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ASSIGNMENT

Submitted to:
Ma’am Yumna Javed

Submitted by:
Name: ZIA UR REHMAN
ROLL: BMEF17E036

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
APLLICATIONS OF FLUID MECHANICS
A WIND TUNNEL.

The above scenario of wind flowing through a room describes a rudimentary wind
tunnel. A wind tunnel is a chamber built for the purpose of examining the characteristics
of airflow in contact with solid objects, such as aircraft and automobiles. The wind tunnel
represents a safe and judicious use of the properties of fluid mechanics. Its purpose is
to test the interaction of airflow and solids in relative motion: in other words, either the
aircraft has to be moving against the airflow, as it does in flight, or the airflow can be
moving against a stationary aircraft. The first of these choices, of course, poses a
number of dangers; on the other hand, there is little danger in exposing a stationary
craft to winds at speeds simulating that of the aircraft in flight.

Fluid Mechanics for Performing Work


HYDRAULIC PRESSES.

Though applications of Bernoulli's principle are among the most dramatic examples of
fluid mechanics in operation, the everyday world is filled with instances of other ideas at
work. Pascal's principle, for instance, can be seen in the operation of any number of
machines that represent variations on the idea of a hydraulic press. Among these is the
hydraulic jack used to raise a car off the floor of an auto mechanic's shop.
Beneath the floor of the shop is a chamber containing a quantity of fluid, and at either
end of the chamber are two large cylinders side by side. Each cylinder holds a piston,
and valves control flow between the two cylinders through the channel of fluid that
connects them. In accordance with Pascal's principle, when one applies force by
pressing down the piston in one cylinder (the input cylinder), this yields a uniform
pressure that causes output in the second cylinder, pushing up a piston that raises the
car.
PUMPS.

A pump is a device made for moving fluid, and it does so by utilizing a pressure
difference, causing the fluid to move from an area of higher pressure to one of lower
pressure. Its operation is based on aspects both of Pascal's and Bernoulli's principles—
though, of course, humans were using pumps thousands of years before either man
was born.
A siphon hose used to draw gas from a car's fuel tank is a very simple pump. Sucking
on one end of the hose creates an area of low pressure compared to the relatively high-
pressure area of the gas tank. Eventually, the gasoline will come out of the low-pressure
end of the hose.
The piston pump, slightly more complex, consists of a vertical cylinder along which a
piston rises and falls. Near the bottom of the cylinder are two valves, an inlet valve
through which fluid flows into the cylinder, and an outlet valve through which fluid flows
out. As the piston moves upward, the inlet valve opens and allows fluid to enter the
cylinder. On the downstroke, the inlet valve closes while the outlet valve opens, and the
pressure provided by the piston forces the fluid through the outlet valve.

Used by airplanes

The greatest application of this principle is used in airplanes. The wing of an airplane
is usually curved on top and flat on the bottom. This shape is called the airfoil. When
the air moves over the curved top portion of the wing or airfoil, it speeds up because
of the shape. This lowers the pressure with respect to the bottom part of the wing.
Lower pressure on the top results in the lift required to keep the airplane aloft.

The principle is so simple, but not very obvious.

Flying upside-down

But if the airfoil gives lift, how can an airplane fly upside down?

If the airplane is going fast enough, other factors influence the lift. When the plane is
upside-down, it is really flying at a slight angle, so it is going slightly upward to
compensate for the loss of lift.

Some airplanes--such as an airliner--can have great difficulty flying upside down.


Usually only smaller stunt planes and military craft can do this maneuver.

Friction reduced

Solids can have rough surfaces. Even microscopic roughness can result in a
substantial resistive force of friction when two solids are rubbed together, as well as
wear on the parts.

Fluids offer little resistance

On the other hand, a fluid does not have a rough surface and rubbing a solid along a
fluid results in little resistive force. Instead of friction, the resistance is due to the
thickness or viscosity of the liquid, which affects its ability to move and change its
shape.

Used as lubricants

The reduction of friction of two solids can then be achieved by separating them by a
layer of a fluid, so the solid surfaces are not in direct contact. This is called
lubrication. Water can be used as a lubricant, but it also evaporates quickly. Oils are
typically used to lubricate parts and prevent friction, as well as excessive wear from
the friction. In some small, high-speed parts, such as the hard-drive of your computer,
air is used as a lubricant.

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