated center or geographical area, in order to collect information on
the identification of natural and / or technological hazards and analyze the
conditions of vulnerability, to determine or calculate the expected risk (probability
of damage: loss of life and infrastructure). For more detail on the risk estimation
methodology, see part III.

b. Disaster risk reduction

Risk reduction groups prevention actions, vulnerability reduction and preparation.

- Specific prevention corresponds to the set of activities and measures designed

to provide permanent protection against the effects of a disaster. It includes,
among others, engineering measures (seismic resistant constructions, river
protection and others) and legislation (adequate use of land and water, urban
planning and others).

- The reduction of the impact of the disaster also requires adequate preparation,
understood as the planning of actions for emergencies, the establishment of
warnings and evacuation exercises for an adequate response during an
emergency or disaster. The preparation refers to the activities and measures
taken in advance to ensure an effective response to the impact of hazards,
including the provision of information for the temporary evacuation of the
population and properties of the danger area.

c. Answer

The response is defined as the set of actions and measures applied during the
occurrence of an emergency or disaster, in order to reduce its effects. It includes
the assessment of damages, assistance with shelter, shelter and food to the
victims and rehabilitation for the early temporary recovery of basic services
(water, sewage, communications, food and others) that allow normalizing
activities in the affected area for the disaster.

d. Reconstruction

After the disaster, comes the reconstruction phase that consists of the recovery
of the pre-disaster state, taking into account the necessary prevention and
mitigation measures and in accordance with the lessons left by the disaster.

It is about reconstructing in an integral way the affected community in such a way

that what happened does not happen again or, at least, that its proportions are
lower.

It is a fundamental stage in the promotion of a planned development integrating

the disaster risk management approach.

¿WHAT IS THE ALERTATEMPRANA SYSTEM?

 It is the provision of timely and effective information through identified institutions
that allow individuals exposed to a threat to take action to avoid or reduce their
risk and prepare them for an effective response. The SATs include three
elements: • Knowledge and threat mapping.

• Monitoring and forecasting of imminent events.

• Process and dissemination of understandable alerts to political authorities and

the population, as well as the adoption of appropriate and timely measures in
response to such alerts.

2.3 Regulations

a. International and regional regulations At the international and regional level,

the last two decades have been fundamental in recognizing the need to reduce
the risk of disaster, which has translated into important regulatory activity.

b. National regulations As a consequence of the earthquake and alluvium in the

Callejón de Huaylas, in May 1970, the Government created a system to protect
the population from future disasters. That is the event that favored the awareness
of the need to have a National Civil Defense System dedicated to disaster risk
management. For more information about the chronological order of the
regulations that define Civil Defense in Peru.

Chapter II:

UPDATING OF THE CONCERTED DEVELOPMENT PLAN IN THE

FRAMEWORK OF THE PARTICIPATORY BUDGET PROCES

1. Disaster risk management and sustainable development

The role of the municipalities is not limited to seeing risk management as part of
Civil Defense, but the issue is inherent to its role as a promoter of local
development. Considering that planning is one of the most important moments in
the management of local development, we present a diagram that exemplifies the
planning of local development with a risk management approach: (See diagram)
We can see that the local planning process involves various instruments , that
are nourished one of the other and feed the Plan of Concerted Development
(PDC). The Disaster Prevention and Attention Plan, which is a "long-term
strategic plan", is particularly important here. This document defines the Civil
Defense policy and contains the objectives, strategies and programs that guide
the institutional and inter-institutional activities for the prevention and reduction of
risk, and the preparations for the reduction of emergencies.

and rehabilitation in cases of disasters. Likewise, by incorporating risk

management in the PDC of a locality, the adjustment of municipal internal
management tools (Institutional Development Plan, Institutional Operational
Plan, Capacity Development Plan) must be produced, which allow the
municipality to assume effective and efficiently its role in the implementation of
the PDC.

1.1. Municipalities in disaster risk management Local risk management is

the process in which local actors manage to reduce the level of local risk and
establish the conditions for that reduction to be sustainable and fully integrated
into development processes. The responsibility of the municipality in risk
management starts from the very conception of development: territorial planning
and determination of land uses, formulation and inclusion of prevention and
mitigation strategies in all urban planning actions, among other aspects.

A. Roles and functions of Regional and Local Governments in disaster risk

management.

1.1. Prevention o Promote and provide technical support to the committees

of the Civil Defense Committee for disaster planning, prevention and
response as an instrument that nurtures the planning of regional development,
incorporating risk management in the planning of sustainable development. u
Have a Civil Defense Office, assigning the minimum operating conditions, whose
size will depend on the complexity, coverage and magnitude of the organization,
promoting the organization and training of Civil Defense brigades. u Coordinate
with the scientific-technical entities responsible for the identification of hazards,
analysis of vulnerabilities and risk estimation to adopt the most effective
prevention measures. u Carry out the planning, coordination and supervision of
prevention activities and works, involving all the executing entities in the area of
their competence, promoting the incorporation of the concept of prevention in the
planning of development. u Providing technical support to the Logistics
Commission to keep inventories of personnel and movable assets up-to-date in
their geographical area for emergency attention and supervision of the operation
of Civil Defense warehouses, as well as control of their storage levels .

 Provincial municipalities: Approve the Provincial Territorial Conditioning

Plan, which identifies the urban and urban expansion areas, as well as
the protection or security areas due to natural risks; agricultural areas and
environmental conservation areas.

Provincial municipalities: Approve the Urban Development Plan, the Rural

Development Plan, the Zoning Scheme for urban areas, the Human Settlements
Development Plan and other specific plans, in accordance with the Territorial
Conditioning Plan.

 Provincial municipalities: Approve the provincial regulation regarding the

granting of licenses and the control and inspection tasks of the district
municipalities in the matters regulated by the aforementioned plans, in
accordance with the technical standards of the matter, on security of the
Defense System Civil.
 District Municipalities: Approve the urban or rural district plan, as
appropriate, subject to the plan and the provincial municipal regulations
on the matter. u Apply Civil Defense rules in the area of their competence.
u Establish norms and control procedures for the zoning and use of the
territory and for the constructions, considering the evaluations and risk
maps.
 Strengthen the spirit of solidarity and collective work, oriented towards the
development of harmonious and productive social coexistence, the
prevention of natural disasters and citizen security
 The municipal authority can order the temporary or definitive closure of
buildings, establishments or services when their operation constitutes a
danger or risk to the safety of people and private property or public safety,
or violates the regulations or safety standards of the civil defense. - All
infrastructure work, whether public or private, requires a construction
license from the local government within whose jurisdiction the property
 is located, after a certificate of conformity issued by the General Volunteer
Fire Department or the Civil Defense Committee, as applicable.

2. Attention or In the event of a disaster, the head of the Civil Defense Office,
as the technical secretary of the Committee, must keep the president of the
Committee and the highest-ranking committees (provincial and regional)
informed about the evaluation of damages and actions of rehabilitation carried
out within the scope of its responsibility. u Centralize the receipt and custody of
material aid and implement the Plan for the distribution of aid for the victims in
the event of disaster, through the Committee.

2.2. Participatory Budget Process The Participatory Budget is a process

that strengthens State-Society relationships through which priorities are
defined on the actions or investment projects to be implemented at the
level of the Regional Government or Local Government, with the
participation of the organized society, generating commitments of all
participating agents to achieve the strategic objectives. The objectives of
the participatory budget are the following: a) To improve the efficiency in
the allocation and execution of public resources, according to the priorities
considered in the objectives of the Plans of Concerted Development and
in the Strategic Budget Programs of the Budget by Results.

A. Preparation Phase This phase is composed of communication,

sensitization, convocation, identification and training of the participating
agents. The approval of the Ordinance that regulates the Participatory
Budget Process of the Fiscal Year is necessary before the beginning of
these actions. It must specify the timeline of the process, the formation of
the Technical Team and the registration mechanisms of the participating
agents, among other aspects. It is suggested that this ordinance, in many
cases called "Planning for Concerted Development and Participatory
Budgeting", consider a statement that reflects the importance of disaster
risk management in local development. An important moment to consider
in this stage is the conformation of the technical team, the same one that
is integrated by professionals and technicians of the planning, budget and
 territorial preparation instances of the regional government, the office of
planning and budget of the local governments, the Programming office
and investments in the regional and local government, the area of urban
and rural development or who do their times and professionals in planning
and budgeting issues from civil society. It is convenient to include in this
team the professional and / or technician of the Office of Civil Defense,
which would allow to have a voice that puts on the agenda the subject of
risk management. Another important aspect is the training that the
technical team should have in order to update knowledge, unify criteria
and assume the process jointly and with defined responsibilities. We
suggest that one of the issues be related to risk management.
i. Communication The Regional and Local Governments develop
communication activities so that the population is duly informed about the
progress and results of the process. For this they can use all the means
available to the locality (newspapers, radios, television, posters,
backstage, loudspeaker, flyer, participation in communal spaces, etc.),
emphasizing the description of the process, to motivate the participation of
the population . This includes the communication actions that are carried
out to keep the population informed about the development, progress,
difficulties and achievements of the Participatory Budget Process,
contributing to its transparency.
ii. Awareness The importance of this action lies in the need to promote the
responsible participation of civil society in the participatory budgeting,
execution, control and sustainability of investment projects, in order to
achieve a committed participation of the population.
iii. Call The Regional Government or Local Government, in coordination with
its Coordination Council, summons the organized population to participate
in the Participatory Budget Process, making use of the media. The call
must promote the integration into the process of representatives of the
different entities of the State and civil society, such as: regional offices,
universities, public development entities, business organizations,
professional associations, youth associations, grassroots social
organizations, communities , associations of people with disabilities,
women, youth, children and others at risk and vulnerability, whether due
 to poverty, ethnicity, violence or gender. In this work it is very useful for
local governments to have the Single Registry of Social Organizations, the
same that allows to know the thematic axis of each organization, date of
constitution, location, board of directors, et cetera. One element that can
motivate the response of the population to the call is to recognize the
dangers to which an area is exposed and its degree of vulnerability.
Likewise, at the level of organizations related to risk management, it is
advisable to convene the representatives of the Civil Defense Committee
at the district and communal levels, the representative organizations of the
population affected by the disasters and the public and private institutions
involved in the matter. of reconstruction and risk management. iv)
Identification and Registration of Participating Agents The Regional
Government or Local Government has registration forms for the
Participating Agents, which must be designated or elected for each
participatory process by the organizations to which they belong. The
registration process is carried out through the opening of the Participating
Agents Book, registering there all organizations that have complied with
the requirements established in the Participatory Budget Process
Ordinance (application, simple copy of DNI, accreditation of the
representative of the community to participate in the Local Participatory
Budget process, etc.). These requirements vary according to the
characteristics of the area and its population.
iv. The Training Schedule serves to strengthen the capacities of the
participants in the budget process. In addition to the contents proposed in
the participatory budgeting manual, it is important to consider the following
topics:

Disasters and development. Here you can develop the following contents:

1. Development and sustainable livelihoods.

2. Basic concepts of risk management.

3. Link between disaster and development.

 The impacts of climate change. In this topic the following contents can
be developed:
1. Causes, effects and consequences.

2. How to deal with climate change, adaptation and mitigation measures. For
the implementation of the training can be counted as technical support to the
Civil Defense Committee, civil society organizations and international
cooperation to develop actions related to this topic.

B) Agreement Phase This phase includes activities to identify problems,

technical evaluation of possible solutions and prioritization of projects
proposed by the President of the Region or the local Mayor as well as the
formulation of agreements and commitments regarding financing. The
objective of this phase is to bring together State officials and representatives
of civil society to develop a concerted work of diagnosis, identification and
prioritization of problems and investment projects that provide solutions to the
problems of the population, especially those sectors with the greatest needs
for basic services.

In this stage, work workshops are coordinated and directed by the technical
team, who are responsible for the Participatory Budget process. It is
integrated by professionals and technicians of the following dependencies:
the office of Planning, Budget and Territorial Conditioning of the regional
government; the Office of Planning and Budget of local governments; the
Office of Programming and Investments in the regional and local government;
the area of Urban and Rural Development, or those who take their place, and
professionals with experience in planning and budgeting issues from civil
society.

a) Development of Workshops The Workshops are convened by the

Regional President or the Mayor, in his capacity as president of the
Local Coordination Council, through which the different actions leading to
the prioritization of investment projects and commitments will be
developed. of the State and Civil Society. The purpose of the workshops,
based on the vision and strategic objectives of the Concerted
Development Plan, is to identify, analyze and prioritize the problems and
solutions through investment projects. The Technical Team is in charge of
 providing support for carrying out the workshops, having to prepare the
necessary information and consolidate its results for the subsequent
evaluation of the investment proposals resulting from the process, to be
considered in the institutional budgets. In the workshops it is important to
provide a folder with reference material that could contain a summary of
the Concerted Development Plan, a report of the previous year's
management, the list of the completed projects and their maintenance
costs, and the total resources and financial sources that are assigned in
the process. Material related to the topics that are developed in the training
workshops is also delivered. In the case of the theme "Disasters and
development", the reference material could be the register of disasters in
the locality, the map of hazards and risks. To carry out the workshops it is
necessary to carry out preparatory actions such as the following: Updating
the diagnosis of the Concerted Development Plan that contains the
following suggested basic axes:
b) Living conditions of the population;
c) Economic and productive activities
d) Territory and environment;
e) Institutionalism and local actors.

a.1. Problem Identification and Priorization Workshop This workshop aims to

identify the fundamental problems that affect the population to later allow an
adequate allocation of public resources. For this, the updated diagnosis is used
as a basis and will be used in the participatory budget process, which is enriched
with the opinions of the participating agents. Presentation of the Concerted
Development Plan - PDC This workshop presents the vision and strategic
objectives contained in the Plan of Concerted Development

to. two . In general, a Concert Development Plan must have the following
minimum content:

(1) Diagnosis

(2) Development vision

(3) Axes and strategic objectives

 (4) Strategic projects. Below, we present how risk management has been
incorporated into the Vision and Strategic Axes of the Concerted Development
Plan Humay District 2009-2021, from the province of Pisco, department of Ica,
executed by the District Municipality of Humay and financed by the NGO ADRA
Peru and OXFAM International. At the same time, the district vision is also
compared with the regional and provincial visions, observing coherence between
the three.

Chapter III:

TOOLS FOR DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

o The analysis of vulnerability conditions.

o The calculation of the expected risk (probability of damage: loss of life and
infrastructure). The risk estimation allows us to:
o Recommend appropriate preventive measures (structural and non-structural) to
mitigate or reduce the effects of disasters. Why is risk estimation important? Why:
o Contributes to quantifying the level of damage and social and economic costs of
a populated center or geographical area in the face of a potential danger.
o It constitutes a guarantee for investment in the cases of development projects.
o It allows adopting preventive measures and mitigation / reduction of disasters.
o It is an element for the design and adoption of specific prevention measures, such
as the preparation / education of the population for an adequate response during
an emergency and to create a culture of prevention.
o It allows to rationalize human potentials and financial resources in the prevention
and attention of disasters.

Vulnerability analysis It seeks to determine the degree of weakness or exposure

in the face of the occurrence of a natural or anthropogenic hazard caused by
man. It is the ease with which an element. (infrastructure, housing and productive
activities, among others) can suffer human and material damage. For the
vulnerability analysis, the identification and characterization of the elements that
are exposed, in a certain geographical area, to the unfavorable effects of a hazard
must be promoted. The vulnerability of a populated center is a reflection of the
individual and collective state of its elements or types of environmental and
ecological order, physical, economic, social, and scientific and technological. For
the vulnerability identification process it is recommended to analyze resources or
capitals as well.

Types of vulnerability There are various types of vulnerability, such as social,

educational, cultural and ideological, economic, scientific, technological and
environmental and ecological. We present three examples on how to obtain the
level of vulnerability.

Hazard identification The probability of occurrence of a natural phenomenon or

induced by the activity of the human being, potentially harmful, of a given
magnitude, in a known area or locality, which may affect a populated area,
physical infrastructure and / or the environment ambient. Classification of the
hazard The hazard, according to its origin, can be of two kinds:
a) Natural

b) Of a socio-natural and technological nature, induced by the action of the

human being

What is a risk map? A Risk Map is a graphic, a sketch or a model, where the
areas of the community, the houses or the main infrastructure works that could
be affected if a flood, an earthquake, a landslide are identified and located are
located. or a volcanic eruption. In the Risk Map, symbols or drawings are used to
identify certain places that serve as reference points, such as the Red Cross, the
health center, the Police, firefighters, churches, the municipality building, the river
that passes through the community, the school, etc. Colors are also used to better
indicate areas of specific risk that have certain places, for example, the color red
for areas of great danger, the color yellow for areas at risk, the color green for
areas without risk.
 III. CONCLUSION
After concluding with all the parts of the plan, the president of the Civil Defense
Committee will sign it so that it becomes official and its execution begins. At the
bottom of this page, as in all official documents, the Distribution List will be placed.
Finally, and in additional pages, the Annexes that the plan might have should be
placed. In this sense, the annexes may include:
o Maps or geographical maps.
o Communications network.
o Organizations formed to fulfill the tasks.
o Inventories of human resources.
o Inventories of material resources
o Others.
 IV. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

DFID, Guidance Sheets on Sustainable Livelihoods, DFID, 1999,

www.livelihoods.org/info/guidance_sheets_rtfs/SP-GS1.rtf, (9/12/08)
INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DISASTER REDUCTION (ISDR),
Terminology: Main terms related to disaster risk reduction, ISDR, United
Nations, 2004, http://www.eird.org/esp/terminologia-esp.htm, (12/9/08)
HERZER H and GUREVICH R , "Degradation and disaster: similar and
different. Three Argentine cases to think and some doubts to raise "in Cities
at risk: environmental degradation, urban risks and disasters, FERNANDEZ,
LA RED, USAID, LIMA, 1996 INDECI, Basic Manual for risk estimation,
INDECI, Lima, Peru, 2006 INDECI, Manual of Basic Knowledge for the Civil
Defense Committee and Civil Defense Offices, INDECI, Lima, Peru, Version
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the notion and on the research needs for the reduction of risk "in International
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Discussion (confrontation of arguments, presentation of divergent or

convergent ideas among authors).

Demonstration (interpretation of the results obtained and positioning of the

author of the monograph