Bar graph

The pictorial representation of data (generally grouped), in the form of vertical or horizontal
rectangular bars, where the length of bars are proportional to the measure of data, are known as
bar graphs (also known as bar charts). The bars drawn are of uniform width and the variable
quantity is represented on one of the axes. Also, the measure of the variable is depicted on the
other axes. The heights or the lengths of the bars denote value of the variable and these graphs
are also used to compare certain quantities. The frequency distribution tables can be easily
represented using bar charts which simplify the calculations and understanding of data.
The types of bar charts are as follows:

1. Vertical bar chart

2. Horizontal bar chart
3. Range bar chart

To understand these types, consider the following examples:

Example 1: In a firm of 400 employees, the percentage of monthly salary saved by each
employee is given in the following table. Represent it through a bar graph.

Savings (in Number of

percentage) Employees(Frequency)

20 105

30 199

40 29

50 73

Total 400

Solution: The given data can be represented as

Compare with histogram.

A pie graph (or pie chart) is a specialized graph used in statistics. The independent
variable is plotted around a circle in either a clockwise direction or a
counterclockwise direction.The dependent variable (usually a percentage) is
rendered as an arc whose measure is proportional to the magnitude of the
quantity.Each arc is depicted by constructing radial lines from its ends to the center
of the circle, creating a wedge-shaped "slice."The independent variable can attain a
finite number of discrete values (for example, five).The dependent variable can attain
any value from zero to 100 percent.

How to construct a pie chart?

Steps of construction of pie chart for a given data:

● Find the central angle for each component using the formula given on the previous
page.

● Draw a circle of any radius.

● Draw a horizontal radius.

● Starting with the horizontal radius, draw radii, making central angles
corresponding to the values of respective components.

● Repeat the process for all the components of the given data.

● These radii divide the whole circle into various sectors.

● Now, shade the sectors with different colours to denote various

components.

● Thus, we obtain the required pie chart.

Solved example on

construction of pie chart/pie graph:

1. The following table shows the numbers of hours spent by a child on different
events on a working day.

Represent the adjoining information on a pie chart

Activity No. of Hours

School 6
Sleep 8
Playing 2
Study 4
T. V. 1
Others 3
The central angles for various observations can be calculated as:

Activity No. of Hours Measure of central angle

School 6 (6/24 × 360)° = 90°
Sleep 8 (8/24 × 360)° = 120°
Playing 2 (2/24 × 360)° = 30°
Study 4 (4/24 × 360)° = 60°
T. V. 1 (1/24 × 360)° = 15°
Others 3 (3/24 × 360)° = 45°