OTC 14168
Girassol: Drilling and Completion Experience gained through first 12 wells
Jean Lassus Dessus, TotalFinaElf E&P Angola/ Jorge Abreu, TotalFinaElf E&P Angola
Copyright 2002, Offshore Technology Conference
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2002 Offshore Technology Conference held in
Houston, Texas U.S.A., 6–9 May 2002.
This paper was selected for presentation by the OTC Program Committee following review of
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presented, have not been reviewed by the Offshore Technology Conference and are subject to
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Abstract
The Girassol development, offshore Angola, will have 39
subsea wells. Development drilling and completion are being
conducted from two dynamically positioned newbuild
drillships. Twelve wells weren completed when this paper
was completed.
The paper’s focus is on deepwater drilling and
completion activities, eg top hole and conductor jetting,
directional drilling, sand control, completion equipment, well
productivity, etc. The paper also presents well construction
performance, in terms of well durations and Non Productive
Time, and offers insights into the success of the first
year’s activity.
Introduction
The Girassol field was discovered in May 1996 by the
GIR-1 well and appraised in 1997 by 2 additional wells. The
field is located offshore Angola, 210km northwest of Luanda,
in water from 1,250-1,400m (Fig. 1). It is part of Block 17,
awarded by Sonangol under a Production Sharing Agreement
to the Contractor Group.
An integrated project team was set up early 1997 for this
fast track project which had a very ambitious target for first
oil, given the extent of the existing technological challenges.
The development scheme selected for Girassol is a full
subsea development tied back to a spread moored Floating
Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) unit. The field
facilities were split into four packages for project management
and contractual strategy considerations : the FPSO, the
Umbilical and Flowlines (UFL), the Subsea Production
System (SPS) and the Wells Package.
Drilling and completion (D&C) resources were mobilised
in the first half of 1997. The scope of work given to the D&C
team covers the full life-cycle of the Wells Package:
• Carry out conceptual engineering as an input for field
• development scheme selection, including costs estimates
and relevant data for project scheduling;
• Provide assistance to the SPS project team for detailed
engineering and preparation of subsea completion
equipment;
• Carry out detailed well engineering, together with
specifications for procurement of well equipment and
tendering of services;
• Award rig contracts and follow up rig construction;
• Award service contracts for well equipment and all
services contracts required for the well construction phase;
• Develop project documentation including manuals and
procedures; and
• Conduct operations from Luanda, Angola during the well
construction phase.
Reservoir Description
The upper Oligocene Girassol reservoir corresponds to
distal turbidites deposited in channels extending over an area
approximately 18km long and 10km wide. Reservoirs are
shallow, the top of the reservoir being approximately 2,450m
below sea level, or 1,100m below the mudline.
The Girassol B System (Ref. 1) is made of three different
turbiditic complexes - B1, B2, B3. Eeach channel complex is
typically 50-100m thick, a few kilometers wide and many
kilometers long. There are also additional thin reservoirs with
large extension called Sheets complexes (Fig. 2). Each
turbiditic complex is separated from the others by regional
seals which are correlated at a large scale over Girassol area.
All these turbiditic complexes are normally pressured and
were found to be oil bearing (32°API) within a regional
structural closure with common oil/water contact.
After high resolution 3-D (3DHR) seismic data
acquisition and interpretation, the Girassol architecture
understanding was improved and each channel complex was
subdivided into different sequences separated by decametric
shale prone abandonment phase which are potentially good
vertical barriers. Each sequence is 10-30m thick, 1-2km wide
and a few kilometers long.
Reservoir characteristics are well known from extensive
logging and coring data acquisition on first development
wells. Fine to medium sands, generally well sorted, have very
good porosity (30-40%) and good permeability (K~1-5D),
medium to coarse sands have good porosity (20-30%) and
2 J. L. DESSUS, J. ABREU
very good permeability (3-10D), very coarse sands and
conglomerates have fair porosity (15-20%) and fair
permeability (100mD-1D).
All reservoirs are constituted of highly unconsolidated sands
which required all the wells to be completed with sand control
devices.
The main complex is B3 targeted by all of the first
development wells. The wells have high productivity, up to
40,000b/d) owing to the very good reservoirs characteristics.
Pressure maintenance of the field will be achieved via sea
water injection and re-injection of produced gas for a limited
period of time.
Main Challenges
The Girassol project, owing to its water depth and to the
size of the reservoir in a new geological area, represents one
of the most ambitious field developments underway. It
combines a high degree of technological innovation and
aggressive cost and schedule targets. Production start-up took
place in December 2001, five and a half years after discovery
and three and a half years after project sanction.
The main challenges of the Wells package were:
• deliver high productivity wells (20,000-40,000b/d well
potential), given the costs of well construction in such
water depths;
• meet the specifics constraints required by flow assurance
issues in the deepwater production environment (see
section below on completion design);
• design reliable well solutions in order to deliver steady
production while minimizing workovers required for
mechanical failures,
• drill and complete about 10 wells before first oil in order to
provide sufficient potential at first oil and rapid ramp up to
production plateau (200,000b/d);
• install complex subsea completion equipment in water
depths where the industry has had little experience; and
• execute the drilling completion program with low Non
Productive Time (NPT). It was recognized from project
start up that the management of NPT for subsea
completions was a critical area as there was a high cost
exposure, based on anticipated rig operating costs and NPT
figures derived from industry benchmarks (Ref. 2).
The requirement to build and commission two new
drillships for this project exaggerated the schedule challenge.
The geographical spread of project participants with numerous
interfaces between the various contract packages exacerbated
the challenge. The D&C team was based in France and later in
Luanda, Angola. The SPS package was manufactured in
Norway and the rigs were constructed in Korea.
Field Architecture
The 39 subsea wells –23 producers, 14 water injectors
and 2 gas injectors - are to be drilled from standalone
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guidebases and connected to the subsea network in a ‘daisy
chain’ configuration. Oil producers are connected to two-well
manifolds installed on suction anchors, while injectors are
connected to tees installed with the injection lines.
The subsea layout includes 10 production manifolds and
16 injection tees. This design results in 24 different drilling
centers across the field, including nine different manifold
locations and 15 locations for the injection tees. The design
provides the flexibility to tie-in additional wells either by
extending the subsea network, or by connecting a third well to
a production manifold using a special Production Guide Base
(PGB) arrangement.
Such a high number of drilling centers requires frequent
infield movements of the drilling units. Additionally, there is a
large amount of critical equipment on the seabed - 70km of
umbilicals, 45km of production lines, 29km of injection lines,
manifolds, tees, etc - which renders the use of moored drilling
units not practical. Dynamically positioned (DP) drilling units
were therefore selected for the development.
The wells are connected to manifolds or tees by rigid
jumpers (Fig. 3). The PGB has a receptacle which provides
guidance and support for the rigid jumper. The initial jumper
design with a Z-shape required a distance of 35m between
well and manifold. An initiative was launched to reduce the
overall weight of the jumper and associated spreader bar to
facilitate offshore installation. The new jumper design has a
U-shape and the well location is now 15m from the manifold.
The rigid jumpers are assembled in Angola from
prefabricated sections according to a subsea metrology
conducted once the xmas tree has been installed. This
jumper construction method requires tight tolerances on
wellhead position :
• X-Y wellhead co-ordinates : 2.5m radius
• PGB heading: +/- 5°
• Inclination: <1° from vertical
• Wellhead elevation : 2-4 m above seabed.
The duration of the drilling and completion campaign for
the 39 development wells is expected to be six rig years. In
order to provide sufficient production capacity at first oil, it
was critical for the project to begin drilling approximately 18
months before the target date, ie develoment drilling had to
start end of year 1999. It was also necessary to have two
drilling units working concurrently to meet the production
objectives.
Contractual Strategy
Drilling Units. The main element of the contractual strategy
for the Wells package was related to drilling units. A market
survey conducted in early 1997 concluded that there were a
limited number - approximately 20 - of rigs technically
suitable for the water depth of the Girassol environment and of
these units, many were under long-term contracts. It was
decided to issue a call for tender early in the project phase to
OTC 14168 GIRASSOL: DRILLING AND COMPLETION EXPERIENCE GAINED THROUGH FIRST 12 WELLS
provide sufficient time to build new units and extend the
choice beyond the limited existing fleet.
Three rig contracts for newbuild units were awarded by
TotalFinaElf Angola between September 1997 and March
1998 for exploration and development work on Block 17. The
construction schedules for these units - from 18 to 23 months
- were ambitious with expected deliveries between August and
November 1999. One rig contract was eventually cancelled
due to late delivery. The two units, which would operate on
Girassol, were built in South Korea and were delivered with
about a six-month delay. This delay did not affect the project
as other packages had also faced similar delays. The
completion of the required number of wells was still expected
by first oil.
An operator team dedicated to the follow-up of the rig
construction was mobilised. The main objectives of this team
was to make sure that the delivery schedule remained in line
with project expectations and that technical capabilities were
according to contract and project specifications.
Construction and start-up of newbuild units within a tight
schedule was recognized as a challenge and a risk element due
to the potential impact on project objectives, ie cost, schedule
and production ramp-up.
Special emphasis was therefore placed on preparation of
rig commissioning and acceptance in order to avoid a long and
difficult ‘shakedown’ period (Ref. 3 )
Wellhead Equipment. This equipment was included in the
scope of supply of the SPS to be delivered by the subsea
supplier. The project recognized that there are critical
interfaces between the wellhead and subsea completion
equipment, eg tubing hanger and xmas tree. These interfaces
are made more significant in the Girassol case by the vertical
tree design which requires accurate orientation of the tubing
hanger and xmas tree.
It was decided that a single supplier would deliver both the
subsea completion equipment and the wellhead equipment
allowing better management of these interfaces and reducing
associated risks.
Design and Testing Philosophy
Design philosophy. The high well costs which occur in the
deepwater play quite often drives the well design towards
complex solutions. Multizone completions with selective
production from various intervals is frequently desired from
these expensive wells.
Without adding the complexity of ‘intelligent’ solutions,
Girassol completions were recognized as a technological
challenge due to the water depth and to the ‘fast-track’
approach allowing little time for engineering and qualification
of tools and equipment.
It was decided to address all requirements, in particular
flow assurance issues, but to avoid complexity. Installation of
an ‘intelligent’ completion would not be allowed during the
first year of operations. The philosophy was to address basic
engineering issues in the limited time frame available and go
3
through a learning/debugging period with the sophisticated
subsea completion equipment and associated tooling. This
strategy was devised to allow a build-up of confidence with
conventional downhole solutions in the areas of equipment
and tooling, procedures and offshore crew experience before
intelligent completions would be implemented.
The existing vision of the development is that a few
‘intelligent’ completions will be installed in the last
development wells.
Equipment Testing Cycle. The importance of a thorough
testing cycle in this deepwater environment was recognized as
the cost exposure can escalate quickly to millions of dollars.
This is particularly relevant for downhole completion and
subsea equipment due to the level of technical complexity and
lack of relevant field experience for prototypes developed for
the project. This issue is less critical in the drilling area which
utilizes more conventional equipment.
A testing strategy was developed with the aim to avoid
‘infant mortality’, ie early failures in equipment life, and high
non productive time (NPT) created by basic issues, such as
poor equipment interfaces or ‘dumb iron’ which does not
screw together.
Besides the factory acceptance testing (FAT) which is
part of the quality program for procurement of every
equipment item, the testing strategy incorporated the
following program:
• Qualifications tests: For components developed
specifically for this project or for existing equipment
which had undergone modifications in size, rating or
functionalities. Conducted on one representative
equipment item;
• Integration tests: Conducted to verify the interfaces
between various subassemblies and test the various
components as a single system. Conducted on one set
of equipment;
• Stack-up testing: To verify interfaces between different
systems; and
• Deepwater trials: Conducted at specified operating
depth (1,800m) to verify functionality under actual
operating conditions.
The purpose of this paper is not to provide an exhaustive
list of the various tests. This philosophy was adopted to a large
extent for the subsea completion equipment (Ref. 2). A few
examples relevant to the Wells package are given as
an illustration
• Qualification tests were conducted on several completion
components, for instance the 5-½in tubing retrievable
surface-controlled subsurface safety valve (TRSCSSV),
the 10-¾in completion packer, the encapsulation of
4 J. L. DESSUS, J. ABREU
auxiliary lines to verify compatibility with the gelled oil
packer fluid, etc.
• An integration test was conducted on an onshore test well
to simulate a real completion. This involved running and
stacking a gravel pack assembly, an isolation valve and an
upper completion. The equipment was subsequently
retrieved to allow the testing of intervention and retrieving
tools required for workover or contingency scenarios.
Some equipment modifications resulted from this
integration test. In addition to the technical value of such a
test, there are added benefits, such as training and team
building of contractor and operator personnel.
A good example of a stack-up test is the physical
interfacing of the BOP with the the PGB. Although
verification of CAD drawings had been conducted, this type of
test has allowed the identification of physical clashes between
the BOP of each rig and the PGBs. This was easily solved by
minor modifications to the PGB structure. This shows that this
type of test is a cheap, valuable investment, when compared
with a stack-up on the first well with its potential for millions
of dollars of cost implications..
An example of a deepwater trial were those carried out on
the ROVs to be used on the three drilling units. ROV costs are
a small fraction of a D&C operation. However ROV reliability
is a critical issue as deepwater operations are highly dependent
on ROV availability. A major emphasis was placed on this
issue and involved a full cycle of tests from FAT to deepwater
trials, including interfacing of tools with the subsea system
supplier. The ROV spreads were installed while the rigs were
in the shipyards and deepwater tests were conducted several
weeks before rig delivery in Angola. The same philosophy of
deepwater testing ahead of rig arrival in Angola was applied to
the BOPs (Ref . 3).
Well Design
Conductor Pipe Design. The conductor pipe design is of
particular interest in the Girassol environment :
• It must be able to withstand the high bending loads which
can be generated during rig drift-off;
• Wellhead displacement must be compatible with the rigid
production jumper deformation envelope. The production
jumper is not installed during the initial drilling and
completion phase. However this scenario is relevant for
workovers and or re-drills, when the rig BOP is latched
onto the wellhead, the latter being mechanically linked to a
production manifold via the PGB and production jumper;
• Soil at the mudline consists of normally consolidated
organic clay of high plasticity with limited shear
resistance. Soil data for conductor and anchor design
resulted from geotechical surveys involving several
shallow boreholes (20-25m) and one deep
borehole (103m).
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Final conductor design was established at 36in OD by 2in
wall thickness for the first 25m meters and 36in OD by 1in
wall thickness for the joints set deeper. A setting depth of 60-
65m below the mudline was engineered in order to withstand
the axial loads generated during well construction.
Top Hole Section. There are no specific hazards associated
with the top hole section, ie no shallow gas or water flow. The
top hole section can be drilled safely down to 600m below the
mudline riserless.
Installation of the 36in conductor utilizes conventional
jetting technique with a downhole motor and a drill ahead tool.
The PGB is run together with the conductor pipe. Once the
required conductor penetration has been reached, the drill
ahead tool is released in order to proceed with the subsequent
26in section down to 400–600m below the mudline.
The jetting technique was chosen as it will save rig time
compared with a drill-and-cement technique for the conductor
pipe. The drill-ahead feature will save an additional round trip
of the drilling BHA. Only one re-entry - the 20in casing - is
required with this technique.
Casing Design. The casing design below the 20in depends
upon three design parameters: occurrence of shallow reservoir,
well path requirements,and well types.
Shallow reservoirs. In the Girassol area, there are several
shallow reservoir systems of Miocene age, overlying the
Oligocene system targeted by the development. These
Miocene systems are usually hydrocarbon bearing. They are
located 600-900m below the mudline and can have significant
vertical thickness and large surface extensions.
Most of the Girassol well paths cut through one or several
hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs of Miocene age. Several of the
Girassol wells will penetrate the Miocene reservoirs of the
Dalia field on the flanks of this field which is adjacent to
Girassol. These Miocene reservoirs are normally pressured,
but have very low frac pressure. For mud weight, there is a
very narrow margin between pore pressure and frac pressure
in the Miocene reservoirs. This mud weight margin issue is
more critical for the shallower Miocene systems. This dictates
the requirement to set an intermediate casing (13-⅜in)
whenever Miocene reservoirs are encountered, before drilling
the Oligocene pay.
Well paths. In the initial field development plan, the
average horizontal departure of wells was low, typically 300m
for injectors and 600m for producers. A cost reduction
exercise was performed in order to optimize the combined cost
of the subsea network (flowline hardware and installation
costs) and of the development wells.
This exercise led to a reduction in the extent of the subsea
network, which resulted in higher well step-out distances. An
extreme example is the last injection well drilled to date,
which has a total horizontal displacement of 3,000m.
The visualization of the Girassol reservoirs has evolved
significantly from the project start. The resolution of seismic
OTC 14168 GIRASSOL: DRILLING AND COMPLETION EXPERIENCE GAINED THROUGH FIRST 12 WELLS
images has been greatly enhanced by the acquisition of a 3D
high resolution seismic. For example, four separate units have
been identified within the B3 complex. The spatial
arrangement of these units is such that they are partially
stacked. Placement of high angle or horizontal wells is
constrained by the spatial arrangement of these units or by the
overall shape of the meandering channels. Consequently, there
are severe constraints on the well path within the reservoir
section with little flexibility to modify trajectory heading. As a
result, 3-D well paths were frequently required to meet the
target definition objectives.
Overall, well trajectories are significantly more complex
than initially anticipated with 3-D well paths being quite
frequent and a tendency to increase step-out distances. Such
wells involve complex directional work, which results in a
reduction of the possibility of eliminating the 13-⅜in from the
casing architecture.
Of the 15 first wells drilled, the intermediate casing has
been eliminated in only two low-angle well injectors. In those
cases, a 20in by 13-⅜in casing has been set below the
36in conductor.
Well types. The production casing size is dictated by
productivity or injectivity requirements as described in the
completion design section. For the majority of the wells
(horizontal oil producers, gas injectors, water injectors
equipped with downhole gauges), there is a requirement to run
a full string of 10-¾in casing. For other wells, such as
conventional oil producers or water injectors without gauges, a
tapered 10-¾in by 9-⅝in is installed with a 10-¾in length of
100-500m according to downhole safety valve requirement
and placement.
For the wells where a full 10-¾in string is required, there
is an issue related to hydraulic limitations during the casing
running and cementing operations. The narrow hydraulic
margin is not compatible with the tight annulus clearance
between the 10-¾in casing and a 12-¼ in open hole size,
especially for the wells which have the longer departures. For
the wells to be cased with 10-¾in casing, the 12-¼in hole is
enlarged to 13-½-14in in order to reduce surge effects while
running casing and friction losses while cementing. Various
techniques have been experienced to open the 12-¼in hole and
are discussed in the operation section.
Lower Completion Design
The lower completion refers to the sand control equipment
installed across the reservoir. Sand control is a major driver in
design of both the sand face and the overall well architecture.
Oil Producers. Girassol utilizes two different completion
techniques for oil producers: open hole with screen-only in
horizontal wells and gravel-packed completions in low
angle wells.
Grain sizes vary very widely along the 12 facies types
identified in the Girassol Oligocene reservoirs: from very fine
(less than 80 microns) to very coarse (centimetric). Extensive
lab work and studies were conducted to qualify screens for
5
open hole completions. It was concluded that screen-only
were not suitable for the finer sands, but had to be dedicated to
a limited range of facies. Wire wrapped screens were selected
due to their ‘self cleaning’ ability when compared to premium
screens, and slot sizes were optimized from testing with
representative samples of the finer allowable facies.
Completion of horizontal or high angle wells with wire
wrapped screens is not possible in all sequences, but must be
dedicated to suitable facies. Well planning requires close
cooperation between the geoscientists/geologists, the drilling
and the completion/sand control engineers. Whenever fine
facies are encountered in a high angle well, they are not
completed, but left behind pipe and external casing packers.
Horizontal drains are typically 500-1,000m long and are
completed with 6-⅝in screens in order to limit friction
pressures in the screen base pipe, thus allowing to get flow
contribution from the far end of the drain. A 9-½in open hole
(10-¾in production casing) was preferred for this size of
screen in order to increase annulus clearance and to facilitate
installation in the 3-D well paths.
A 9-⅝in cased hole gravel-packed completion is
preferred where:
• Finer facies are the main target;
• Laminated sands with low net to gross are expected; and
• Expected reservoir mobility is within the technical limit
of frac pack technology.
Injectors. Water injectors are completed with 5-½in wire
wrapped screens in 8-½in open hole. Gas injectors have
horizontal drains and are completed with 6-⅝in screens in a
9-½in open hole.
Upper completion design (Fig. 4)
Tubing Hanger. The 5in by 2in tubing hanger has two
electric and four hydraulic penetrations. These penetrations
were specified to meet downhole function requirements
as described below, but also to allow installation of
intelligent completions.
Safety Valves. The requirement for safety valves in a
deepwater environment was reviewed and debated longly
within the project group. It was finally decided to install
TRSCSSV in all producers and gas injectors.
In oil producers, the 5-½in TRSCSSV are set at 500m
below the mudline, which corresponds to a geothermal
temperature of 20°C. This ensures that the valve will remain
outside the hydrate formation domain during a long shutdown.
The resulting setting depth for the valves is typically 1,800m
below sea level, which requires very specific design features
for the valve.
Water injectors are completed in the oil pool and have the
potential to flow naturally. Such wells have no surface
controlled safety devices but are equipped with non return
mechanical valves which are shifted open by injection flow.
6 J. L. DESSUS, J. ABREU
These valves serve the purpose of a safety device, but also
prevent backflow during injection shutdown, which is
detrimental to injection potential. They are set deep in the
vicinity of the tubing shoe in order to minimize the
compressible volume below the valve. In addition, they reduce
hydrate formation risks in the upper section of the tubing by
avoiding gas migration during long shutdowns.
Tubing Design. The vertical xmas tree has an internal
production bore of 5in which sets limitations for flow control
equipment and intervention tools to be conveyed on wireline
or coil tubing. Hence, completion items are 5-½in tubing size.
A mixed 7in by 5-½in string is run on most of the wells
(horizontal producers, gas injectors, water injectors) as
outflow studies revealed a significant flow performance
improvement relative to a full 5-½in string. A 10-¾in casing
is required for 7in tubing completions surrounded by
auxiliary lines.
Downhole Monitoring. All producers and a limited number
of injectors are equipped with downhole pressure and
temperature gauges. Tandem gauges are installed to provide
redundancy. These gauges are multiplexed downhole, so only
one downhole cable is installed. The gauges are integrated into
the subsea control system, via the xmas tree subsea control
module, allowing downhole data at the FPSO.
Flow Assurance Issues. These aspects are of the utmost
importance in the deep water environment owing to the
potential for hydrate formation, wax and scale deposition. The
low reservoir temperature, coupled with the long network of
flow lines laid in 4°C exacerbate this issue. Designing and
installing a reliable sand control exclusion device is part of the
flow assurance strategy (refer to lower completion section).
Thermal insulation. Gelled oil mixed from low toxicity
mineral base oil is used as a packer fluid in production wells.
This fluid has been selected to reduce thermal losses and
hence maximize flowing temperature at the wellhead for flow
assurance considerations (prevention of wax deposition in sea
lines and risers). Targeted flowing temperature at the wellhead
is a minimum of 57.5°C in order to reach the FPSO with at
least 40°C, which is the limit for wax deposition.
Gelled oil has a thermal conductivity of 0.13 W/m.°C
compared to 6.00 W/m.°C for brine. Cross couplings
protectors with centralizing pads are used on these wells to
minimize contact of the tubing with the production casing
wall. The gain in temperature created by the thermal insulation
depends upon flow rate and BSW mainly. From simulations
gelled oil allows to increase flowing temperature by 4°C at
1000 M3/day and by 7.2°C at 500 M3/day.
Scales and wax. The Girassol formation water contains
high contents of strontium and barium. The injected sea water
is processed in order to remove sulfates, which mitigates the
risk of barium and strontium sulfates deposits in the near
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reservoir and completion string of producers. There is still a
possibility for other types of scales and wax deposition. A
chemical injection line has been incorporated in the
completion design to allow pumping of adequate inhibitors,
should it be required at some point in time over the production
life of a well. Special attention was paid to the design of this
line to avoid plugging (a 5/8in OD line in Incoloy 825 was
selected) as the latter could become of prime importance for
flow assurance.
Other Completion Features. Some other completion
features are worth mentioning.
Separation from lower completion. There is no
mechanical continuity between the lower and the upper
completion. The rationale behind this design is to avoid the
requirement for spacing out the upper completion which is a
time consuming operation in the Girassol deep water
environment. Also, a mechanical continuity could create
additional difficulties in orienting operations of the tubing
string which are required during tubing hanger installation. In
order to facilitate running of wire line tools or coil tubing tools
inside the gravel pack assembly, a scoop head assembly is
installed above the gravel pack packer.
Deployment of a mechanical barrier. An isolation valve
is installed above the gravel pack/sand control completion.
The purpose of this mechanical barrier is twofold:
• To allow installation of an under-balanced packer fluid;
• To focus on tubing hanger installation without having to
worry about well control aspects or a welI situation
involving fluid losses. It is worth mentioning here that the
tubing hanger installation is a technically difficult task
involving full-bore tools (18in OD) and a sophisticated
Electro-hydraulic control system. The presence of a tested
mechanical barrier allows to focus on the tubing hanger
installation without adding the trouble of a potential
unstable wellbore situation.
The isolation valve is opened remotely by pressure cycles,
with contingency opening by wireline or coil tubing conveyed
shifting tools.
Limited wireline operations. The philosophy of the
design is to minimize wire line operations. Girassol
completion equipment allows most completion operations
without the requirement to set wire line plugs. A valve ran
below the tubing string packer allows to pressure test the
tubing assembly, while allowing reverse circulation/tubing fill
up, and to set the packer. The valve is eventually locked open
by pressure cycles.
In a normal configuration, the only wireline operations
consists in setting/retrieving a plug in the production bore of
the tubing hanger in order to provide an additional barrier for
BOP retrieval. Wireline is used to set non-return valves on
water injection wells and also has applications in contingency
scenarios
OTC 14168 GIRASSOL: DRILLING AND COMPLETION EXPERIENCE GAINED THROUGH FIRST 12 WELLS
Full bore design. Girassol completions incorporate
selective nipples with a minimum 4.562in ID. Completions are
not really of a monobore type as the majority of the wells have
a mixed tubing string 7in by 5-½in”. Some of the wells also
have a 6-⅝in open hole sand control completion across the
reservoir (horizontal oil producers and gas injectors), while
other have a 5-½in sand control interface (gravel packed
producers and water injectors).
This full bore design will provide some flexibility for
reservoir management by enabling shut-off of lower zones (by
setting plugs) and isolation of upper zones in a limited number
of well configurations (installation of straddles in cased
hole completions).
Operations in Angola
The two drillships have been operating in Angola since mid
2000. One of the units has been dedicated to Girassol
development since that time. The second vessel began with
exploration work and has been assigned to Girassol
development since beginning of 2001.
At the time this paper is written, 12 wells have been drilled
and completed.
Well durations. A significant reduction in well durations was
achieved during the drilling of the the first wells (Fig. 5).
Some caution must be exercised, though when looking at the
evolution of well durations. Wells are not directly comparable
due to variations in types (low angle to horizontals producers,
injectors), and in the scope of each well. With only three
exploration wells drilled before the development, a strong
emphasis was placed on data acquisition during the first two
development wells. This involved significant rig time for
drilling pilot holes, coring the entire interval and acquiring a
full suite of logs. On the first well there was also a deepwater
trial of the tubing hanger and associated landing string (Ref 2).
However, an improvement in performance has contributed to
the reduction in drilling time achieved over the first wells.
The main elements, which have contributed to performance
improvement, are:
• A large reduction in NPT (Fig. 6)
• An improved learning curve thanks to the knowledge
acquired over the wells and to the continuous
development and fine tuning of specific procedures;
• Utilization of recent technology;
• An improvement in overall rig performance;
• Simplification of procedures; and
• Reduction in data acquisition.
While it is not possible to list in detail all the technical
issues, we provide here below some relevant examples or
highlights of this process :
Non Productive Time: NPT reduction was achieved by
focusing efforts on major events. The first well was heavily
7
affected by poor reliability of components in the the BOP
control system, requiring four roundtrips of the lower marine
riser package. This was addressed by a quality plan and by a
thorough preventative maintenance plan developed by the rig
contractor. BOP audits by a specialized third party have been
regularly scheduled by TotalFinaElf. In addition, improved rig
contractor performance has resulted in NPT being reduced to
below 2% on a monthly basis (Ref . 3).
Difficulties were encountered initially in setting the metal-
to-metal seal assemblies around the 13-⅜in and 10-¾in casing
hangers. The wellheads supplied for Girassol have been used
in Angola by TotalFinaElf for exploration wells since May
1999, or more than one year before development drilling
began. The philosophy was to gain experience with this
equipment before starting development wells.
Installation of the seal assembly in one trip has not been
successfull in the first wells. The seal assembly was usually
pulled with the running tool and it was observed that both of
them were usually packed with formation cuttings. Two
additional runs - including one for cleaning - were required for
installation of this piece of equipment.
This issue has had a high priority - from both the
operator and the subsea supplier – as rig time required for two
trips at 1,400m is significant. In two instances, a week of rig
time was required to solve a problem when a component of the
seal assembly was lost in hole.
Several modifications to the equipment have been
implemented. The first step consisted in increasing flowby
areas around the casing hangers and in the running tool. Hole
cleaning procedures and cementing procedures were also
modified to eliminate as much as possible potential for
plugging the equipment. Flowby areas were increased twice
and resulted in a reduced service pressure of the wellhead
equipment (to 10,000psi instead of 15,000psi), which is not an
issue at Girassol. Modifications to the seal assembly were
also conducted. However, the increase in flowby areas did not
significantly modify the success ratio of seal assemblies
installation in a single trip. Despite all the modifications
conducted on flowby areas, the overall success ratio of single
trip installations remained low: 50% over 22 seal assembly
installations.
The running tool was evntually modified to incorporate a
washing facility. Once a cement job is completed, the tool is
moved into the washing position to jet drilling fluid in the seal
assembly area. The tool is then moved to the seal assembly
setting position. The addition of this washing feature has
allowed a dramatic improvement, increasing to an 87%
success rate in single trip installations since it was introduced
during the last 15 installations.
Development of specific procedures. Installation of
conductor pipe by jetting is a good example of the
development of a specific procedure and tooling. As
mentioned earlier, there are tight tolerances for wellhead
position, ie, X-Y coordinates, elevation, inclination and
heading. The conductor pipe supports the PGB which has to
be oriented in a predefined heading.
8 J. L. DESSUS, J. ABREU
A removable ROV docking platform is deployed together
with the PGB. The ROV is equipped with an instrumentation
package (positioning beacon, gyro, altimeter, depthmeter and
roll/pitch sensors) which allows to compute in realtime the
four parameters.
An array of frames covering the entire field has been
installed on the seabed in order to provide common reference
points for all subsea positioning. The absolute coordinates of
these frames were recorded during array installation and are
known very accurately. Each contractor deploys its own
beacons in frames located near to the targeted working area.
For wellhead positioning, a long baseline method is utilised, ie
wellhead position is available in realtime by measuring the
distances between the ROV sensor and four frames of the
array. When spudding the well, adjusting the conductor shoe
coordinates to meet the required position accuracy takes less
than one hour.
Three wells were drilled before the array was available.
For these wells, a calibration of the four beacons dropped on
the seabed was required in order to obtain the required
accuracy of their absolute coordinates. This calibration
process takes typically 36 hours. Although there is some rig
time involved to install four beacons in frames with the rig’s
ROV, the array system allows a savings of a minimum of 24
hours per well, compared with the dropped beacon solution.
On the first conductor installations, during the jetting
process, the ROV was docked periodically on the PGB to
verify heading. It was observed that the conductor heading
was moving away from target during jetting. Corrections of
heading had to be conducted at various steps, by rotating the
drillpipe from surface. These corrections were difficult to
achieve. The conductor had to be pulled to break the skin
friction between soil and pipe and allow rotation. The rotation
process was difficult to initiate and control within the required
10° azimuth band. Pulling and rotating the pipe was also
detrimental to the objective of the jetting operation, which is
to build up high skin friction, in order to establish the
foundation for the well.
On the third well, as the result of these corrections, the
conductor sank below the minimum wellhead elevation on the
two jetting attempts and had to be retrieved. On this particular
well, the conductor was finally installed using a drill-and-
cement technique. About 10 days of rig time were lost during
conductor installation on this well.
In order to provide heading control for the conductor
pipe, it was attempted to keep the ROV docked on the
platform and to use the thrusters of the vehicle to
counterbalance rotation effects induced during jetting. This
process has been very successful. The 100hp ROV vehicle,
working in auto heading mode, was able to keep the entire
conductor and PGB assembly in the desired azimuth. Since
this methodology has been used we have been able to achieve
the required heading within 1° of angle and we have not had to
re-orient the conductor with drill pipes.
Guidelines for jetting have also been developed in order to
assist offshore staff in conducting this delicate operation. An
envelope providing minimum and maximum applied weight as
OTC 14168
a function of depth was developed. Although pulling the
conductor is no longer required for heading control, it is
necessary to achieve the specified conductor penetration. The
number and amplitude of cycles has now have also been
specified and limited.
Overall, besides one early problem on the third well,
conductor installation by jetting has been very successful and
has achieved the accurate positioning within the tight
tolerance band.
Utilization of recent technology. The 12-¼in sections are
enlarged to 13-½-14in for some specific type of wells as
described in the casing design section.
Various techniques have been tried to achieve hole
opening while drilling and save a dedicated trip with a hole
opener which has a time impact of two or three days rig time.
The challenge is that those sections are directionaly drilled and
that some of the wells have 3-D well paths with combined
build and turn.
Bi-center bits ran in combination with conventional
steerable assemblies have demonstrated limitations in the dog
leg severity which could be achieved in our particular
environment (1.3°/10m). The preferred technique is to use a
rotary steerable drilling assembly with a PDC reamer. The
PDC reamer is usually placed behind the Logging While
Drilling tools to acquire geological information in 12-¼in and
not compromise tools response. This simultaneous drilling and
hole opening technique also makes it possible to drill float
equipment (the PDC reamer being activated once in the open
hole) and provides superior hole cleaning capability thanks to
the continuous rotation of drillpipe.
When directional requirements are moderate, we have had
also successful applications of a PDC near-bit reamer placed
below a conventional steerable BHA.
Improvement in rig performances. Rig tripping performance
has rapidly increased from 400m/hour to 800m/hour or more
(Ref. 3). Although there was a lot of focus placed on the
commissioning and acceptance of pipe handling equipment, a
period of two months was required to reach competitive
performances.
One element of this improvement is the familiarization of
the rig floor crews with the sophisticated controls and
technology. These crews have had extensive training sessions
on a simulator. However it took some weeks before they could
feel comfortable with the real working environment.
Another component of the improvement was the
adjustments required to fine tune the software or various
mechanical and hydraulic settings. Finally, the reliability of
components and more particularly sensors was greatly
improved.
BOP tripping performance has been excellent from the
beginning (Ref. 3) owing to the riser connector design.
Specific functions or features are available from the
sophisticated controls (for instance, auto rate of penetration)
and have a direct impact on the quality and efficiency of
operations. Crews are learning how to use the possibilities
OTC 14168 GIRASSOL: DRILLING AND COMPLETION EXPERIENCE GAINED THROUGH FIRST 12 WELLS
offered by the controls and it is likely that we have not yet
explored all the functionalities of the system.
Simplification of procedures. Some specific practises have
been challenged in order to cut rig time. For instance, the
requirement to conduct formation integrity tests at the
beginning of each section was challenged as the data acquired
on the first 10 wells are very consistent and provide a good
match with a theoretical model. Another example is the
suppression of the wiper trip which was conducted at the end
of the 26in section.
Corporate technical rules are also challenged. An example
of this is the requirement to pressure test BOPs at every casing
point, given that the sections are fairly short and usually
limited in time to less than a week.
Data acquisition. There has been a rapid evolution towards
Formation Evaluation While Drilling (FEWD). On the first
wells, a full suite of electric logs involving three to four runs
on cable was acquired. Quality of FEWD information proved
good enough to reduce significantly the requirement for
conventional logs. There is now usually no more than one run
of electric logs on cable (or drillpipe for horizontal wells) in
order to complement the information which cannot be
acquired through FEWD, ie vertical seismic profile, reservoir
pressure information and nuclear magnetic resonance.
As production start-up occurred recently, there is now a
requirement for more frequent pressure information in order to
derive dynamic reservoir information, i.e reservoir depletion
due to communication between wells.
Some FEWD tools modifications, such as the neutron
density, were required due to the specific 9-½in hole size.
FEWD procedures have been fine-tuned which has allowed
for a reduction almost to zero of the amount of reaming time
required for data acquisition.
Design changes. Sand control design has evolved drastically
since the initial plans. Completion of producers was initially
based on gravel pack solutions with a combination of open
hole techniques (OHGP) and cased hole techniques. This
design has evolved towards a significant proportion of
horizontal wells completed with wire wrapped screens. A step
by step approach was developed to validate the concept. This
evolution created some procurement issues as delivery of
equipment in a remote area is quite a long process.
There is a tendency to drill more complex wells than
initially anticipated with longer departures or 3-D well paths.
These design changes are inherent in the ‘fast track’ approach
and to the limited number of exploration wells which were
available. They require a high reactivity.
Well Productivity. Two different types of completion have
been used in the producers drilled to date. Five horizontal
wells were completed with screen-only completions and three
other wells with gravel-packed completions.
In general, well productivity has been high. Production
wells have been cleaned up and tested to the rig for a short
9
perod of time through the permanent well completion system.
Well productivity is now also available from the two months
of production history which is available at the time the paper
is written.
The reservoir section of the horizontal producers is drilled
with oil-based mud. Screens are run in the drilling fluid with
blank pipe and external casing packers deployed to isolate
shaly sections. Stringent mud control and conditioning
procedures have been developed in order to make sure that the
mud and mudcake would flow back easily through the screens
and not induce any plugging or formation impairment.
Productivity indexes are in the 300-500m3/d/bar range for
horizontal wells (Fig. 7 ). These wells have a high potential
and are limited to a production of 35,000b/d for reservoir
management purposes and/or for erosion considerations. They
have allowed the field production rate to rise very quickly,
although the number of wells available at first oil was limited
to seven. Production logging tools have been run on coil
tubing in three horizontal wells and have demonstrated a
contribution of all intervals with smooth profiles. This
experience confirms that this type of completion is well suited
to the massive and clean sands of the Girassol turbiditic
environment.
The first development well was completed with a frac pack
stacked above an open hole gravel pack (OHGP). Significant
problems were encountered during the OHGP leading to very
high downtime (25 days) and eventually to a poor quality job
with partial coverage of the open hole by gravel. Although this
well has a high skin factor, its productivity index is around
150m3/d/b which means that its potential is in excess of
4,500m3/d/b (28,000b/d). Extensive work has been conducted
over the past months to correct the problems encountered
during the OHGP, including work on water-based fluid
inhibition and mobilization of special equipment, such as
screens with shunt tubes. To date, no additional OHGP has
been attempted.
Two other wells have been completed, each with two cased
hole frac packs. These jobs have been pumped in very high
mobility zones (one well has a mobility of 100,000md.ft/cp,
while the other well has a mobility of 200,000md.ft/cp). This
high mobility domain is generally considered to be beyond the
technical limit of frac pack application. Excellent results were
obtained on these two wells with very low skins (between 0
and 2). These wells have allowed to extend the limit of frac
pack application further in the high mobility domain and
are considered as a breakthrough in the technology of frac
pack stimulation.
Completions. There has been no significant problem or major
design flaw related to completion equipment. The testing cycle
approach has helped in preventing a ‘train wreck’ involving
weeks of downtime.
The NPT for completions has been somewhat below
industry benchmarks for subsea completions in shallower
water depths (30%). NPT during tubing hanger installation has
averaged 24% over the first 12 wells, accounting for down
time from all sources, ie the downhole completion equipment
10 J. L. DESSUS, J. ABREU
(located below the tubing hanger) and the equipment provided
by the subsea supplier. About half of this downtime has been
attributed to subsea equipment. In xmas tree mode, NPT has
averaged 22% from all sources with one-third attributed to
subsea equipment (Ref. 2).
One particular piece of equipment has caused recurrent
problems which have not been solved to date. The isolation
valve, used as a temporary barrier when running the upper
completion, is opened remotely by application of pressure
cycles. This process is conducted once the xmas tree has been
installed. The isolation valve has failed to open remotely in
four installations out of 12 wells. Contingency tools run either
on wireline or coil tubing have enabled the valve to open in all
cases with the exception of one well. This particular well will
require a re-entry to mill out the ball on coil tubing.
Completion highlights. Complex clean-up and well testing
operations have been conducted through the permanent
completion and subsea xmas tree. Flowing hydrocarbons to a
dynamically positioned drillship through a well intervention
package and workover riser is a hazardous operation requiring
very throrough preparation. Following a risk assessment, it
was concluded that concentric operations would not be
allowed on the first well while hydrocarbons were flowing.
Conducting concentric operations (with wireline or coil
tubing) from a new drillship, with new people and a prototype
subsea intevention package was deemed too risky. Production
logging operations were banned from the first well, although
there was a strong requirement from the reservoir engineers.
The subsea intervention package and the electro-hydraulic
workover controls have demonstrated high reliability from the
first well which has built up the required confidence for more
sophisticated well work. Specific contingency procedures and
training courses for rig crews have been developed for these
testing operations and concentric work.
Production logging tools have been run on coil tubing at
several instances with the well flowing hydrocarbons to the
testing spread installed on the rig. In a few wells, several coil
tubing and/or wireline runs have also been required to open
the isolation valve which had failed to open remotely by
application of pressure cycles. Contingency runs with
wire line or coil tubing have been more frequent than
initially envisaged.
Downhole pressure data from permanent gauges is
available to the rig while the intervention package is
connected to the xmas tree. This capability allows great
flexibility to conduct clean-up operations. The drawdown
applied on the formation can be monitored and adjusted
accurately in order to avoid abrupt surges which could be
detrimental to the sand control equipment or well
performance. This feature has allowed to operate with steps of
no more than two bars drawdown, while ramping up the oil
rate. Pressure build-up has been recorded concurrently with
other handling or tree preservation operations to minimize
online rig time.
OTC 14168
Human Resources
The integrated project approach has achieved good
management of the many interfaces. One highlight has been
the secondment of five personnel from the WELL team to the
SPS team (Ref. 2) to work alongside the other SPS team
members. The integration has assisted discussions on
installation issues (rig NPT) together with capital (equipment
supply) issues. This approach has provided practical
operational input to equipment design, enabled offshore
subsea supervisors to gain intimate knowledge of equipment
and developed offshore team spirit ahead of arrival in Angola.
The same philosophy was adopted for rig commissioning
and acceptance. Drilling supervisors were mobilised six
months ahead of rig delivery.
Continuity of personnel from the project phase to the
execution phase has been of great value. The D&C team
moved to Luanda and was integrated with the existing drilling
organisation within the subsidiary. This has enabled all of
them to benefit from the experience gained over the four-year
exploration campaign on Bloc 17 which ended in early 2001.
Drilling resources have been stretched as a result of the
challenges from the ‘fast track’ approach. All the preparation
work - conceptual design, engineering, contract set-up,
procurement of equipment, rig commissioning, establisment of
procedures, et al – was crammed into a limited period.
Drilling and completion resources had to be sufficient to
address all the engineering issues and pay attention to detail.
The design changes inherent in the ‘fast track’ approach
required a high reactivity. It was also essential to implement
the lessons learnt from the first wells in order to climb quickly
up the learning curve.
CONCLUSIONS
The challenges confronted by the drilling and completion
team have been met :
- Twelve wells were delivered at first oil. These high
potential wells have allowed production to reach a high
rate quickly;
- Technical difficulties were encountered on the first wells.
However well construction performance improved very
quickly and reached a satisfactory level within a
few months;
- Installation of subsea completions has been executed with
NPT below industry benchmarks;
- The two new drillships were delivered six months late
which is is not a bad performance by industry standards,
given the ambitious construction shedule. The drillships
quickly reached a competent level of performance and
remarkably low NPT;
- Screen-only completions in the Girassol turbiditic
environment have proven to be technically viable
allowing high well productivity. Successfull frac pack
applications have extended the technical limit of this
technology further in the high reservoir mobility domain.
OTC 14168 GIRASSOL: DRILLING AND COMPLETION EXPERIENCE GAINED THROUGH FIRST 12 WELLS 11

The main critical elements which have influenced these References :

achievements are:
- An integrated project approach with good management of Ref. 1 : OTC paper N° 14167 Well Interference Test On
interfaces. Secondment of personnel to the SPS team was Girassol by Philippe Retail, Larry Thane, Emmanuel
of great value; Liberelle, TOTALFINAELF Angola
- Recognition of risks and management decision processes
to allocate sufficient resources; Ref. 2 : OTC paper N° 14207 Girassol subsea completion
- A thorough testing philosophy involving qualification, experience by Larry Thane, Jean Lassus-Dessus, Dominique
integration and stack-up testing. This area is a key Delaporte, TOTALFINAELF Angola
learning. Do not use your first well as an integration test
or stack up test ! Ref. 3 : OTC paper N° 14213 Girassol : Operation of 2 new
- Consider trade-offs between design complexity and rig built drill ships in the Girassol field by Thomas Duhen PRIDE
NPT risk exposure. Adding extra jewelry can be scary in FORAMER, Régis Studer and Claude Richard
a US$20mn well; TOTALFINAELF Angola
- Continuity of personnel from project phase to execution;
- Sufficient resources to allow attention to detail Figures

With only one-third of the wells completed at the time the Fig 1 : Girassol location map
paper is written, we still have numerous challenges ahead:
- Improve safety and environmental performance. Safety Fig 2 : Girassol reservoirs cross section
performance has had a high focus from both the operator
and the rig contractor on the two newbuild units. Fig 3 : Subsea Production System with stand alone PGB and
However, safety performance has been below rigid jumper design
TotalFinaElf objectives in terms of frequency (Ref. 3).
Lost time incidents have been at a low level of severity Fig 4 : Horizontal well completion
(30 days maximum).
- Safety performance improvement is a high priority Fig 5 : Actual Well durations
objective with a target of 2.5 Lost Time Accidents per
million of worked hours; Fig 6 : NPT evolution
- Drill and complete more complex wells involving long
step out and a few ‘intelligent’ completions; Fig 7 : Productivity indexes
- Continue to learn and to improve performance.
- Replace some staff who have been assigned to the project
for more than four years, without affecting performance. List of abbreviations :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BHA: Bottom Hole Assembly

BOP : Blow Out Preventer
The Girassol project is a development operated by CAD : Computer Assisted Drawing
TotalFinaElf E&P Angola under a production sharing FPSO : Floating Production Storage and Offloading unit
agreement awarded by Sonangol to a contractor group NPT : Non productive Time
including TotalFinaElf, ExxonMobil, BP, Statoil and Norsk OHGP : Open Hole Gravel Pack
Hydro. TotalFinaElf would like to thank Sonangol and all of PGB: Production Guide Base
its partners for their support in the preparation of this paper ROV : Remote Operated Vehicle
and their permission to publish. SPS : Subsea Production System
UFL : Umbilical and Flowlines
TRSCSSV: Tubing Retrievable Surface Controlled
Subsurface Safety Valve
12 J. L. DESSUS, J. ABREU OTC 14168

85
BLOCK 3

100
200

100

50
AFRICA

LUANDA

ANGOLA

BLOCK 16
BLOCK 17

BLOCK 4
200

320 300
350
10

450
00

500
95
0 85 80 70 550
90 75
10

0 0 0 0 600
11

0 650
11

50
00
50

ROS 1
18

12
12

00
16
18 0
50

50
00
17
0

13
00

15

00
50
17

14 0
13
15

14
16
50

00
50

GIR 2A
00

5
50

GIR 2B
19
00

19
GIR 1
50
DALGIR
1 1 DAL 2

20
00 BLOCK 5 25 Km

Fig 1 : Girassol Location Map

Sheet S6 B3 Complex
B2 Complex
LPC

Seq.3 up Seq.4
Seq.2 3 low
S6 B2 Up
Seq.1 C
B2 Low
A B
B1 Up
S3 B1 Low S2

S3 Complex B1 Complex S2 Complex

Fig 2 : Girassol reservoirs cross section

OTC 14168 GIRASSOL: DRILLING AND COMPLETION EXPERIENCE GAINED THROUGH FIRST 12 WELLS 13

Fig 3 : Subsea Production system with stand alone

PGB and rigid jumper design

GIRASSOL DEVELOPMENT W ELLS - ACTUAL DURATIONS

160

140

PRODUCERS
120
INJECTORS

100
DAYS

80

60

40

20

0
GIR101 GIR102 GIR103 GIR104 GIR105 GIR106 GIR107 GIR108 GIR109 GIR110 GIR111 GIR112

Fig 5 : Actual well durations

14 J. L. DESSUS, J. ABREU OTC 14168

Fig 4: Horizontal Well Completion

Xmas Tree 5'' x 2'' N P T T ota l( hour s)

N P T T o ta l
N P T T ota l%
14 00 40%
34%
12 00 35%
29%
26% 30%
10 00 24%
25%
80 0 20%

H ou r s
20%
36" conductor 23% 19%
60 0
15% 15%
TRSCSSV, 500m 40 0 10%
10% 13%
below seabed 12%
20 0 5% 5%
20'' casing
0 0%

101

102

103

104

107

105

106

108

109

110

111

112
G IR -

G IR -

G IR -

G IR -

G IR -

G IR -

G IR -

G IR -

G IR -

G IR -

G IR -

G IR -
13 3/8" casing

Fig 6 :Evolution of Non Productive Time

P,T gauges

Injection sub

WELL PERFORMANCE (M3/d/bar)

500

450

400
Gas Injector
350

300 OHGP + Frac pack

Isolation valve 250

Screen only Completions
200

150
10''3/4 casing Water Injectors
100
Frac packs
50

6 5/8'' screens
0
w/ blanks & ECPs GIR 101 Gir 105 Gir 106 GIR 102 GIR 107 Gir 108 Gir 109 GIR 103 GIR 104 Gir 110

9"1/2 open hole Fig 7 : Productivity Indexes (M3/d/bar)