9/20/2017

Literature Review
Dr. Imami Nur Rachmawati, SKp., MSc.

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Objectives of this session

• Describe the term of literature review
• Describe the functions or purposes that a literature
review can play in a research project
• Describe the characteristics of good literature review
• Describe the kinds of material covered in a literature
review
• Describe appropriate references used in the literature
review
• Describe the way to read research reports
• Describe organization and presentation of a written
literature review

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The Term of Literature

Review
• The activities involved in identifying & searching
for information on a topic and developing an
understanding of the state of knowledge on that
topic
• The activities to designate a written summary of
the state of the art on a research problem
• A review of the literature is an essential part of
your academic research project. The review is a
careful examination of a body of literature
pointing toward the answer to your research
question.

Functions

• Source of research ideas

• Orientation to what is already known
• Provision of a conceptual context
• Information on the research approach

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Aim

• The purpose of the literature review remains the

same regardless of the research method you
use. It tests your research question against what
already is known about your subject.
• Through the literature review you will discover
whether your research question already has
been answered by someone else. If it has, you
must change or modify your question

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Information Literacy: Model the big 6

6 ketrampilan 12 langkah
1. Perumusan 1. Merumuskan masalah
masalah 2. Mengidentifikasi info yg diperlukan
2. Strategi pencarian 3. Menentukan sumber info
informasi 4. Memilih sumber info yg relevan
3. Lokasi & akses 5. Menentukan lokasi sumber scr fisik & logis
informasi 6. Menemukan info dlm sumber tsb
4. Pemanfaatan 7. Membaca, mendengar, mencatat, dsb
informasi 8. Mengekstraksi info yg relevan
5. Sintesis 9. Mengorganisasikan info yg diperoleh dr bbg
sumber
10. Mempresentasikan info terbaru
6. evaluasi 11. Mengevaluasi info yg diperoleh (efektifitas)
12. Mengevaluasi proses perolehan info (efisiensi)
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Ketrampilan lain yg mendukung

literasi informasi

1. Membuat catatan (note taking)

2. Membuat outline
3. Membaca dg cepat & kritis
4. Mendengarkan dg baik (listening skills)
5. Membuat catatan bibliografi
6. Memahami plagiarism
7. Membedakan opini, fiksi, & fakta
8. Membedakan berbagai sumber info
9. Membuat format sitasi bibliografi (APA,
MLA, AMA, Harvard, dsb)

Literature Rev & Res

Questions
If you find that your research question has not been
answered satisfactorily by someone else, then search
for these answers:
• What is known about my subject?
• What is the chronology of the development of knowledge
about my subject?
• Are there any gaps in knowledge of my subject? Which
openings for research have been identified by other
researchers? How do I intend to bridge the gaps?

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Literature Rev & Research

Questions
• Is there a consensus on relevant issues? Or is there
significant debate on issues? What are the various
positions?
• What is the most fruitful direction I can see for my research
as a result of my literature review? What directions are
indicated by the work of other researchers?

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Karakteristik Literatur
Review yang Baik
1. Komprehensif  semua pustaka terpenting ttg topik
penelitian
2. Pembahasan yg mendalam
3. Mutakhir  semua publikasi yg relevan, terbaru
4. Selektif  memisahkan informasi yg penting dari informasi
yg kurang penting
5. Obyektif  simpulan peneliti tdk hrs disesuaikan dg
penelitian sebelumnya
6. Koheren  mudah dipahami hasil sintesis dan analisis, tdk
hanya mengutip
7. Organisasi penulisan jelas mudah diikuti
8. Penggunaan bahasa akademik yg efisien, jelas, ringkas,
lengkap
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Way to approach

Start out broad and then become more specific

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Good writing in a literature

review
The following information is an example of good
writing in a literature review because:
• it integrates the research of various authors
• it shows similarities and differences of ideas
• it shows wide reading
• it shows analysis and critical evaluation of what the
student has read.

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Analysis of Paragraph

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Problems of Literature
Review
• Lacking organization and structure
• Lacking focus, unity and coherence
• Being repetitive and verbose
• Failing to cite influential papers
• Failing to keep up with recent developments
• Failing to critically evaluate cited papers
• Citing irrelevant or trivial references
• Depending too much on secondary sources

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The Generation & Communication of

Research Knowledge & Information
INFORMATION is RESEARCH is
Conducted by
Generated from Association Government
critical evaluations Institution Commerce
interpretative work Individu Charities
research Pressure Groups Unions

communicated via
anthologies conference papers journal lectures leters meetings newsletters
newspapers reports seminars textbooks theses

organized in
abstracts bibliographies catalogues dictionnaires directories encyclopédies indexes

accessed through
electronic media hardcopy
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Source Of Research Ideas

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Scope Of A Literature
Review
• Types of information to seek
– Research findings
– Theory
– Methodology
– Opinions & viewpoints
– Case reports, clinical descriptions & anecdote
• Depth & Breadth of literature coverage
• Primary & Secondary source

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Tipe Publikasi

• Literatur Primer
• Literatur Sekunder
• Literatur Tersier
• Media umum/ populer

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Literatur Primer

• Ditulis oleh peneliti

• Berisi data penelitian orisinal
• Biasanya dipublikasikan di peer-
reviewed journal
• Contoh lain: makalah yg diajukan
untuk konferensi, laporan awal, atau
pra cetak
• Ditujukan utk peneliti atau spesialis,
bukan masy umum

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Literatur Sekunder

• Berisi hasil penelitian yg dikompilasi atau mrpk

turunan dari literatur primer
• Contoh: artikel review (meta analisis,
systematic reviews)
• Para profesional dlm berbagai bid ilmu
mengump literatur primer, menggabungkan,
mensintesis & menghasilkan penelitian baru
• Ditujukan utk peneliti atau spesialis dlm bid
ilmu tertentu atau kolega dr bid ilmu lain

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Literatur Tersier

• Tdd buku teks, ensiklopedi, buku

panduan/ handbook
• Tujuan tipe literatur ini: menyediakan
overview atau hasil penelitian utama yg
penting & pengantar/ pengenalan
prinsip & panduan praktis dlm bidang
ilmu tertentu
• Tipe yg sering diacu oleh mahasiswa
• Menjawab pertanyaan foreground

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Media Umum/ Populer

• Literatur kesehatan umum/ populer

• Tujuan: memberikan informasi &
meringkas hasil/ konsep utama dr
penelitian kepada masy umum
• Contoh: majalah, radio, koran, tabloid,
televisi, & website

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Bentuk Sumber Informasi

• Buku • UU
• Chapter buku • Dokumen pemerintah
• Artikel jurnal • Multimedia
• Artikel surat kabar • Websites
• Perpustakaan • Pakar atau narasumber
digital • Organisasi/ lembaga
• Surat keputusan

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Use of various types of information

Review Function
Type of Information Source of Information on Conceptual Research
Research Ideas What is Known Context Approach

Research X X X X
Theoretical X X
Explication
Methodology X
Opinions & X X
viewpoints
Clinical Reports & X X
anecdotes

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Locating relevant literature

for a research review
• Electronic literature searches
– EBSCHO, Pro-Quest, JSTOR, Web of Science,
Elsevier, Science Direct, Scopus full text article
(must pay for fee)
– Google, Yahoo Search engine  abstract, information
– Website related nursing, ie nursing center
• Print resources
– Indexes
– Abstract Journal

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Tips on locating research

reports
• Flexible & think broadly about keywords &
subject headings
• Dependent & independent variables 
search separate
• Manual search  Index & abstract journal
• Combined searching methods

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Mengembangkan Istilah &

Kata Kunci

Kata Kunci Kata berhubungan

• Manajemen stress • Mekanisme koping
• Gangguan perilaku • Mekanisme
• Cemas pertahanan diri
• Marah • Harga diri rendah

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Menetapkan Kata Kunci

Istilah dlm MeSH Textwords

Pain management Kata kunci penting yg
tdk termasuk dalam
MeSH

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MeSH = Medical Subject

Headings
• Merupakan kamus utk istilah medis yg
digunakan oleh berbagai database &
perpustakaan sebagai indeks & utk
menggolongkan/ mengklasifikasi informasi
medis
• MeSH mengatasi masalah ejaan English
atau terminologi yg berbeda antara USA
dan UK yg digunakan utk konsep yg serupa
• MeSH dikenal juga sbg kumpulan kata
kunci atau kosakata yg terkontrol
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Boolean operators:
AND, OR, NOT

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Fitur Perintah
Featur Key Explanation
Expand Thesaurus Use explosion and include all subheadings to expand
(MeSH) your research
Truncation *(or $) Analy* = analysis, analytic, analytical, analyse, etc
Wildcards ? Gyn?ecology = gynaecology, gynecology
Random?* = randomisation, randomization, randomized

Boolean AND Article must include both term

OR Article can include either term
NOT Exclude articles containing the term (ie econom* NOT
economy picks up economic and economical but not
economy)
Proximity NEAR Terms must occur close to each other (ie within 6 words)
(heart near failure)
Limit variable As appropriate, restrict by pub type, yr, language or by
searching for terms in specific parts (eg diabet* in ti-
articles which have diabetes or diabetic in title)
Related variable “Related” hyperlink 32

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Dasar Pembatasan

• Tipe publikasi
• Kelompok umur
• Jenis Kelamin
• Tahun publikasi
• Bahasa

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Evaluasi Sumber Informasi

• Otoritas
• Isi informasi
• Susunan/ navigasi
• Kemutakhiran

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Reading Research Article

Content of research reports
• Abstract
• Introduction
– central phenomena
– concepts or variable under study
– the statement of purpose
– research questions & or hypotheses to be tested
– review related literature
– theoretical framework; significance of the study)

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Reading research
article………………….
• Method (subject; research design; instrument &
data collection; study procedure)
• Result (name of any statistical used; value of the
calculated statistic; significance)
• Discussion (interpretation of result; implication;
study limitation)
• References

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Written Literature Review

• Abstracting & Recording Notes
– Full citation
– Research questions/hypotheses
– Theoretical frameworks
– Key features of research methods
– Major findings
– conclusions
• Organizing the Review

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Written Literature Review…………..

• Content of the Written Literature Review

– series of quotes nor a series of abstract
– Relevant studies  detail
– Paraphrase/ summarize  own words
– Objective as possible
– Conclude with summary of the current state of
knowledge  gap area
• Style of a Research Review

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Flow of tasks in A literature

review
Discard irrelevant &
inappropriate references

Identify Identify Screen

key words potential references Read
& ref Retrieving for relevant Organize Analyze & Write
concepts through promising relevance & reference ref integrate review
to be elect/ references appropriate s & take materials
searched manual ness notes
search

Identify new references

through citations
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Sarana utk mengelola sumber

sitasi
Sarana untuk menyimpan seluruh sumber
sitasi dlm bentuk basis data & berguna utk:
1. Menyusun catatan kaki atau kutipan secara
otomatis dlm format ttu (APA, chicago, MLA,
AMA, Harvard dll.)
2. Menyusun daftar bibliografi scr otomatis
3. Menyisipkan rujukan dlm bentuk dokumen
word
4. Membuat & menyusun bibliografi beranotasi

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Sarana utk mengelola sumber

referensi

• EndNote
• RefWorks
• Zotero (free)
• Procite
• Reference Manager
• Mendeley (free)

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Contoh Kesulitan Gaya Penulisan

Gaya Penulisan yg Kurang Rekomendasi Perubahan
Tepat
1. Diketahui bahwa harapan Beberapa ahli (Susanto, 1999; Johnson,
yang tidak terpenuhi 2003) telah menyatakan bahwa
memunculkan kecemasan harapan yg tdk terpenuhi menimbulkan
kecemasan
2. Perempuan yang tidak Berbagai studi sebelumnya menunjukkan
berpartisipasi dalam kelas bahwa perempuan yg berpartisipasi
persiapan persalinan dalam kelas persalinan stressnya tampak
cenderung menampakkan berkurang selama persalinan dibanding
tingkat stress yang tinggi yg tidak ikut (Klotz, 1997; McTygue,
selama persalinan 1997; Reynolds, 1998)
3. Tanggungjawab adalah Menurut Hendriatmo (2005)
suatu stressor intrinsik tanggungjawab adalah suatu stressor
intrinsik
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Contoh Kesulitan Gaya Penulisan……………….

Gaya Penulisan yg Kurang Rekomendasi Perubahan
Tepat
4. Sikap tidak dapat Adrian (2002), Gautama (2002), dan
dirubah dalam semalam Cruze (2005) menemukan bahwa sikap
merupakan atribut bawaan yang tidak
dapat dirubah dalam semalam
5. Banyak studi telah Studi oleh Rohadi (2006) dan Stanley
membuktikan bahwa para (2007) menyatakan bahwa dokter dan
dokter dan perawat tidak perawat tidak terlalu memahami dinamika
terlalu memahami psikobiologis pemulihan paska MCI
dinamika psikobiologis
pemulihan paska MCI

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References

Hart, C. (1998). Doing a literature review: releasing

the social science research imagination.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Polit, D.F & Hungler, B.P. (2006). Nursing research:
Principles & methods. Philadelphia: Lippincotts
Sastroasmoro, S. (2010). Mengurai & merajut
disertasi & tesis. Jakarta: BP IDAI

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The End

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About The Lecturer

Dr. Imami Nur Rachmawati, SKp, MSc.
Faculty Member of the Faculty of Nursing,
Universitas Indonesia since 1996.
Interested in: Maternal and Women’s Health,
Breastfeeding, HIV/ AIDS, Adolescent sexual
health, Qualitative research, Pain study

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