CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

a) Describe the meaning of each terminologies;

Mechanic – A branch of physical sciences that considered with the state of rest or motion
of bodies subjected to the action of forces
Static – concerned with the equilibrium of a body that is either at rest or with constant
velocity subjected to the action of forces
Dynamic – concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies subjected to the action of
forces

b) Describes TWO(2) classes of units used in studies of mechanical engineering together

with TWO (2) examples.
Base Units - length (m), Time (s), Mass (kg), Electric current (A), Temperature (K)
Supplementary Units – Plane Angle (radian), Solid Angle( Steradian)
Derived units - Velocity (m/s), Acceleration (m/s2), Volume (m3), Area(m2)

c) Newton Laws of motion are closely related with the study of Static and Dynamic. Briefly
explain the terms below.
i) First law,
ii) Second law, and
iii) Third law of motion

 The Newton’s first law of motion states that a particle originally at rest, or moving in a
straight line at constant velocity, will remain in this state if the resultant force acting on
the particle is zero. ( )
 The Newton’s second law states that if the resultant force on the particle is not zero,
the particle experiences acceleration in the same direction as the resultant force. This
acceleration has a magnitude proportional to the resultant force. ( ) (2 Marks)
 The Newton’s third law states that the mutual forces of action and reaction between
two particles are equal, opposite, and collinear.

d) Kinematics and kinetics are two important parts in subject of dynamics. Explain the
difference.
 Kinematics – treats only the geometric aspects of the motion (displacement,
velocity, acceleration, time). Noaction of force considered.
 Kinetics – the analysis of forces causing the motion.

Explain differences between kinetics and kinematics

Kinetics Kinematics
Analysis of the forces causing the motion Treats only the geometric aspects of the
motion
To study the relation between the forces To relate displacement, velocity, time and
of the body, the mass of the body and the acceleration
motion of the body Study the motion without referring to
forces
e) Describe the definition of particle and rigid body
Particle - A body has mass but negligilbe size and shpe
Rigid body - A body in which its deformation can be neglected when subjected to

f) Difference between mass and weight

MASS
Absolute property of a body –independent
of the gravitational field in which it is
measured –provide a measure of the
resistance of a body to a change in velocity
WEIGHT
The weight of a body is not absolute –it
depends on gravitational field in which it
is measure

g) Explain the differences between kinetics of particle and kinetics of rigid body
Kinetic particles – undergo only translational motion and analyse motion that results from
the application of forces
Kinetic of rigid body – undergo only translational and rotational motion and analyse motion
that results from the application of forces and moments

Compare the fundamental concepts of Kinematics and Kinetics

Kinematics Kinetics
The analysis of geometrics aspect of The analysis of forces acting on particle/rigid
motion Example such as position, velocity body that produce the motion. Example such
and acceleration. as ,

h) Compare the particle with rigid body

PARTICLE
A particle is a body of negligible size
An airplane –when analysing the flight
path
A space shuttle –when analysing the
orbit of the orbit of the shuttle
No rotation//no moment equations
RIGID BODY
A body that does not deform and dimensions
of the body are not negligable
An airplane –when analysing the rotational
motion of the airplane
Rotation exists//moment equations are
important
 CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES
a) Describe the terms below
- Position – Coordinate of particle
- Displacement - The change in position
- Velocity – a measure of the rate of change in the position of a particle
- Average speeed – the total distance traveled divided by elapsed time
- Acceleration - is the rate of change in the velocity of a particle

b) Explain briefly about the horizontal component of velocity during a free-flight motion.
The horizontal component of velocity will remains constant during a free-flight motion
because from the formula v = vo+ at and v2 = vo2+2a(s-so) when we resolve into x-axis we
will get as vx=vox and the formula tell us that vx will always be the same as vox at any point.

c) The motion of particle of can be specified either as having a uniformly accelerated motion
(i.e. a = constant) or as afunction of other physical quantities. Write the other three
common forms forms of the accelerated function for particles together with a simple
mathematical expression or example of each cases.
 Acceration as afunction of time a = f(t) e.g. a = 2t m/s2
 Acceration as afunction of position a = f(x) e.g. a = 2x m/s2
 Acceration as afunction of velocity a = f(v) e.g. a = 2v m/s2

d) In rectilinear motion of particle, acceleration can either be positive, negative, or zero. explain
how or when these situations occur
Positive acceleration Occurs when V and A are in the SAME DIRECTION
either both positive or both negative. SPEEDING
UP//velocity increases
Negative Acceleration Occurs when V and A are in OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
ACCELERATION SLOWING
DOWN/DECELARATE//velocity decreases
Zero Occurs if the particles’ velocity is constant in period of
time

e) State THREE (3) types of coordinates system and the axes used to analyze for the
curvilinear motion.
a. Rectangular Coordinates (x-y axis)
b. Normal & Tangential coordinates (n-t axis)
c. Cylindrical/Polar Coordinates ( r- θ axis)

f) State the coordinate system and its axis used to analyze the following motions.
 A ball is kicked in a parabolic motion – Rectangular coordinate system with its axis are
(x,y)
 A car travels along circular path with a radius, ρ = 100 m. - Normal and tangential
coordinate system with its axis are (n,t)
g) Define the rectilinear motion and curvilinear motion.
a. Rectilinear Motion – a motion of a particle that moves in a straight line path.

b. Curvilinear Motion - a motion of a particle that moves in a curved path.

h) Explain the difference between rectilinear and curvilinear translation in rigid body
motion.
Rectilinear - When the paths of motion for any two points on the body are parallel
lines
Curvilinear - When the paths of motion are along the curved line which are
equidistant.

i) State suitable curvilinear component sto analyse the problem below

i) Motion of a projectile – Rectangular components
ii) A car turning at constant radius – Normal and tangential components

j) Dependent Motion –position of a particle depends upon the position of another or of

several other particles

k) The particle moves in a straight path when initial time is t=0 s. When t=0, initial position, s
= so and initial velocity, v = vo. If the particle moves with a constant velocity, develop an
equation of velocity as a function of position.

)
 CHAPTER 3: KINETICS OF PARTICLES
a) State the Newtons’s scond law
A particle acted upon by an unbalanced F experiences acceleration that has the same
direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the force

b) Difference between FBD and KD

FBD KD
Consider a particle to be free from its Pertains to the particle motion as
surrounding and show all the forces caused by the forces
acting on the body

c) List three parameters that are involved in the

Principle Work and Enegy equation – Force, Velocity and Displacement
Linear Impulse and Momentum Equation - Force, Velocity and Time

d) Explain and draw diagram to describe work of force, work of weight and work of spring
force
work of force – when the body moves along the path, s
work of weight – when the body undergoes a vertcal displacemen, Δy
work of spring force – when the spring streches/compresses from position s1 to s2

e) Explain briefly the difference between a free body diagram and a kinetic diagram
A free body diagram considers a particle to be free from its surroundings and show all
forces acting on the bodies whereas
kinetic diagram pertains to the particle’s motion as caused by the forces

f) State two (2) examples of conservative and nonconservative forces

Conservative forces: Weight forces, and Spring forces
Nonconservative forces: Applied forces, and Friction forces

g) Three parameters that are involved in the

Principle of work and energy equation –Force, Velocity, Displacement
Linear Impulse and Momentum equation –Force, Velocity and Time

h) Develop the equation for Principle of Work from the Equation of Motion, F=ma.

From
, (1)
Work involving Force (F), velocity (v), and displacement (s),

(2)
(2) – (1)
……0.5 mark
……0.5 mark

……1 mark
……1 mark
 For multiple works, Principle of Work and Energy is

……1 mark

i) Develop the equation Principle of Impulse and Momentum from the Equation of Motion,
F=ma.

, (1)

Impulse involving Force (F), velocity (v), and time (t),

(2)

(2) – (1)
……0.5 mark
……0.5 mark
……1 mark

……1 mark

Principle of Impulse and Momentum,

……1 mark
 CHAPTER 4: KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES
a) States 3 types of rigid body planar motion
 Translaltion
 Rotation about a fixed axis
 General plane motion

b) Explain briefly about instantaneous centre of zero

Instantaneous center of zero velocity lies on the instantaneous axis of zero velocity.
This axis is always perpendicular to the plane of motion and the intersection of the axis
with this plane defines the location of the IC.

c) Define the translation, rotation about fixed axis and general plane motion of a rigid
i) Translation

ii) Rotation about a fixed axis

iii) General plane

 CHAPTER 5: KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES

a) Explain threetypes of forces that DO NO WORK when a rigid body is displaced

 Reaction at pin support about which body rotate
 Normal reaction acting on a body that moves along a fixed surface
 Friction force on a body as it rolls without slipping over arough surface
 Internal forces do no work because they always act in equal and opposite pairs.
Thus, the sum of their work is zero

b) Explain why the normal force and friction force on a body as it rolls without slipping over
a rough surface to be considered when calculating work done by forces in planar Kinetics of
Rigid Body
 Normal force – the direction of the normal forces is perpendicular to their
displacement
 Frictional forces – frictional force acts at a point on the body which has zero
velocity (instatantaneous centre, IC) and so the work
done by the force on the point is zero

c) The impulse and momentum method is one of the three kinetic analysis methods of a
particle. Briefly defined the terms impulse and momentum.
Impulse is defined as the product of force and the time for which it is applied.
Impulse= Force x Time =Ft (N.s)

Momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity.

Momentum = Mass x Velocity = mv (kg.m/s)

d) The analysis of kinetics problems in the study of particle dynamic can be performed using
the principle work and energy, and also two others different but related princples. What are
they? Give your answer with simple illustrations.
 Newton’s 2nd law of motion: F = ma

ma
F m
m

 Principle of impulse and momentum,

i) Linear impulse-momentum principle: L1 + ʃFdt = L2
ii) Angular impulse-momentum principle: Ho1 + ʃMo dt = Ho2