Luis Alejandro Fernández Mamani

Com. Leng. Ing.

Segundo Año de Formación.

RESEARCH INFORMATION IN ENGLISH ABOUT:

Comprensión oral:

 Codificación y decodificación de mensajes,

 Interpretación de discursos orales, respuesta (verbal o no verbal)

Message encoding and decoding

By: Nick Sanchez

Communication can best be summarized as the transmission of a message from a sender to a

receiver in an understandable manner.

The communication process is the guide for effective communication.

The communication process consists of four key components. These components include coding,
transmission medium, decoding and feedback. There are also two other factors in the process, and
those two factors are present in the form of the sender and receiver. The communication process
begins with the sender and ends with the receiver.

The first step, the coding process. To convey a meaning, the sender must begin to encode, which
means to translate the information into a message in the form of symbols representing ideas or
concepts. This process translates the ideas or concepts into the coded message that will be
communicated. Symbols can take many forms, such as languages, words or gestures. These symbols
are used to encode ideas into messages that others can understand.

When a message is encoded, the sender must begin by deciding what he wants to transmit. This
decision of the sender is based on what he believes about the knowledge and assumptions of the
recipients, along with the additional information he wants the recipient to have.

To begin transmitting the message, the sender uses some kind of channel

After the appropriate channel or channels are selected, the message enters the decoding stage of
the communication process. Decoding is conducted by the receiver. Once the message is received
and examined, the stimulus is sent to the brain for interpreting, in order to assign some type of
meaning to it. It is this processing stage that constitutes decoding. The receiver begins to interpret
the symbols sent by the sender, translating the message to their own set of experiences in order to
make the symbols meaningful. Successful communication takes place when the receiver correctly
interprets the sender’s message. All interpretations by the receiver are influenced by their
experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skills, perceptions, and culture. It is similar to the sender's
relationship with encoding.

Interpretation of oral discourses, response (verbal or non-verbal)

By: Kristen Goode / JESSE R. SPARKS

Discourse is a term used to explain the transfer of information from one person to another. Using
words and sentences in context for the purpose of conveying meaning. Discourse can happen either
orally—through spoken language—or in written format.

Oral discourse is just as it sounds. It is communication or transfer of information using words that
are spoken. For oral discourse to happen, someone must be speaking either in conversation or
through oral delivery of information, such as in a lecture or presentation. Oral discourse lends itself
to the use of speech acts, which are functions of communication that might include congratulating,
ordering, demanding, promising, hinting, warning, or greeting. Oral discourse often also contains
discourse markers, such as words that create pause or separation of ideas (such as ‘’well,’’ ‘’so,’’
‘’anyway,’’ or ‘’you know’’).

Discourse comprehension involves building meanin from extended segments of languaje, such as
novels, news articles, conversations, textbooks, etc. Successfully comprehending larger units of text
and discourse requires making inferences to connect ideas both within and across local and global
discourse context. Establishing such connections relies on the integration of information from prior
discourse contents, as well as frok prior knowledge in order to build a coherent memory
representation for the events and concepts the text describes. Following successful comprehension,
the resultant discourse representation can be retrieved, updated, manipulated, and applied in order
to answer questions and solve problems.