Universidad Santo Tomás

Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica

Ciclos Termodinámicos
Taller final de Ciclos
Presentado por: Juan Sebastián Dimián Poveda

Taller final

1. A Brayton/Rankine cycle (Fig. 5.12) uses water as the working fluid with
1 kg/sec mass flow rate through the Rankine cycle, and air as the working
fluid in the Brayton cycle. In the Rankine cycle, the condenser pressure is 15
kPa (p1); the boiler pressure is 8 MPa (p2); the reheater pressure is 5 MPa (p4);
the superheater and reheater temperature (T and T5) are both 400ºC. In the
Brayton cycle, air enters from the atmospheric source to an isentropic
compressor at 20ºC and 100 kPa (T and p7), and leaves at 1 MPa (p8);
air enters an isobaric heater (combustion chamber) and leaves at 1800ºC
(T9); air enters a high pressure isentropic turbine and leaves at 600 kPa
(p11). Air enters a low pressure isentropic turbine and leaves at 100 kPa
(p12); air enters an isobaric regenerator and leaves at 500ºC (T13); and air is
discharged to the atmospheric sink. Assume that the efficiency of the gas
turbines and compressor is 85%.

Determine the mass rate flow of air through the Brayton cycle, and the
thermodynamic efficiency and the net power output of the Brayton/Rankine
combined plant.

Figura. 5.12

Propiedades:

P (kPa) T(°C) h(kJ/kg) s(kJ/kg*K) X

1 15 53.98 226 0.7549 0
2 8000 54.63 235.5 0.7593 --
3 8000 400 3138 6.36 --
 4 5000 337.5 3034 6.39 --
5 5000 400 3196 6.65 --
6 15 53.98 2309 7.12 0.8782
7 100 20 294.2 2.4 --
8 1000 341 616.2 2.48 --
9 1000 1800 2080 3.7 --
10 600 1561 1840 3.73 --
11 600 1600 1880 3.75 --
12 100 962.1 1239 3.84 --
13 100 500 775.8 3.37 --

Componentes energéticos:

CICLO A CICLO B CICLO

Win -9.55 kW -2016 kW -2026 kW
Wout 990.3 kW 5510 kW 6501 kW
Wneto 980.8 kW 3494 kW 4475 kW
Qin 3064 kW 9412 kW 9573 kW
Flujo de masa 1 kg/s 6.26 kg/s --

Eficiencias

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑜
𝜂=
𝑄𝑖𝑛

Ciclo A:

980.8
𝜂= = 0.3201 = 32.01%
3064

Ciclo B:

3494
𝜂= = 0.3712 = 37.12%
9412

Ciclo Total:

4475
𝜂= = 0.4674 = 46.74%
9573

Se puede observar que los ciclos por separado tienen unas eficiencias bajas, pero cuando
se combinan generan una eficiencia mucho mayor, casi 10% por encima de las eficiencias
de los dos ciclos, lo que se puede concluir como una mejora sustancial al combinar los dos
ciclos.
2. A Brayton/Brayton cycle (Fig. 5.15) uses air as the working fluid with 1.2 kg/s
mass flow rate through the top Brayton split-shaft turbine cycle, and air
as the working fluid in the bottom Brayton cycle.
In the top-Brayton cycle, air at a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s enters from
the atmospheric source to an isentropic compressor at 290 K and 100 kPa (T1
and p1), and leaves at 1 MPa (p2); air enters an isobaric heater (combustion
chamber) and leaves at 1400 K (T3); air goes through a high pressure
isentropic turbine (TUR1) and a low pressure isentropic turbine (TUR2); air
enters an isobaric heat exchanger and leaves at 700 K (T6) and 100 kPa
(p6); and air is discharged to the atmospheric sink. In the bottom Brayton
cycle, air at a mass flow rate of 0.12 kg/s enters from the atmospheric
source to an isentropic compressor (CMP2) at 290 K and 100 kPa (T7 and
p7), and leaves at 200 kPa (p2); air enters an isobaric intercooler (CLR1) and
leaves at 290 K (T9); air leaves an isentropic compressor (CMP3) at 400
kPa (p10); air enters an isobaric intercooler (CLR2) and leaves at 290 K (T11);
air leaves another isentropic compressor (CMP4) at 800 kPa (p12); and air at
473 K and 100 kPa (T14 and p14) is discharged to the atmospheric sink.
Determine the pressure and temperature of each state, power required by
the top-cycle compressor, power produced by the top-cycle turbines,
thermal efficiency of the combined cycle, thermal efficiency of the top
cycle, thermal efficiency of the bottom cycle, power input to the combined
cycle, power output by the combined cycle, power net output of the
combined cycle, rate of heat added to the combined cycle, rate of heat
removed from the combined cycle, power input to the top cycle, power
output by the top cycle, power net output of the top cycle, rate of heat added
to the top cycle, rate of heat removed from the top cycle, power input to
the bottom cycle, power output by the bottom cycle, power net output
of the bottom cycle, rate of heat added to the bottom cycle, and rate of
heat removed from bottom the cycle.
Propiedades

P (kPa) T(K) h(kJ/kg) s(kJ/kg*K) X

1 100 290 291 2.39 --
2 1000 559.9 561.8 2.39 --
3 1000 1400 1405 3.31 --
4 472.6 1130 1134 3.31 --
5 100 725.1 727.6 3.31 --
6 100 700 702.4 3.27 --
7 100 290 291 2.39 --
8 200 353.5 354.7 2.39 --
9 200 290 291 2.19 --
10 400 353.5 354.7 2.19 --
11 400 290 291 1.99 --
12 800 353.5 354.7 1.99 --
13 800 652.9 564.8 2.46 --
14 100 310.7 311.8 2.46 --

Componentes energéticos:

Potencia CMP1 -270.8 kW

Potencia TURB1 270.8 kW
Potencia TURB2 406.4 kW
Potencia Neta TURB 1 Y TURB 2 677.2 kW

CICLO A CICLO B CICLO

Win -270.8 kW -22.94 kW -293.8 kW
Wout 677.2 kW 30.36 kW 707.5 kW
Wneto 406.4 kW 7.42 kW 413.8 kW
Qin 843 kW 25.21 kW 843 kW
Qout -25.21 kW -15.3 kW -15.30 kW

Eficiencias

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑜
𝜂=
𝑄𝑖𝑛

Ciclo A:

406.4
𝜂= = 0.4820 = 48.20%
843

Ciclo B:

7.42
𝜂= = 0.2943 = 29.43%
25.21
Ciclo Total:

413.8
𝜂= = 0.4908 = 49.08%
843

A diferencia del ciclo combinado resuelto en el primer punto de este taller, este ciclo
combinado de Brayton/Brayton no genera una mayor subida en la eficiencia del ciclo total.
Como se puede ver la ganancia fue de 0.8%, lo cual no se justifica para gastar dinero en
todos los materiales que se necesitan para hacer el segundo ciclo Brayton (Ciclo B), sería
suficiente solo con el primer ciclo (Ciclo A) ya que genera aproximadamente la misma
eficiencia que el ciclo combinado.

3. A Rankine/Rankine cycle (Fig. 5.16) uses steam as the working fluid with 1 kg/s
mass flow rate through the top Rankine cycle, and Freon134a as the
working fluid in the bottom Rankine cycle. The steam condenser (HX1)
pressure is 20 kPa, the boiler pressure is 2 MPa, and the steam superheater
temperature is 400ºC. The steam mass flow rate is 1 kg/s.
In the bottom cycle, the freon condenser (CLR1) temperature is 20ºC,
and the freon boiler temperature is 35ºC. There is no superheater in the freon
cycle.
Determine the mass flow rate of the freon cycle, termal efficiency of the
combined cycle, power input of the combined cycle, power output by the
combined cycle, power net output of the combined cycle, rate of heat added
to the combined cycle, and rate of heat removed from the combined cycle.
Propiedades

P (kPa) T(°C) h(kJ/kg) s(kJ/kg*K) X

1 20 60.07 251.5 0.8321 0
2 2000 60.16 253.5 0.8321 --
3 2000 400 3248 7.13 --
4 20 60.07 2213 7.13 0.8898
5 572.8 20 227.5 1.1 0
6 887.6 20.54 229.5 1.1 --
7 887.6 35 417.5 1.71 1
8 572.8 20 408.6 1.71 0.9929

Componentes energéticos:

CICLO A CICLO B CICLO

Win -2.02 kW -22.93 kW -24.94 kW
Wout 898.5 kW 100.1 kW 998.6 kW
Wneto 896.5 kW 77.17 kW 973.6 kW
Qin 2994 kW 2098 kW 2994 kW
Qout -2098 kW -2020 kW -2020 kW
Qneto 896.5 77.17 kW 973.6 kW
Flujo de masa 1 kg/s 11.16 kg/s --

Eficiencias

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑜
𝜂=
𝑄𝑖𝑛

Ciclo A:

896.5
𝜂= = 0.2994 = 29.94%
2994

Ciclo B:

77.17
𝜂= = 0.0367 = 3.67%
2098

Ciclo Total:

973.6
𝜂= = 0.3251 = 32.51%
2994

Este ciclo Rankine/Rankine está en un punto intermedio entre los dos ciclos combinados
anteriores ya que no tiene una subida tan alta como el primer ciclo de este documento, pero
tiene una subida buena en la eficiencia del ciclo de aproximadamente 3%. Este ciclo valdría
la pena ya que es bastante sencillo y da una buena subida en la eficiencia total.
 4. A cascade vapor refrigeration cycle made of two separate vapor refrigeration
cycles as shown in Fig. 6.14a has the following information:

Top cycle: working fluid = ammonia, p5 = 200 kPa, x5 = 1, p7 = 500kPa,

and x7 = 0.
Bottom cycle: working fluid = ammonia, p1 = 85 kPa, mdot1 = 1kg/sec,
x1 = 1, p3 = 250 kPa, and x3 = 0.

Determine total power required by the compressors, rate of heat added to the
evaporator, cooling load, and COP of the cascade vapor refrigeration cycle.

Fig. 6.14a

Propiedades

P (kPa) T(°C) h(kJ/kg) s(kJ/kg*K) X

1 85 -36.8 1394 5.9 1
2 250 31.56 1533 5.9 --
3 250 -13.66 117.7 0.4772 0
4 85 -36.8 117.7 0.4985 0.0751
5 200 -18.86 1420 5.6 1
6 500 41.25 1541 5.6 --
7 500 4.14 199.6 0.7809 0
8 200 -18.86 199.6 0.8004 0.0795
Componentes energéticos:

Potencia CMP1 -138.7 kW

Potencia CMP2 -141 kW
Potencia CMP1 + CMP 2 -279.7 kW
Flujo de masa Ciclo B 1.16 kg/s
Calor añadido al evaporador 1276 kJ/kg
Carga de refrigeración 362.9 Ton
COP 4.56

Este ciclo tiene un COP bastante decente para los ciclos que normalmente se resuelven y
es un ciclo bastante sencillo. Principalmente este valor del COP se da por las propiedades
del amoniaco el cual es un refrigerante muy bueno pero tiene algunos problemas con sus
propiedades físicas como lo son el olor y su volatilidad.

5. A two-stage vapor refrigeration cycle as shown in Fig. 6.19 has the following
information: working fluid = R-22, p1 = 85kPa, x1 = 0, p2 = 200kPa, p4 = 500kPa,
m4 = 1kg/sec, m7 = 0.8 kg/sec, and x5 = 0.

Determine the power required by compressors #1 and #2, total power required
by the compressors, rate of heat added to the evaporator, cooling load, and
COP of the cycle.
Propiedades

P (kPa) T(°C) h(kJ/kg) s(kJ/kg*K) X

1 85 -44.43 -4.6621 -0.02014 0
2 200 -44.41 -4.5818 -0.02014 --
3 200 -35.08 5.2845 0.02215 --
4 500 -35.02 5.4983 0.02215 --
5 500 0.1392 44.75 0.1757 0
6 200 -25.13 44.75 0.1822 0.1283
7 200 -25.13 44.75 0.1822 0.1283
8 85 -44.43 44.75 0.1959 0.2095
9 200 -25.13 44.75 0.1822 0.1283

Componentes energéticos:

Potencia CMP1 -38.12 kW

Potencia CMP2 -210.2 kW
Potencia CMP1 + CMP 2 172.1 kW
Calor añadido al evaporador 40.08 kJ/kg
Carga de refrigeración 48.92 Ton
COP 4.51