of
By DC Pandey
14. Wave Motion
Introductory Exercise 14.1
1. A function, f can represent wave 1 1
and y( x, z) = 2
=
equation, if it satisfy 1 + ( x - 2w) 1 + ( x - 1) 2
1
¶2 f 2
2 ¶ f Þ w=
= v 2
¶t 2 ¶x 2
w 1/ 2
For, y = a sin wt, \ v= = = 0.5 m/s
k 1
¶2 y 10 a
2
= - w2 a sin wt = - w2 y 4. y = =
¶t 5 + ( x + 2t) 2
b + ( kx + wt) 2
¶2 y a 10
but, =0 Amplitude, y max = = = 2m
¶x 2 b 5
So, y do not represent wave equation. and k = 1; w = 2
2 2
2. y ( x, t) = ae - (bx - et) = ae - ( kx - wt) w
v = = 2 m/s and is travelling in (–) x
w c k
Þ k = b and w = e Þ v = = direction.
k b
1 10
3. y ( x, t) = represent the 5. y =
1 + ( 4 x + wt) 2 ( kx - wt) 2 + 2
10 10
given pulse, where, y( x, 0) = 2 2 = 2 Þk =1
k x +2 x +2
1 1
y( x, 0) = =
2 2
1+ k x 1 + x2 w = vk = 2 m/s ´ 1 m -1 = 2 rad/s
10
Þ y=
Þ k =1 ( x - 2t) 2 + 2
2p y = A sin ( wt - kx)
(b) D f = Dx
l æ 2p 2p ö
2p 5p = A sin ç v × t- x÷
= ´ 2.5 cm = rad è l l ø
4 cm 4 æ 2p 2p ö
T 1 = 0.05 sin ç 12 ´ t- x÷
(c) D t = Df = Df è 0.4 0.4 ø
2p 2 pn
= 0.05 sin (60 pt - 5px)
1 p
= ´ (b) y(0.25, 0.15)
2p ´ 10 3
1 = 0.05 sin (60 p ´ 0.15 - 5p ´ 0.25)
= s = 0.05 sin (9 p - 1.25 p)
60
(d) v p = (v p ) max = 0.05 sin (7.75 p) = 0.05 sin (1.75 p)
= - Aw = - 2pAn = - 0.0354 m = - 3.54 cm
T Df 0.25 p
= - 2p ´ 2 cm ´ 10 s -1 (c) Dt = Df = =
2p w 60 p
= - 40 p cm/s 1
= - 1.26 cm/s = s = 4.2 ms
240
y
4. (a)
AIEEE Corner
¢ Subjective Questions (Level 1)
1. 7p 7
y( x, t) =6.50 mm cos 2p = = m = 0.166 m
60p 50
æ p t ö 2p
ç ÷
ç 28.0 cm - 0.0360s ÷ (b) Df = Dt = 2pn Dt = 2p ´ 500 ´ 10 -3
è ø T
æ x tö = p = 180°
= A cos 2p ç - ÷ 6
èl Tø 5. y ( x, t) =
Þ A = 6.50 mm, l = 28.0 cm, ( kx + wt) 2 + 3
1 1 6 6
n= = s -1 = 27.78 Hz y ( x, 0) = 2 2 = 2
T 0.036 k x +3 x +3
v = nl = 28.0 cm ´ 27.78 s -1 = 778 cm/s Þ k = 1 m -1
= 7.78 m/s Þ w = vk = 4.5 m/s ´ 1 m -1 = 4.5 rad/s
The wave is travelling along ( +)ve x-axis. 6
Þ y ( x, t) =
x ö ( x - 4.5t) 2 + 3
2. y = 5 sin 30p æç t - ÷
è 240 ø x t ö
p 6. y = 1.0 sin p æç - ÷
= 5 sin æç 30pt - x ö÷ = A sin ( wt - kx) è 2.0 0.01 ø
è 8 ø x t ö
p = 1.0 sin 2p æç - ÷
(a) y (2, 0) = 5 sin æç 3 p ´ 0 - ´ 2 ö÷ è 4.0 0.02 ø
è 8 ø x t
p 5 = A sin 2p æç - ö÷
= - 5 sin = - = - 3.535 cm èl Tø
4 2
2p 2 p (a) A = 1.0 mm, l = 4.0 cm, T = 0.02 s
(b) l = = = 16 cm ¶y x t
k p/ 8 (b) v p = = - wA cos 2p æç - ö÷
¶t èl Tø
w 30p 2pA x t
(c) v = = = 240 cm/s =- cos 2p æç - ö÷
k p/ 8 T èl Tø
w 30 p 2p ´ 1.0 mm æ x
(d) n = = = 15 Hz t ö
2p 2p =- cos 2p çç - ÷
÷
0.02 s è 4.0 0.02 s ø
3. y = 3 cm sin (3.14 cm -1 x - 314 s -1 t) p æ x t ö
= - m/s cos p çç - ÷
÷
= 3 cm sin ( p cm -1 x = 100 ps -1 t) 10 è 2.0 cm 0.01 s ø
= A sin ( kx - wt) v p (1.0 cm, 0.01s) =
(a) (v p ) max = Aw = 3 cm ´ 100p s -1 p 1 0.01 ö
- m/s cos p æç - ÷
= 300 p cm/s = 3 p m/s = 9.4 m/s 10 è 2 0.01 ø
(b) a = - w2 y = - (100 ps -1 ) 2 ´ 3 cm p p
= - m/s cos = 0 m/s
sin (6p - 111p) 10 2
= - 300p sin ( -105p) = 0 (c) v p (3.0, 0.01)
p 3
l v/n 350 p =- cos p æç - 1 ö÷ = 0 m/s
4. (a) Dx = Df = Df = ´ 10 è2 ø
2p 2p 500 ´ 2p 3
4 | Waves & Motion
p 5 2p
v p (5.0 cm, 0.01 s) = - ms cos p æç - 1 ö÷ sin æç x - 2p ´ 3750 t ö÷
10 è2 ø è 0.08 ø
= 0 m/s = 0.06 m sin (78.5 m -1 x - 23561.9 s -1 t)
p 7 v 8.00 m/s
v p (7.0 cm, 0.01s) = - m/s cos p æç - 1 ö÷ 9. (a) n = = = 25 Hz
10 è2 ø l 0.32 m
= 0 m/s 1 1
T= = s = 0.043 Hz
(d) v p (1.0 cm, 0.011s) n 15
p 2p 2p
= - m/s k= = = 19.63 rad/m
10 l 0.32 m
1 0.011 ö
cos p æç - ÷ x t
(b) y = A cos ( kx + wt) = A cos 2p æç + ö÷
è 2 0.01 ø èl Tø
p 1
= - cos p æç - 1.1 ö÷ æ x t ö
10 è 12 ø = 0.07 m cos 2p çç + ÷
÷
p p 3p è 0.32 m 0.04 s ø
= - cos 0.6p = - cos = 9.7 cm/s 0.36 0.15 ö
10 10 5 (c) y = 0.07 m cos 2p æç + ÷
v p (1.0 cm, 0.012s) è 0.32 0.04 ø
9 30 ö
p
= - m/s cos æç -
1 0.012 ö = 0.07 m cos 2p æç + ÷
÷ è8 8 ø
10 è 2 0.01 ø
p 39
= - cos p (0.5 - 1.2) = 0.07 m cos p
10 4
p
p
= - cos 0.7 p = 18.5 cm/s = 0.07 m cos æç 10p - ö÷
10 è 4ø
p p
v p (1.0 cm, 0.013 s) = - m/s = 0.07 m cos = 0.0495 m
10 4
æ 1 0.013 ö p T Df p + p/4
cos p ç - ÷ = - cos 0.8 p (d) Dt = Df = =
è 2 0.01 ø 10 2p 2pn 2p ´ 25
= 25.4 cm/s 3
= s = 0.015 s
2p 2p p 200
7. (a) k = = = cm -1
l 40 cm 20 T T Mg
10. v = = =
m rA rA
= 0.157 rad/cm
1 1 2 ´ 9.8
T = = s = 0.125 s =
n 8 8920 ´ 3.14 ´ (1.2 ´ 10 -3 ) 2
w = 2pn = 16p rad/s = 50.26 rad/s
2 ´ 9.8 ´ 104
v = nl = 8 s -1 ´ 40 cm = 320 cm/s = = 22 m/s
89.2 ´ 3.14 ´ 1.44
(b) y ( x, t) = A cos ( kx - wt)
= 15.0 cm cos (0.157 x - 50.3 t) 11. l µ n µ T µ M
8. A = 0.06m and 2.5l = 20 cm l2 M2
Þ =
20 l1 M1
Þ l= cm = 8 cm
2.5 8
= = 4 = 2.
v 300 m/s 2
n= = = 3750 Hz
l 8 cm Þ l2 = 2l1
y = A sin ( kx - wt) = 0.06m = 0.12 m.
Waves & Motion | 5
T( x) 2
12. T( x) = m ( L - x) g, v( x) = Þ t= ´ 2 l0
m g
= g ( L - x) 8l0
\ t=
dx x g
= dt ;
g ( L - x) dm
15. m= = kx
dx
Let, L - x = y 2 1 2
dx = - dy Þ M = ò dm = ò kx dx = kL
0 2
0 - dy
2M
òL g y = t Þ k=
L2
0
1 - y L T T TL2 dx
\ t= =2 v( x) = = = =
g 1/2 1 g m kx 2Mx dt
1
+1
13. (a) dm w2 R = 2T sin dq L 2Mx 2M L2
\ t = ò dt = ò dx =
0 TL2 TL2 1 + 1
2
T dq
dq 2 2ML3 2 2ML
T = =
3 TL2 3 T
R
T Mg
16. (a) v = =
m m
mR 2dq w2 R = 2T dq 1.5 ´ 9.8
T = = 16.3 m/s
Þ w2 R2 = 0.055
m v 16.3 m/s
(b) l = = = 0.136 m
T n 120 / s
\ Wave speed, v = = w2 R2 = Rw
m
(c) l µ v µ T µ M i. e., if M is
(b) Kink remains stationary when rope doubled both speed and wavelength
and kink moves in opposite sence increases by a factor of 2 .
i. e., if rope is rotating anticlockwise 17. E = I At = 2p2 n2 a2 r vAt
then kink has to move clockwise.
= 2p2 n2 a2 (rA) (v. t)
14. x is being measured from lover end of the
string = 2p2 n2 a2 m. l
x 1 = 2p2 n2 a2 m
\ m( x) = ò dm = ò m 0 x dx = m 0 x2
0 2 = 2 ´ (3.14) 2 ´ (120) 2 ´ (0.16 ´ 10 -3 ) 2
T( x) m( x) g ´ 80 ´ 10 -3
\ v( x) = =
m m = 582 ´ 10 -6 J = 582 mJ = 0.58 mJ
1 E
m 0 x2 g 18. P = = IA = 2p2 n2 a2 rnA = 2p2 n2 a2 mv
2 1 t
= = gx
m0x 2 = 2p2 n2 a2 Tm
l dx t
= 2 ´ (3.14) 2 ´ (60) 2
Þ ò 0 1 = ò 0 dt
gx ´ (6 ´ 10 -2 ) 2 80 ´ 5 ´ 10 -2
2 = 4 (3.14 ´ 60 ´ 0.06) 2 = 511.6 W
6 | Waves & Motion
19. P = IA = 2p2 n2 a2 Tm T
20. P = 2p2 v2 a2 rvA = 2p2 v2 a2 mv ; v =
m
= 2 ´ (3.14) 2 ´ (200) 2
T
´ 10 -6 60 ´ 6 ´ 10 -3 m=
v2
= 8 ´ (3.14) 2 ´ 10 -2 ´ 6 ´ 10 -1 W T T
= 0.474 W = 2p2 n2 a2 2
× v = 2p2 n2 a2
v v
l
E = Pt = P × 2 ´ (3.14) 2 ´ (100) 2 (0.5 ´ 10 -3 ) 2 ´ 100
v =
0.474 ´ 2 0.474 ´ 2 100
= = J = 9.48 mJ
60 100 = 2 ´ (3.14) ´ 10 ´ 0.25 ´ 10 -6
2 4
6 ´ 10 -3 = 4.93 ´ 10 -2 W = 49 mW
= 2p rad/m Dl Dl E
Stress = Y =E =
y = A cos ( wt - kx) = A cos (200pt - 2px) l l 100
¶y p p p
= 2p A sin (200pt - 2px) 14. A = 4 m, w = , k = , q =
¶x 5 9 6
When, y = 0 w p/5 9
\ v= = = m/s
Þ sin (200pt - 2px) = 0 k p/ 9 5
Þ sin (200pt - 2px) = 1 2p 2p
l= = = 18 m
p 1 k p/ 9
\ 2pA = ÞA= = 0.025 m
20 40 w p/ 5 1
\ y = 0.025 cos (200pt - 2px) n= = = Hz
2 p 2 p 10
2p 2p
9. w = = = 8 p rad/s; 15. w = 10p and k = 01 . p
T 0.25
w 8p p 2p 2p
k= = = rad/cm Þ l= = = 20 m
v 48 6 k 01 . p
2p 2p
y = A sin ( wt - kx) \ Df = Dx = ´ 10 = p
p l 20
= A sin æç 8 p ´ 1 - ´ 67 ö÷ 2
è 6 ø 16. y =
p A (2x - 6.2t) 2 + 20
= A sin = A sin 30° = = 3 cm
6 2 2
Þ A= = 0.1 m, k = 2 rad/m
Þ A = 6 cm 20
vA TA rA B TA p d2B and w = 6.2 rad/s
10. = × = w 6.2
\ v= = = 3.1 m /s
vB rA A TB TB p d2A k 2
w 6.2
dB TA dB TB / 2 n= = = 1 Hz
= = 2 p 2 ´ 3.1
dATB dB / 2 TB 2p 2p
1 l= = = pm
=2´ = 2 k 2
2 1
17. I = 2p2 n2 A 2 rv = w2 A 2 rv
11. E µ A 2 n2 for E to constant, An = 2
2 2 2
constant E IST 2p n A rv St
u= = =
A A n A = A Bn B Þ A A 4n B = A Bn B V V V
1
Þ AB = 4 A A = 2p2 n2 A 2 r = rw2 A 2
2
12. k = 1 rad/m; v = 4 m/s E 2 2 2
P = = I . S = 2p n A rv × S
t
Þ w = vk = 4 rad/s 1 2 2
6 6 = rw A v × S
\ y= = 2
( kx - wt) + 3 ( x - 4 t) 2 + 3
2
E P
E = Pt Þ P = = IS Þ I =
Dl t S
Y
Y l =v Dl 18. y = A sin ( px + pt)
13. v l = and v t = l
r r l
y ( x, 0) = A sin ( px) Þ y = 0 for x =0 and 1
l v Dl 1
Þ = l = 10 \ = a = - w2 y = - w2 A sin ( px)
Dl v t l 100 1 3
Þ a = ± w2 A at x = and
2 2
8 | Waves & Motion
1 3 x t x t
v P = pA cos ( px) Þ v p = 0 for x = and 20. y = A sin 2p æç - ö÷ = A sin 2p æç - ö÷
2 2 è a bø èl Tø
So all the above options are correct. Þ l = a, T = b
2p l a
19. y = A sin ( x - bt) = A sin ( kx - wt) Þ v = nl = =
a T b
2p 2pb y a
k= , w= 21.
a a
w 2pb/ a
Þv= = =b x Þ x
k 2p/ a
2p 2p
l= = =a
k 2p / a
as a = - w2 y
JEE Corner
¢ Assertion and Reason
1. For propagation of transverse waves 7. Electromagnetic wave are non-
medium require tension which is mechanical, they travel depending upon
possible due to modulus of rigidity. And electric and magnetic properties of
in gases there is no such Young’s medium. They can travel in medium as
modulus or surface tension. So the well as an vacuum. So reason is false.
reason given is correct explanation.
T 1
2. Surface tension of water plays the role of 8. As speed, v = Þ vµ in second
m m
modulus of rigidity and that is why
transverse waves can travel on liquid string m is more (by looking) so v will be
surface. less. Thus reason is true explanation of
assertion.
3. Both the waves are travelling in same
direction with a phase difference of p. So 9. At point A both v p and Dl is zero ie, K.E.
reason is false. and P.E. are minimum while at B both v p
4. v = fl is constant for a particular and Dl are maximum i. e., both K.E. and
medium so if frequency is doubled P.E. are maximum. Thus both assertion
wavelength becomes half, and speed and reason are true but not correct
remains constant. Thus assertion is explanation.
false. 12. y
5. Sound is mechanical wave which
requires material medium for P
propagation and as on moon there is no x
atmosphere, sound cannot travel.
2p
6. Angular wave number, n = while
l
1 If P is moving downword then it shows
wave number, k = which is defined as
l that the wave is travelling in (-) ve x
the number of waves per unit length. direction. So assertion is false.
Waves & Motion | 9
Df 2p 360°
11. A = 2a cos , for A = a \ Df = = = 120°
2 3 3
Df 1 p Assertion is true but the reason is false.
Þ cos = = cos
2 2 3
4 + 10 + 6 y y
t2 =
1 4
3 3
= 20 s upright 1 1
y y x x
6. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
4 t = 2s t = 3s
3 3
y y
1 1
x x 4
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 3 3
t = 2s t = 3s
1 1
x x
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
t = 2s t = 5s
AIEEE Corner
Subjective Question (Level 1) p
¢ A = 102 + 202 + 2 ´ 10 ´ 20 cos
3
1. A = A12 + A12 + 2 A1 A1 cos 90°
= 100 + 400 + 200 = 700 = 10 7
= A1 2 = 4 2 cm = 5.66 cm = 26.46 units
2. v2 = 2 v1 p
20 sin
v - v1 v 1 tan q = 3
Ar = 2 A= 1 A= A p
v2 + v1 3v1 3 10 + 20 cos
2 v2 4v1 4 3
At = A= A= A p 3
v2 + v1 3v1 3 = sin =
2 3 2
I r æ Ar ö 1
=ç ÷ = -1 æ 3 ö
Ii è A ø 9 Þ q = tan ç ÷ = 0.714 rad
è 2 ø
It 1 8
and =1 - = \ Phase = 5x + 25t + 0.714 rad.
Ii 9 9
4. y1 = 1 cm sin ( p cm -1 x - 50 ps -1 t)
Superposition of Waves | 13
p
y2 = 1.5 cm sin æç cm -1 x - 100 ps -1 t ö÷ Þ
è2 ø
t=0s t = 0.01 s
Þ
æ 250 p ö
y1 ( 4.5, 5 ´ 10 -3 ) = 1 cm sin ç 4.5 p - ÷
è 1000 ø Þ
t = 0.02 s
9 p
= 1 sin æç p - ö÷ 6. (a)
è2 4ø
æ 17 p ö 1 cm 1 cm/3 1 cm 1 cm/s
= 1 sin ç ÷ Þ
è 4 ø
p 1 cm 1 cm 2 cm 1cm 1cm 1cm
= 1 cm sin æç 4 p + ö÷ t=0 t=1s
è 4ø
p 1 1 cm 1 cm/s
= 1 sin = cm and
4 2 Þ Þ
-3 æ 9 p 500 p ö 1cm 1cm
y2 ( 4.5, 5 ´ 10 ) = 1.5 cm sin ç - ÷
è 4 1000 ø t = 2s t = 3s
1 cm 1 cm
9p p ö
= 1.5 cm sin æç - ÷
è 4 2ø 1 cm
æ 5p ö
= 1.5 sin ç ÷ t = 4s
è 4ø
p
= 1.5 sin æç p + ö÷ (b)
è 4ø
æ pö 1 cm 1 cm/s 1 cm 1 cm/s
= - 1.5 sin ç ÷ Þ
è4ø
1.5 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm 1cm 1cm 1cm
=- cm t=0 t = 1s
2
1 1.5 1 cm 1 cm/s
\ y = y1 + y2 = - 2 cm
2 2 Þ
0.5 1 1cm 1cm 1 cm
=- =- cm
2 2 2 t = 2s t = 3s
T 16 N
5. v = = 1 cm
m 0.4 ´ 10 ´ 102 kg/N
-3
1cm 1cm
16 ´ 102 t = 4s
= = 20 m /s
4
7. y = 1.5 sin (0.4 x) cos (200t)
(a) For same shape, time,
2 l 2 ´ 0.2 = 2A sin kx cos wt
t= = s = 0.02 s 2p 2p
v 20 l= = = 5p m = 15.7 m
(b) k 0.4
w 200 100
n= = = Hz = 31.8 Hz
2p 2p p
w 200
v= = = 500 m /s
k 0.4
14 | Superposition of Waves
Þ 2 n 0 = 60 Hz or n 0 = 30 Hz and n = 1 2p
17. R = 2 A sin Kx = 4 mm sin x
i. e., vibrations are 3rd, 5th and 7th l
harmonic.
2mm 4mm 2mm
l 0 = 2l = 1.6 m
\ v = n 0 l 0 = 30 Hz ´ 1.6 m 1 2
= 48 m /s 2px
p = 4 mm sin
13. y = y1 + y2 + y 3 = 12 sin æç q - ö÷ 3m
è 2ø
2 px
p 2 mm = 4 mm sin
+ 6 sin ( q + 0) + 4 sin ç q + ö÷
æ
3
è 2ø 2 px p
Þ =
= 6 sin q - 12 cos q + 4 cos q 3 3
= 6 sin q - 8 cos q Þ x = 0.5 m
p
Þ R = 62 + 8 2 + 2 ´ 6 ´ 8 cos Thus points 1 and 2 are at 0.5 m from
2 their nearest boundary. So separation
= 100 = 10 mm between them is
1.5 m - 2 ´ 0.5 m = 0.5 m = 50 m
14. (2n + 1) n 0 = 105 Hz
18. y = - A sin ( wt - kx)
and (2n + 3) n 0 = 175 Hz 2pn ö
Þ 2n 0 = 70 Hz = - A sin æç 2pnt - x÷
è v ø
Þ n 0 = 35 Hz = - A sin (6 pt - 2px)
1 1 1 1 1 1 y(3, t) = + A = - A sin (6 pt - 6 p)
15. l1 : l2 : l 3 = : : = : :
n1 n2 n 3 1 3 4 = A sin (6p - 6p t)
p 11
= 12 : 4 : 3 \ 6p - 6p t = Þ = 6t
2 2
\ 12x + 4 x + 3 x = 114 cm 11
114 Þ t= s
Þ x= cm = 6 cm 12
19 2p 2p 3
19. Df1 = Dx = × l =3p
\ l1 = 12x = 72 cm, l2 = 4 x = 24 cm, l l 2
l 3 = 3 x = 18 cm p p 5p
and Df2 = - Þ Df = 3 p - =
16. f µ T 2 2 2
f /2 Vrg - Vs1 g s2 1 20. nn 0 = 400 Hz , ( n + 1)n = 450 Hz
= = 1- =
f Vrg r 2 Þ n 0 = 50 Hz and n = 8
s1 1 s 3 1 T 1 T
Þ 1- = Þ 1 = n0 = Þl =
r 4 r 4 2l m 2n 0 m
f /3 Vrg - Vs2 g s 1 1 490 70
= = 1- 2 = = = = 0.7 m
f Vrg r 3 2 ´ 50 0.1 100
s 1 s 8 l 2
Þ 1- 2 = Þ 2 = 21. 3 × = 1 m, l = m
r q r 9 2 3
s1 3 / 4 27 s 32 2
\ = = Þ 2 = = 1.18 v = nl = 300 Hz ´ m = 200 m/s
s2 8 / 9 32 s1 27 3
l1 2l2 3 l 3
where s1 is density of water and s2 is 22. l = , ,
density of the other liquid. 2 2 2
18 | Superposition of Waves
2l 2l 1 T 1
Þ l1 = 2l, l2 = , l3 = = = nA
2 3 4 ld pr 4
2l 2l
\ l1 : l2 : l 3 = 2l : : \Third overtone of n B = 4n B = n A
2 3
1 1
=1: : ¢ Passage (Q 28 to 30)
2 3
2p I r = (100% - 36%) I i = 64% I i = 0.64 I i
23. Df = Dx
l Ar Ir v - v1
2p 2p \ = = 0.64 = 0.8 = ± 2
= Dx = ´ (16 - 10) Ai Ii v2 + v1
vT 300 ´ 0.04
Þ 0.8 v2 + 0.8 v1 = ± (v2 - v1 )
2p
= ´6=p Þ - 0.2 v2 = 1.8 v1
12
w 30 Þ v2 = 9 v1
24. v = = = 30 m/s
k 1 for rarer boundary
1
T T or 1.8 v2 = 0.8 v1 Þ v2 = v1
= = 9
m rA
for danser boundary
\ T = rAv2 = 8000 ´ 10 -6 ´ 900 = 7.2 N
2 28. A r = 0.8 A
25. 5n 0 = 480 Hz, 2n 0 = ´ 480 Hz
5 p
29. Y = A sin æç ax + bt + ö÷ + 0.8
= 192 Hz è 2ø
2 p
Ir æA ö A sin æç ax - bt + + p ö÷
26. = 0.64 = ç r ÷ è 2 ø
Ii è Ai ø p
Ar = A sin æç ax + bt + ö÷ - 0.8
Þ = 0.8 Þ A r = 0.8 A i è 2ø
Ai p
v - v1 A sin æç ax - bt + ö÷
4 è 2ø
Ar = 2 A i = 0.8 A i = A i
v2 + v1 5 = A cos ( ax + bt) - 0.8 A cos ( ax - bt)
Þ 5 v2 - 5 v1 = ± ( 4v2 + 4v1 ) = A cos ax cos bt - A sin ax sin bt
- 0.8 A cos ax cos bt
1
Þ v2 = 9v1 , v1 - 0.8 A sin ax sin bt
9
= 0.2 A cos ax cos bt - 1.8 A sin ax sin bt
For, v2 > v1 the boundary is rarer and = 0.2 A cos ax cos bt - 0.2 A sin ax sin bt
there will not be any change in phase of - 1.6 A sin ax sin bt
reflected wave and for v2 < v1 a phase = 0.2 A cos ( ax + bt)
change of 180° takes place.
- 1.6 A sin ( ax) sin ( bt)
\ Yr = 0.8 A sin ( kx + wt + 30°+ 180° )
= cA cos ( ax + bt) - 1.6 A sin ax sin bt
1 T 1 T
27. n A = 2
= Þ e = 0.2
2 l rpd ld pr
30. For antinodes, sin ax = ± 1
4
p
1 2T Þ ax = (2n + 1)
nB = 2
2 ´ 2l 4 d2 p p 3 p 5p
2r p x = (2n + 1) = , ,
4 2a 2 a 2a 2a
Superposition of Waves | 19
3p
So for second antinode, x = constant, wavelength increases while
2a frequency is constant, wavelength
n 0 + 15 1 + 0.21 increases while phase do not change
31. = = 1×1
n0 1 during change in medium.
Þ 15 = 0.1 n 0 Þ n 0 = 150 Hz 35. Y = A sin kx cos wt = 2a sin kx cos wt
n2 T2 1.21 A
= = = 11
. a = , third overtone means fourth
n1 T1 1 2
harmonic and wire oscillate with four
Þ n2 = 110% of v1 loops.
l 0 = 2l which do not change l 2p 4 p
l = 4 = 2l = 2 × =
So, (a), (c) and (d) are correct. 2 k k
32. For interference, sources must be and stationary wave do not propagate.
coherent there frequency has to be equal 36. For stationary waves, frequency and
and phase different has to be constant. amplitude has to be same and direction
So, (a) and (d) are correct. has to be opposite with constant phase
33. Stationary waves are formed due to difference.
superposition (here use of the term It is satisfied in (b) and (d) only.
‘interference’ is literary and not 37. y = y1 + y2 = 2 A cos kx sin wt
scientific because interference is a
different phenomenon than = R sin wt
stationary waves) of waves having R = 2 A cos kx so at x = 0 there is
some amplitude, same frequency and antinode.
travelling opposite direction. Here nodes \ cos kx = ± 1
are the points who always remain at np p 2p
Þ kx = np, x = = 0, , ,
rest. Total energy is always conserved. k 4 x
34. A medium is said to be rarer if speed of are antinodes.
wave in it is higher. And as frequency is
JEE Corner
Assertion and Reason p p
¢ = 2 A sin æç kx + ö÷ cos æç wt - ö÷
è 4ø è 4ø
1. y1 + y2 = A sin ( wt + kx) p
= R cos æç wt - ö÷
+ A cos ( wt - kx) è 4ø
p p
= A sin ( wt + kx) + A sin æç - wt + kx ö÷ where, R = 2 A sin æç kx + ö÷;
è2 ø è 4ø
p p
wt + kx + - wt + kx R(0) = 2 A sin = A 2
= 2 A sin 2 4
2 So, at x = 0, node is not present, i. e.,
p
wt + kx - + cot - kx Assertion is false.
cos 2
2. In stationary waves only nodes are at
2
rest and not other particles. It is so
20 | Superposition of Waves
p
called as energy is not transmitted, thus + A sin æç q + ö÷
assertion is false. è 2ø
3. In rarer medium speed of wave is higher = - A cos q + A sin q + A cos q
and as = A sin q
2 v2 \ R = AÞ I f = Ii
At = Ai
v1 + v2 Assertion and reason are both true but
Þ At > Ai reason do no explain assertion.
so reason is correct explanation to 10. For two coherent sources phase
assertion. difference has to be constant and that
constant be same at all points as
4. In second overtone or third harmonic
Df ¹ Df ( t). Different light sources can
there are three loops or three antinodes never be coherent. So phase difference
or four nodes. And length of the string, must be same, thus assertion is false.
l
l = 3 so, assertion and reason are both
2 ¢ Match the Columns
true.
T T v
1. v1 = and v2 = = 1
m 9m 3
N A N A N A N
v1
Þ =3
5. As speed of wave is constant in stretched v2
wire, and v = fl, so with increase in v - v1 / 3 2/ 3 1
Ar = 1 Ai = Ai = Ai
frequency, wavelength decreases. So v1 + v1 / 3 4 /3 2
reason is correct explanation of 2 v2
assertion. and A t = Ai
v1 + v2
6. In stationary waves, amplitude of nodes 2 v1 / 3 1
is zero and it is possible only when = Ai = Ai
v1 + v1 / 3 2
superposing waves has same amplitude.
But it is not the only condition, there has A1 A r 1/ 2 A i
(a) = = = 1®q
to be same frequency, opposite direction A2 A t 1/ 2 A i
of propagation and constant phase v
(b) 1 = 3 ® r
difference. So assertion is not completely v2
true. 2
I æA ö 1 2 1
7. Energy lying between conservative node (c) r = ç r ÷ = æç ö÷ = and
I i è Ai ø è2ø 4
and antinode is constant where it moves
to and fro between node and antinode. It 1 3
=1 - =
2 Ii 4 4
I 25 æ 5 ö2 æ A1 + A2 ö
8. max = = ç ÷ = çç ÷÷ I 1 I r I r / I i 1/ 4 1
I min 1 è1ø è A1 - A2 ø \ = = = = ®s
I2 It I t / I i 3/ 4 3
Þ 5 ( A1 - A2 ) = A1 + A2
(d) P = IS = 2p2 n2 A 2 r vr
Þ 4 A1 = 6 A2 Þ A1 : A2 = 3 : 2.
1 T
Thus reason is the correct explanation = w2 A 2 m
2 m
of assertion.
p 1 2 2
9. y = A sin æç q - ö÷ + A sin q = w A Tm
è 2ø 2
Superposition of Waves | 21
1 2 2
w A1 Tm 1 increase in speed wavelength
P1 2
= increases ® p
P2 1 w2 A 2 Tm
2 2 (c) As v t > v i then A t > A i ® p
2
(d) Frequency remains unchanged ® r
A2 m 1 m1
= 12 = 4. R= A 2 + A 2 + 2 × A × A × cos q
A2 m 2 9m 1
1 q
= ®s = 2 A cos
3 2
3 60°
v (a) R(60° ) = 2 A cos
n 3 2
2. (a) 2 = 2l = ® r 3
5
n4 v 5 = 2 A cos 30° = 2 A × =A 3®s
2l 2
(b) Number of nodes in 3rd harmonic is (b) R(120° ) = 2 A cos 120°/ 2 = 2 A cos 60°
4 and in Fifth harmonic 6, 1
= 2A × = A ® s
4 2 2
so, = ® p
6 3 (c) R (90° ) = 2 A cos 90°/ 2
(c) Number of antnodes in 3rd = 2 A cos 45° = A 2
harmonic is 3 and in fifth harmonic
3 Þ I R = 2 A 2 = 2I i ® p
5, 50, ® r
5 (d) R(0° ) = 2 A cos (0°/ 2) = 2 A
l2 n4 5 Þ I R = 4 A2 = 4I i ® r
(d) = = ®s
l4 n2 3 5. n2 = 3n 0 = 210 Hz Þ n 0 = 70 Hz
3. In danser medium speed of wave is (a) n 0 = 70 Hz ® s
lesser and in rarer medium it is greater.
(b) n2 = 3n 0 = 210 Hz ® p
(a) When wave goes from denser to
rarer medium its speed increases (c) n 3 = 4n 0 = 4 ´ 70 Hz = 280 Hz ® r
® p (d) n1 = 2 n 0 = 140 Hz ® s
(b) As frequency do not change with
change in medium then with
16. Sound Waves
Introductory Exercise 16.1
1. P0 = S0 kB p0 p0
(b) S0 = =
kB 2 p
P0 P l × rv2
Þ B= = 0 l
S0 k 2pS0 p0 vl
p0 l p0
14 ´ 0.35 = 2
= 2
=
= 2p rv 2p nr v 2p nrv
2 ´ 3.14 ´ 5.5 ´ 10 -6
10
= m
= 1.4 ´ 105 N/m 2 2 ´ 3.14 ´ 10 3 ´ 1.29 ´ 340
v 1450 m /s
2. l = Þ l max = = 72.5 m, = 3.63 ´ 10 -6 m
n 20 Hz P P0 P
1450 m /s 4. S0 = 0 = = 0
l min = = 7.25 cm kB 2p nr v wrv
20000 Hz P0 k
= 2
3. Pressure wave and displacement wave rw
p 12 ´ 8.18
has a phase difference of , so,
2 =
. ´ (2700) 2
129
(a) When pressure is maximum,
displacement is minimum i.e., zero. = 1.04 ´ 10 -5 m
Y 2p 2pn
Df = Dx = Dx
P l v
S1 2 p ´ 170
q
v
= ´ (11 - 8) = 3 p = q
d X 340
q 3p
S2
(a) \ I R = 4 I 0 cos 2 = 4 I 0 cos 2
í ì
=0
ì
d sin q
2 2
l (b) Df¢ = 3 p + p = 4 p
(a) \ d sin q = for first minima 4p
2 Þ I R¢ = 4 I 0 cos = 4I 0
l v ö 2
q = sin -1 æç ö÷ = sin -1 æç ÷ = 4 ´ 10 -6 W/m 2
è 2d ø è 2nd ø
4 ´ 10 -6
æ 340 ö LR¢ = 10 log
= sin -1 çç ÷
÷ 10 -12
è 2 ´ 600 ´ 2 ø
= 10 log 10 6 dB + 10 log 4
= sin -1 (0.142) = 0.142 rad
= 60 dB + 2 log 2 dB
= 8.14 °
= 60 dB + 6 dB = 66 dB
(b) For, first maxima d sin q = l 2pn 2p ´ 85
l 340 ö (e) Df¢¢ = × Dx = ´ (11 - 8)
Þ q = sin -1 æç ö÷ = sin -1 æç ÷ v 340
è dø è 1200 ø 3p
= =q
= 16. 46° 2
d 3p
(c) Dx max £ d Þ nl £ d, n £ I R ¢¢ = 4 I 0 cos 2
l 4
2 ´ 600 p
= = 3.53 = 4 I 0 cos ç p - ö÷ = 2I 0
2æ
340 è 4ø
Þ n = 3 maxima. 2 ´ 10 -6
Þ LR ¢¢ = 10 log = 63 dB
5. (a) For coherent speakers in phase, 10 -12
I R = 4 I 0 cos 2
q 10 -3 10 -3
7. (a) I 1 = =
2 4 p ´ 22 16 p
2p 2p l
Df = Dx = × = p= q = 19.9 ´ 10 -6 W/m 2
l l 2
p = 19.9 mW / m 2
Þ I R = 4 I 0 cos = 0
2 10 -3 10 -3
I2 = =
(b) For incoherent sources, 4 p ´ 32 36 p
I R = I 1 + I 2 = I 0 + I 0 = 2I 0 = 8.84 ´ 10 -6 W/m 2
(c) For coherent speakers with a phase = 8.84 mW / m 2
difference 180°. (b) ( I P ) max = ( I 1 + I 2 ) 2
Df¢ = 180° + Df = p + p = 2p = ( 4.46 + 2.97 ) 2
2p
Þ I R¢ = 4 I 0 cos 2 = 4I 0 = 55.27 mW/m 2
2
(c) ( I P ) min = ( I 1 - I 2 ) 2
I0
6. 60 dB = 10 log = ( 4.46 - 2.97) 2
10 -12
= 2.22 mW/m 2
Þ 10 6 ´ 10 -12 = I 0
(d) I P = I 1 + I 2 = 28.7 mW/m 2
Þ I 0 = 10 -6 W/m 2
Sound Waves | 25
n A = (256 ± 4) Hz Þ n A = 387 Hz
and n A - n = (256 ± 6) Hz n A = (384 ± 3) Hz
\ 256 ± 4 - n = 256 ± 6 and n A - n = 384 ± m, m < 3
± 4 m 6 = nÞ n = - 4 + 6 = 2 \ 384 ± 3 - n = 385 ± m
26 | Sound Waves
Þ ±3-n=±m TA
Þ = 1.02
Þ ± 3 m m = n = ( +) ve TB
Þ n=+3-m v
4. 256 ± 4 =
Þ n A = 384 + 3 = 387 Hz 2 ´ 0.25
1 TA v
6 Hz = 600 Hz = and 256 =
2l m 2 ´ (0.25 - x)
256 2 ´ 0.25 1
1 TB = =
and 600 Hz = 252 2 (0.25 - x) 1 - 4 x
2l m
TA 256 - 4 ´ 256 x = 252
606
Þ = = 1.01 Þ 4 = 4 ´ 256 x
600 TB 1 100
x= m= cm = 0.4 cm
256 256
AIEEE Corner
¢ Subjective Questions (Level 1)
t1 t 1 1 T2 v 300
1. d = d1 + d2 = v +v 2 v mix = vH = v0 = 0
2 2 3 2
3 T1 3 273
v 332 æ 3 5 ö
= ( t1 + t2 ) = ç + ÷ v0 1300
2 2 è 2 2ø = = = 787 m /s
2.73 2.73
= 332 ´ 2 = 664 m
10 -6
The time for third eco is, 7. L1 = 10 log = 60 log 10 = 60 dB
3 5 10 -12
t = t1 + t2 = + = 4 s 10 -9
2 2 L2 = 10 log = 30 log 10 = 30 dB
7 10 -12
´ 8.314 ´ 300 Þ L1 = 2L2
gRT
2. v = = 5 I
M 2 ´ 10 -3 8. 100 dB = 10 log dB
I0
= 21 ´ 8.314 ´ 104 = 1321 m /s
Þ I = 1010 I 0 = 10 -2 W /m 2
gp P = 4 pr2 I = 4 p ´ ( 40) 2 ´ 10 -2
3. v =
r = 64 p W = 201 W
5 I
´ 76 ´ 10 -2 ´ 13.6 ´ 10 3 ´ 9.8 9. (a) 60 dB = 10 log dB
= 3 I0
0.179 Þ I = 10 6 I 0 = 10 -6 W/m 2
5 ´ 76 ´ 136 ´ 9.8 (b) P = AI = 120 ´ 10 -4 ´ 10 -6 W
= = 971 m /s
3 ´ 0.179 = 1.2 ´ 10 -8 watt
I
4. (a) B = rv2 = rn2 l2 10. (a) DL = 13 dB = 10 log 2 dB
I1
= 1300 ´ 16 ´ 104 ´ 64
Þ I 2 = 101. 3 I 1 = 20 I 1
= 1.33 ´ 1010 N/m 2
(b) As with doubling the intensity,
r l2 6400 ´ (15. )2
(b) Y = rv2 = 2 = loudness increases by 3 dB
t (3.9 ´ 10 -4 ) 2 irrespective of the initial intensity.
= 9.47 ´ 1010 Pa P 5 5
11. I = = =
2 4 pr2 4 p (20) 2 4 p ´ 400
Dl Dl æç v t ö÷ F Dl
5. v t = vl Þ = ; =Y 1
l l çè v l ÷ø A l = W/m 2 = 9.95 ´ 10 -4 W/m 2
2
320p
æv ö 1 2 Y 1 I
= Y çç t ÷÷ = Y æç ö÷ = (b) I = 2p2 n2 a2 rv Þ a =
è tl ø è 30 ø 900 pn 2 r v
2 ´ 2 + 1 ´ 14 1 1
6. M mix = = 6 m/mole =
2+1 300 p 320 p ´ 2 ´ 129
. ´ 330
v mix MH 2 1 1 1
= 2
= = =
vH M mix 6 3 300 p ´ 1012 85.5
2
= 1.15 ´ 10 -6 m
28 | Sound Waves
I Aa 5.66 ´ 10 -9
12. 60 dB = 10 log dB (c) A a > A w ; = = 60
10 -12 A w 9.44 ´ 10 -11
1 T
Þ I = 10 -6 W/m 2 and a = As bulk modulus of water is much
pn 2 rv larger than air, such that
1 10 -6 displacement of particles of medium
= = 13.6 ´ 10 -9 m becomes less.
800 p 2 ´ 1 .29 ´ 330
p2 (6 ´ 10 -5 ) 2
13. 102 dB = 10 log
I
dB 16. I = 0 = W/m 2
I0 2 rv 2 ´ 1.29 ´ 343
Þ I = 1010.2 I 0 = 1010.2 - 12 = 4 ´ 10 - 12 W
I 4 ´ 10 -12
= 10 -1. 8 W/m 2 \ L = 10 log = 10 log
P = 4 p r2 I
I0 10 -12
= 4 ´ 3.14 ´ (20) 2 ´ 10 -1. 8 = 20 log 2 = 6 dB
v
= 80 W 17. n o = = 594 Hz;
2l
14. I = 2p2 v2 a2 rv v n 0 594
nc = = = Hz = 297 Hz
= 2 ´ (3.14) 2 ´ (300) 2 4l 2 2
´ (0.2 ´ 10 -3 ) 2 ´ 1.29 ´ 330 W/m 2 ( n + 1)v 344
18. n 0 = = ( n + 1)
= 30 .25 W/m 2 2l 2 ´ 0.45
I 30.25 = ( n + 1) ´ 382.2 Hz
L = 10 log dB = 10 log dB
I0 10 -12 = 3822 . Hz, 764.4 Hz, 1146.7 Hz,
= 134.8 dB (2n + 1)v
nt =
B 2.18 ´ 10 9 2l
15. (a) v w = = 344
r 10 3 = (2n + 1)
2 ´ 0.45
= 1.48 ´ 10 3 m /s
I 1 I (2n + 1) ´ 191.1 Hz
Aw = =
2 2
2p n rv pn 2rv = 191.1 Hz, 573.3 Hz, 955.6 Hz
v
1 3 ´ 10 -6 19. n c =
= 4l
3400 p 2 ´ 10 3 ´ 1.48 ´ 10 3
Þ v = 4 l n c = 4 ´ 0.15 ´ 500 = 300 m /s
= 9.44 ´ 10 -11 m v 300
no = = = 250 Hz
v 1.48 ´ 10 3 2l o 2 ´ 0.6
lw = N = = 0.43 m
n 3400 20. y = A cos kx cos wt
gp 1.4 ´ 105 2p 330
(b) v a = = = 341.6 m /s = A cos x cos 2p t
r 1.2 1.6 1.6
1 3 ´ 10 -6 = A cos 3.93 x cos 1296 t
Aa =
3400 p 2 ´ 1.2 ´ 3416
. 2n + 1 2n + 3
21. n = v= v
-9 4 ´ 0.5 4 ´ 0.84
= 5.66 ´ 10 m
341.6 2n + 3 84
la = = 0.1 m Þ = = 1.68
3400 2n + 1 50
Sound Waves | 29
Þ 3 - 1.68 = 2n ´ 0.68 v
25. (a) n c =
\ n = 0.97 = 1 as n is an integer 4lc
4l v 4 ´ 0.5 ´ 512 v 345
v= = m /s Þ lc = = = 0.392 m
2n + 1 3 4n c 4 ´ 220
5l 3l 3 4
= 341.3 m/s (b) l 0 = , l 0 = = × lc
2n + 5 4 2 2 5
n= n 6 6
4l = l c = ´ 0.392 m = 0.47 m
2n + 5 5 5
7
Þ l= v= ´ 341.3 vs v
4n 4 ´ 512 26. n s = n c Þ = s
2 ´ 0.8 l c 4 l c
= 1.167 m = 116.7 cm v s 1.6
v 340 Þ = = 0.4
22. n c = = = 85 Hz va 4
4l 4 ´ 1
v 340 17
v 1 F 27. (a) l s = = = m = 113. m
ns = = = 85 n 300 15
l 0.4 m v - vs
(b) l a = l - v s T Þ
4 ´ 10 -3 n
Þ F¢ = (85 ´ 0.4) 2 m = (34) 2 ´ 340 - 30 31
0. 4 = = = 1.03 m
300 30
= 11.65 N v + vs
v l b = l + vs T =
23. n c = Þ v = 4n ( l + l) n
4( l + e) 340 + 30 37 37
= = = = 1.23 m
= 4n( l + 03. d) 300 30 30
= 4 ´ 480 (016
. + 03 . ) = 336 m/s
. ´ 005 1 F Dn 1 DF
28. n = Þ =
(2n + 1) n 2l m n 2 F
24. (a) n e =
4l DF Dn 15. 3
Þ =2 =2´ = = ± 0.68%
5 ´ 330 F n 440 440
Þ 440 =
4l n¢ = n + Dn = 440 ± 1.5
5 ´ 330 15 = 438.5 Hz or 441.5 Hz
Þ l= = m
4 ´ 440 16 29. v = 0.32 m/s;
5l 15
(b) N A =l= l = vT = 0.32 ´ 1.6 m = 0.512 m.
4 16 l - l¢
15 4 3 l¢
Þ l= ´ = m l¢a = l - v s T Þ v s = =v -
16 5 4 T T
2 p 15 0.12
= 0.32 - = 0.245 m/s
Dp = Dp0 cos kx = Dp0 cos ´ 1.6
3 / 4 32
15 p 5p Dp0 l b ¢ ¢ = l + v s T = 0.512 m + 0.245 ´ 1.6
= Dp0 cos = Dp0 cos = = 0.512 + 0.392 = 0.904 m.
12 4 2
v - v0 340 + 18
(c) At open end there is pressure node, 30. (a) n a = n= ´ 262 Hz
v - vs 240 - 30
so, pmax = Dpmin = Dp0
358
(d) At closed end there is pressure = ´ 262 Hz = 302.5 Hz
antinode, such that, 310
v - v0 340 - 18
pmax = p0 + Dp0 and (b) n r = n= ´ 262
pmin = p0 - Dp0 v + vs 340 + 30
30 | Sound Waves
322 1
= ´ 262 Hz = 228 Hz \ v s = m/s
370 2
v v l
31. Dn = n- n 35. (2n + 1) = 11.5 cm
v - vs v + vs 2
2 vv n 2v n vDn l
= 2 s2 ~ - s Þ v= (2n + 3) = 34.5 cm
v - vs v 2v s 2
2n + 3 34.5
340 ´ 4 Þ = = 3 Þ 4n = 0 Þ n = 0
\ n= = 680 Hz 2n + 1 11.5
2´ 1
l
v \ = 11.5 cm Þ l = 23 cm
32. n 0 = n c ± Dn = 110 ± 2.2; n c = 2
4lc v 331.2 m/s
v 330 n= = = 1440 Hz
Þ lc = = l 0.23 m
4n c 4 ´ 110 v 330
3 2v 36. l = = = 1.5 m
\ l c = m; n 0 = n 220
4 2 l0 3 9
Dx = S2 P - S1 P = 3 - = m
2v 2 ´ 330 4 4
Þ l0 = = 3 3 3 l
2n 0 2 (330 ± 2.2) = × = l = (2n + 1)
2 2 2 2
= 0.993 m or 1.007 m 3 1
7 Here, S1 P = = l
33. n p = n Q ± and n P < n Q as beat 4 2
2 2p 2p l
Þ f1 = S1 P = × =p
frequency increases waxing of P. l l 2
v 332 3
nQ + 5 = nQ = nQ and S2 P = 3 = 2 × = 2l
v - vs 332 - 5 2
332 5 2p
= nQ Þ5 = nQ Þ f2 = × 2l = 4 p
327 327 l
Þ n Q = 327 Hz and Destructive interference will take place
7 at P.
n P = 327 - = 323.5 Hz
2 \ PP = Pmin = ( P1 - P2 ) 2
When Q gives 5 beats with its own echo.
= ( 1.8 ´ 10 -3 - 1.2 ´ 10 -3 ) 2
OR
7 332 = 0.6 ´ 10 -3 ( 3 - 2) 2
n P = n Q - = n¢ q - 5 = nQ - 5 = 0.6 ´ 10 -3 ´ 0.1 = 6 ´ 10 -5 W
2 327
7 5 x 2
Þ 5- = nQ 37. Dx = 2 22 + æç ö÷ - x = nl = 1 ´ l
2 327 è2ø
327 ´ 1.5
Þ nQ = = 98.1 Hz 360 m/s
5 = =1m
360 Hz
Þ n P = 98.1 - 2.5 = 94.6 Hz
x2
When P gives 5 beats with the echo of Q. 2 4+ =1 + x
v v 2vv n 2v n 4
34. Dn = n- nÞ 2 s 2 ~ - s æ x2 ö
v - vs v + vs v - vs v or 4 çç 4 + ÷ = 1 + 2x + x2
4 ÷
vn 340 ´ 2 è ø
Þ vs = =
2 n 2 ´ 680 16 - 1 = 2x
x = 7.5 m
Sound Waves | 31
Dl Dn<5 Dn>5
32 | Sound Waves
l (2n + 1) 330 v + v0 æ v ö
31. d = (2n + 1) = × m 34. f a = f = ç 1 + 0 ÷ f and
4 4 660 v è v ø
330 æ v ö
= (2n + 1) cm = (2n + 1) ´ 13.75 cm. fr = ç1 - 0 ÷ f
24 è v ø
= 13.75 cm, 41.25 cm, 68.75 cm, 96.25 cm f a v + v0
etc. =
fr v - v0
v v v ( l2 - l1 )
32. Dn = - = Þ ( f a - f r )v = ( f a + f r )v 0
l1 l2 l1 l2 v f + fr
332 ´ 1 ´ 10 -2 Þ = a .
= = 13.15 Hz v0 fa - fr
0.49 ´ 0.5
and
300 2v0 æ f - fr ö
33. Dn B = n A - n B = ´ 300 - 300 fa - fr = f = 2 çç a ÷f
÷
300 - 30 v è fa + fr ø
= 33.33 Hz and n ¢A ¹ n B¢ f + fr
Þ f = a .
So both (a) and (b) options are wrong. 2
JEE Corner
¢ Assertion and Reason
v v 3v 5v 5. With increase in intensity sound level
1. n c = (2n + 1) = , , ,...
4l 4l 4l 4l increases in lograthmic order so
( n + 1)v v 2 v 3v 4v
while, n 0 = = , , , ,... assertion is false.
2l 2l 2l 2l 2l
gp
it can be seen that n c ¹ n o at all situation 6. Speed of sound v = , with increase in
r
1
and n c = n o so assertion is true but only pressure density increases such
2
reason is false. that p/r remains constant. Again
gRT
2. Apparent frequency is constant for v= so both assertion and reason
constant relative velocity so assertion is M
false. are true but reason is not correct
3. At a point of minimum displacement explanation of assertion.
pressure amplitude is maximum i. e., 7. n A = n B + 4 when A is loaded with little
pressure difference is maximum not
wax then n A sightly decreases and then
pressure. So assertion is false.
beat frequency decreases, but if it is
4. The deriver receiver two sounds one heavily loaded with wax then its
v+u
direct, n 0 = n and other n R = n such frequency goes much below n B such that
v -u beat frequency increases. So, assertion
that be detects beats. So reason is true and reason are both true but reason is
explanation of assertion. not correct explanation of assertion.
34 | Sound Waves
l 4 y
11. 3 = 34 cm Þ l = ´ 34 cm
4 3
v 136
Þ n = Þ v51 = nl = n D E
l 3 x
A B C
v16 273 + 16 289 1 1
= = = =
v51 273 + 51 324 1.121 1.1
nl51 Both (a) and b are correct.
Þ nl16 =
1.1 More Than One
136
\ l16 = = 41.21 cm (2n + 1)v
3 ´ 1.1 19. n =
4l
v -v v+v v 330
12. 176 ´ = 165 ´ Þl = (2n + 1) = (2n + 1) m
v - 22 v 4n 4 ´ 264
Þ 176 v (v - v) = 165 (v + v) (v - 22) = (2n + 1) ´ 31.25 cm
\ = 31.25 cm, 93.75 cm, 156.25 cm
176 ´ 330 (330 - v) = 165(330 + v) (330 - 22)
20. (a) v µ p0 , (b) v µ T Þ v2 µ T,
or 1.143 (330 - v) = 330 + v where T is absolute temperature.
1
or 0.143 ´ 330 = 2.143 v Þ v = 22 m/s (c) v µ F (d) n µ
2 ´ 32 + 3 ´ 48 l
13. M min = = 41.6 \(c) and (d) are correct.
2+3
Dp Dp
n2 v2 m1 32 21. P0 = BA k; B = - -
= = = = 0.77 DV Dp
n1 v1 m2 41.6 p
V
= 0.875 = 175 Hz Dpr r
\ Dr = = BA k = rA k
14. v 0 = gt = 30 m/s B B
v + 30 r µ p;
1100 = ´ 1000, 1.1v = v + 30
v Pressure and density equations are in
p
0.1 v = 30 Þ v = 300 m/s opposite phase i. e., Df = and not p.
2
Passage (Q 5 to 17) So, (a), (b) and (c) are correct.
v m + v p = 8 m/s, 50v m = 150v p 5v 3v 125
. 2 l 2 8
22. = Þ = Þ o = = .
Þ v m = 3v p , 4v p = 8 m/s 4 l c 2l o lc lo l c 1.25 5
v p = 2 m/s and v m = 6 m/s v v 2v
(a) n c = = =
v+2 332 4lc 4 ´ l 5 5 lo
15. n¢ = f0 = f 0 = constant 8
o
v -6 324
4 v 4
v -2 328 = × = no Þ nc < no
16. n¢ ¢ = f0 = f 0 = constant 5 2l o 5
v+6 336 3v 3v 12 v
(b) n c = = = ×
17. n¢ ¢ < f 0 < v¢ and graph is (a) 4lc 4 ´ 5 l 5 2l 0
0
8
18. 6 2v 6
= × = × no Þ nc > no.
5 2 lo 5
36 | Sound Waves
15 v 15 v 6v v
(c) n c = = = = 12 (b) increase in T Þ increase in v Þ
4 lc 4 ´ l 5 lo 2l o increase in f
o
8 (c) increase in M Þ decrease in v Þ
= 12 v 0 twelbth harmonic. decrease in f
(d) Closed organ pipe cannot have (d) increase in P Þ increase in r Þ no
tenth harmonic it only has odd change in v Þ no change in f
harmonics. v v
24. f a = f and f r = f are
v 1 gRT v - vs v + vs
23. f = =
4( l + e) 4( l + e) M constants during approach and received.
(a) increase in r Þ increase in e Þ
decrease in f
3 3 8.31 1
2. KE = kT = ´ ´ 300 J = ´ 1023 ;
2 2 6 ´ 1023 3
3 S = 4 pR2 = 4 ´ 3.14 ´ (6400 ´ 10 3 ´ 102 ) 2
= ´ 8.31 ´ 10 -21 J
4
= 6.21 ´ 10 -21 J = 5.14 ´ 1018 cm 2
N 1023
3 RT \ =
3. v rms = , S 3 ´ 5.14 ´ 1018
M
3 ´ 8.31 ´ 300 = 6.5 ´ 10 3 molecules/cm 2
v He = 3
4 ´ 10 -3 (a) nCV = nR = 35 J/K
2
= 1.37 ´ 10 3 m /s 70
Þ n= = 2.8 mole
3 ´ 8.31 ´ 300 3R
v Ne = = 608.5 m/s 3
20.2 ´ 10 -3 (b) U = nRT = 35 J/K ´ 273 K = 9555 J
2
3 5
KE = kT = 6.21 ´ 10 -21 J (c) C p = CV + R = R = 20.8 J/K mole
2 2
3 RT 8. (a) n(C p - CV ) = nR = 29.1 J/K
4. v rms =
M 29.1
Mv2rms 4 ´ 10 -3 ´ 10 6 Þn= mole = 3.5 mole
ÞT = = 8.314
3R 3 ´ 8.31 3
(b) CV = nc V = n R = 3.5 ´ 1.5 ´ 8.314
= 160.45 K 2
n1r 1 + n2 r 2 (1 - n2 ) r 1 + n2 r 2 = 43.65 J/K
5. r = = 5
n1 + n2 1 - n2 + n2 C p = nc p = n R = CV + nR
2
= r 1 + n2 (r 2 - r 1 ) = 43.65 + 3.5 ´ 8.314
r - r1 1.293 - 1.429 = 72.75 J/K
Þ n2 = =
r 2 - r 1 1.251 - 1.429 5
(c) CV ¢ = nc V = n ´ R = 72.75 J/K
136 3
= = 0.764 = 76.4% by mass 7
178 C p¢ = nc p = n ´ R
V pT ( p + hrg) 2
6. 2 = 1 2 = 0
V1 p2 T1 p0 ´ 277 = 72.75 + 3.5 ´ 8.314
(1.01 ´ 105 + 40 ´ 10 3 ´ 10) ´ 293 = 101.85 J/K
= 3 RT 8 RT
1.01 ´ 105 ´ 277 10. v rms = and v av =
5.01 ´ 293 M pM
= = 5.25 8
1.01 ´ 277 Here 3 > Þ v rms > v av ,
p
Þ V2 = 5.25 V1 = 105 cm 3 i. e., the statement is true.
1
7. N = nN A = ´ 6 ´ 1023
18
40 | Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases
AIEEE Corner
¢ Subjective Questions (Level 1)
C¢ 68 - 32 36 \ T2 = 2 ´ 273.15 K = 546.30 K
1. = = =4
5 9 9
K¢ - 273 68 - 32 7. Rt = R0 (1 + a D q)
Þ C¢ = 20° C ; = =4
5 9 Þ 3.50 = 250 . (1 + 100a) Þ 1 = 250 K
10
.
Þ K¢ = 293 K or a = = 4 ´ 10 -3 /°C
C¢ 5 - 32 27 250
= =- = -3
5 9 9 \ 650 . = 250 . (1 + 4 ´ 10 -3 Dq)
K¢ - 273 5 - 32 Þ 4 = 10 -2 ´ Dq
Þ C¢ = - 15° C; = = -3
5 9 Þ Dq = 400 Þ q2 = 400°C
Þ K¢ = 258 K Þ Dq = 400 Þ q2 = 400°C
C¢ 176 - 32 144 i. e., boiling point of sulphur is 400°C.
= = = 16
5 9 9 T p 75 + 45 120 3
K¢ - 273 8. 2 = 2 = = =
Þ C¢ = 80° C; = 16 T1 p1 75 + 5 80 2
5 3 3
Þ K¢ = 353 K T2 = T1 = ´ 30015 . K
2 2
30 F¢ - 32 = 450225
. K = 177.08 ° C
2. = Þ F¢ = 54 + 32 = 86° F
5 9
9. Dg = g ( a Br - a Fe ) Dq
= 546° R
Dg 1
5 F¢ - 32 Þ Dq = ×
= Þ F¢ = 9 + 32 = 41° F = 501° R g a Br - a Fe
5 9
20 F¢ - 32 0.01 ´ 10 -3 1
- = = -2
×
5 9 6 ´ 10 a Br - a Fe
-3
Þ F¢ = - 36 + 32 = - 41° F 10
=
= 456° R 6 ( a Br - a Fe )
x x - 32 9 4 10 -3
3. = Þ 32 = x - x = - x \ q2 = q1 +
5 9 5 5 6 ( a Br - a Fe )
5
Þ x = - ´ 32 = - 40° 10 -3 100
4 = 30° C + = 30° C +
6 ( a Br - a Fe ) 6 ´ 0.63
Þ - 40° C = - 40° F
DC DF 9 9 = 57.78 ° C.
4. = Þ DF = DC = ´ 40 = 72°
5 9 5 5 10. (a) Dl = l aDq ~
- 88.42 ´ 2.4 ´ 10 -5 ´ 30
\ F2 = F1 + 72° = 140 .2° F = 0.064 cm
32 - 20 C¢ - 0
5. = (b) Dl = l ( a Al - a St ) Dq
80 - 20 100 - 0
= 88.42 (2.4 - 1.2) ´ 10 -5 ´ 30
12 C¢ 12 ´ 100
Þ = Þ C¢ = = 20° C = 0.032 cm
60 100 60
l S = l + Dl = 88.42 + 0.032 cm
T2 p 160
6. = 2 = = 2 Þ T2 = 2T1 = 88.45 cm
T1 p1 80
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases | 41
Dl p1 V1 T2 p T
11. ´ 100% = a D q ´ 100% 17. V2 = × = 1 × 2 × V1
l T1 p2 p2 T1
= - 1.2 ´ 10 -5 ´ 35 ´ 100% =
1
´
270
´ 500 m 3 = 900 m 3
= - 0.042% 0.5 300
Dl pV p V
12. F = YA = YA a Dq 18. 1 1 = 2 2
l T1 T2
= 2 ´ 1011 ´ 2 ´ 10 -6 ´ 1.2 ´ 10 -5 ´ 40 æ mg + p ö A × h æ mg + p ö Ah
ç 0 ÷ i ç 0 ÷ f
A A
= 4 ´ 1.2 ´ 40 N = 160 ´ 1.2 N = 192 N Þè ø =è ø
293 273
13. Vsg = (50 - 45) ´ 10 -3 kg 373 373
Þ hf = hi = ´ 4 cm = 50.9 cm
= 5 ´ 10 -3 kg 293 293
V ¢ s¢ g = (50 - 451. ) ´ 10 -3 kg n n 25/ 28 40/ 4
19. p1 = p2 Þ 1 = 2 = =
= 4.9 ´ 10 -3 kg V1 V2 L1 A L2 A
s L1 25 1 5
V (1 + g s Dq) g = 4.9 ´ 10 -3 Þ = ´ = = 0.089
1 + g l Dq L2 28 10 56
1 + g s Dq 4.9 n1 25/ 28 25 5
= = = = = 0.089
1 + g l Dq 5 n2 40/ 4 280 56
Þ 5 + 5g s Dq = 4.9 + 4.9 g e Dq
0.1 + 5g s Dq 1 5 20. n = n1 + n2
gl = = + gs
4.9 Dq 49 Dq 4.9 Þ p( V1 + V2 ) = p1 V1 + p2 V2
1 5 p V + p2 V2
gs = + ´ 12 ´ 10 -6 Þ p= 1 1
49 ´ 75 4.9 V1 + V2
1.38 ´ 0.11 + 0.69 ´ 0.16
= 272.1 ´ 10 -6 + 12.2 ´ 10 -6 \p = MPa
0.11 + 0.16
= 2.84 ´ 10 -4 ° C
0.1518 + 0.1104 0.2622
14. M = 14 + 3 = 17 g/mole = = = 0.97 MPa
0.27 0.27
= 17 ´ 10 -3 kg/mole pV1 pV2 pV pV
21. + = 1 1 + 1 2
17 ´ 10 -3 T T T1 T2
ÞM = kg/molecule
6033
. ´ 10 -23 1 atm
´ 600 cm 3
. ´ 10 -26 kg/molecule
= 282 293 K
6
pV 1.52 ´ 10 ´ 10
-2 æ 400 cm 3 200 cm 3 ö
15. n = = = 6.13 = p1 ç + ÷
RT 8.314 ´ 298.15 ç 373 K 273 K ÷
è ø
-3 600/ 293
m nM 6.13 ´ 2 ´ 10 Þ p1 = atm
r= = = 400 200
V V 10 -2 +
= 1.23 kg/m 3 373 273
3
m¢ nM ¢ 16 nM \ p1 = atm
r¢ = = = = 16 r æ 2 1 ö
V V V 293 ç + ÷
è 373 273 ø
= 19.62 kg/m 3 3 3
V 76 = = atm
16. p2 = p1 1 = 1 atm ´ 1.57 + 1.07 2.64
V2 6
= 1.136 atm
= 12.7 atm
42 | Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases
3 33. p = aV Þ pV - b = constant
b
28. K = pV
2 DQ
3 C= = 0 for adiabatic process for
p2 V2 nDT
K2 3 15
Þ =2 = × = 4.5 which pV g = constant comparing, we
K1 3 2 5 get, b = - g
p1 V1
2
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases | 43
-6
34. p = kV Þ pV -1 = constant m 50 ´ 10
N= = = 6.25 ´ 1020
m1 8 ´ 10 -26
Þ pV = a constant Þ a = - 1
R R R K 0.3 30
C = CV + = CV + = CV + \K 1 = = 20
= ´ 10 -22 J
1-a 1+1 2 N 6.25 ´ 10 6.25
3 RT 3 ´ 8.314 ´ 300
(c) v rms = =
M 32 ´ 10 -3
= 483.6 m /s
602.3 9 63
= = 24 = ´ 28 g = g
8.314 ´ 3 20 5
1 GMm GMm m m mp
16. mv2 = - = mgh 21. r = = =
2 R R+h V RT ( n1 + n2 ) RT
( n1 + n2 )
p
v2 3 RT
Þ h~
- = 12 ´ 1.01 ´ 10 ´ 10 -3
5
2 g 2 gM = = 0.12 kg/m 3
3 ´ 8.314 ´ 273 (2 + 2) ´ 8.314 ´ 300
\ h= m
2 ´ 10 ´ 28 ´ 10 -3 kM
22. p = kr =
V
. ´ 10 3 m » 12 km
= 1216
l Þ pV = constant is for isothermal
a 19
17. 1 = 2 = and l1 - l2 = 30 cm process, i. e., T = constant
l2 a 1 11
p2
11 23. = constant
Þ l1 = l1 = 30 cm r
19
Þ l1 =
19
´ 30 cm = 7125
. cm Þ p2 V constant Þ pT = constant
8 p2 r2 r /2 1
11 = = =
and l2 = l1 = 41.25 cm p1 r1 r 2
19 p
Þ p2 = 1
18. p µ V µ T ÞV = constant 2
p T2 p1
= = 2
T1 p2
Þ T2 = 2T1 = 2T
1
V as pT = constant Þ p µ
T
m i. e., p - T graph is hyperbola.
19. V = V0 + tan q × T, pV = nRT = RT
M 24. p2 V = constant
m
\ p( V0 + tan q ´ T) = RT Þ PT = constant and T 2 V -1 = constant.
M
1 ém p2 V1 V 1
Þ tan q = RT - pV0 ù = = =
pT êë M úû p1 V2 4V 2
mR V0 p p
or tan q = - Þ p2 = 1 =
pM T 2 2
T2 V2 4V
\ tan q remains same when m ® 2 m = = =2
and p ® 2 p T1 V1 V
pV p V Þ T2 = 2T1 = 2T
20. n1 = 1 and n2 = 2 1
RT1 RT2 as p µ Þ p-T graph is hyperbola.
n1 p1 T2 10 ´ 300 600 20 T
= × = = = C -0 F - 32 F - MP
n2 T1 p2 5 ´ 330 330 11 25. = =
11 100 - 0 212 - 32 BP - MP
\ n2 = n1
20 Þ ice point = 32° F and steam point
11 = 212° F
\ Dm = m1 - m2 = m1 = m1
20
46 | Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases
JEE Corner
¢ Assertion & Reason
1. Assertion is false. 4. Internal energy remains same in train
p frame of reference, so temperature do
isobaric
not change, but KE of gas molecules in
ic
h or ground frame increases.
isothermal
oc
is 5. According to equipartition theory,
T
energy is equally distributed for each
degree of freedom, so assertion is false.
2. Assertion and reason are both true but
reason is not correct explanation of 6. At high temperature and low pressure
assertion. As at low temperature atoms intermolecular distance is much larger
in molecules are tightly bound such that than size of the molecules and
they cannot oscillate. intermolecular forces can be neglected.
2 So, assertion and reason are both true
3. pV = nRT = × KE but not correct explanation.
3
2 KE 2 7. At 4°C, volume is minimum or density is
Þ p= Þ p = E.
3 V 3 maximum i. e., liquid will overflow on
Assertion and reason are both true but increasing or decreasing temperature
reason cannot explain assertion. This reason is false.
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases | 47
¾® q
2. U
T
(b) V µ T
p
1
Þ µU
1 r
U = pÞ T µ Þ VT = constant U
V
Þ pT 2 = constant and pV 2 = constant
(a) U increases Þ T increases ¾® R
Þ P decreases ® r p
(b) p increase Þ V decreases ® r
(c) U increases Þ T increases ® q
T TV constant T
(d) = = = increase as (c)
V V2 V2
Vdecreases ® q ¾® p
8
3. x1 = 3, x2 = , x 3 = 2 and x4 = r V
p
(a) ® r, (b) ® s, (c) ® q, (d) ® s 1
(d) V µ T Þ µT
4. r
(a) density of water is ® s T
maximum of 4°C
(b) depends of change in ® s ¾® r
density of solid and liquid
(c) depends of change in ® s r
density of solid and liquid
18. First Law of Thermodynamics
Introductory Exercise 18.1
1. (a) DW = pDV = - 1.7 ´ 105 (1.2 - 0.8) J 3. As the box is insulated i.e., no heat
4 exchange takes place with surrounding
= - 6.8 ´ 10 J
and as the gas expands against vacuum
(b) DV = 1.1 ´ 105 J i.e., zero pressure that’s why no work
Þ DQ = DU + DW = - 17.8 ´ 104 J has been done and there is no change in
i.e., 1.78 ´ 105 J of heat has flown out of internal energy. Thus, temperature do
the gas. not change, internal energy and gas does
(c) No, it is independent of the type of not do any work.
the gas. f 3
4. U = nRT = nRT
2 2
2. (a) In p - V graph of cyclic process, 2U 2 ´ 100
clockwise rotation gives positive Þ n= =
3 RT 3 ´ 8.314 ´ 300
work and anticlockwise gives
negative work. And as loop 1 has = 0.0267 mole.
greater area than loop 2, that is why 5. DQ = ms Dq = 1 ´ 387 ´ 30 J = 11610 J
total work done by the system is m
DV = Vg Dq = ´ 3 a Dq
positive. r
(b) As in cyclic process change in 1
= ´ 3 ´ 7 ´ 10 -6 ´ 30
internal energy is zero, that’s why 8.92 ´ 10 3
for positive work done by the
system, heat flows into the system. = 7.1 ´ 10 -8 m - 3
(c) In loop ‘1’ work done is positive so, DW = p DV = 1.01 ´ 105 ´ 7.06 ´ 10 - 8
heat flows into the system and in = 7.13 ´ 10 - 3 J
loop ‘2’ work done is negative so DU = DQ - DW = 11609.99 J
heat flows out of the system.
AIEEE Corner
¢ Subjectve Questions (Level 1)
1. DU = DQ - DW = 254 J + 73 J DQ 2 DQ 2 ´ 200
(b) DT¢ = = =
nC p 5 nR 5 ´ 1 ´ 8.314
= 327 J
DQ 2 DQ 2 ´ 200 = 9.6 K
2. (a) DT = = =
nCV 3 nR 2 ´ 1 ´ 8.314 Þ T¢f = Ti + DT¢ = 309.6 K
= 16 K 3. DU = nCV DT, in adiabatic process,
Þ Tf = Ti + DT = 316 K DQ = 0 and DU = - DW
51 | First Law of Thermodynamics
nR DT DU 900
where, DW = DT = = = 14.43
1-g 3
nCV 5 ´ ´ 8.314
nRDT 2
Þ DU = for all process.
g -1 Þ Tf = Ti - DT = 127 ° C - 14.43 ° C
= 112.6° C
4. DV = 0 Þ DW = 0
5 8. When gas expands it does positive work
\ DQ = DU = nCV DT = n × R DT on the surrounding and for this purpose
2
5 5 heat has to be supplied into the system.
= ( p f V f - pi Vi ) = ( p f - Vi ) V
2 2 9. DW = rDV = r( V f - Vi )
5
= (5 ´ 10 - 10 ) ´ 10 ´ 10 -3
5 5
æ 1 1 ö÷ 1 1 ö
2 = rm ç - = rm æç - ÷
5 çr r ÷ è 1000 999.9 ø
= ´ 4 ´ 105 ´ 10 -2 = 104 J è f i ø
2 105 ´ 2 ´ 0.1
5 =- = - 0.02 J
5. DQ1 = DU1 = nCV DT = n × R (3 Ti - Ti ) 1000 ´ 999.9
2
= 5 nRTi (work done is negative as volume
5 decreases)
DQ2 = nC p DT = n × R (6Ti - 3 Ti )
2 DQ = ms Dq = 2 ´ 4200 ´ 4
= 7.5 nRTi = 33600 J
DQ 12.5 nRTi 12.5 R DU = DQ - DW = 33600.02 J
\c = = = = 2.5 R
n DT n (6Ti - Ti ) 5 m
10. DW = pDV » pV f = p
p 1 r
6. DW AB = 0, DWBC = 0 ´ V0 = p0 V0 5 -3
2 2 10 ´ 10 ´ 10
= = 1666.67 J
1 0.6
= × nRT0 = 300 R
2 DQ = msDq + mL
p = 10 -2 ´ 4200 ´ 100 + 10 -2 ´ 25
. ´ 10 6
A
= 4200 J + 25000 J = 29200 J
p0
DU = DQ - DW = 29200 J - 1666.67 J
= 27533.33 J = 2.75 ´ 104 J
p0/5 B C
11. DW = p DV
= 1.013 ´ 105 ´ 1670 ´ 10 -6
V = 1.013 ´ 167 J = 169.2 J
V0 2V0
DQ = mL = 10 -3 ´ 2.256 ´ 10 6 J
DQ = ( DU + DW ) AB + ( DU + DW ) BC
= 2256 J
= DU AB + DUBC + DWBC
\ DU = DQ - DW = (2256 - 169.2) J
= 0 + 300 R
= 2086.8 J » 2087 J
(As TA = TC )
12. DW = pDV = - 2.3 ´ 105 ´ 0.5
= 2.49 ´ 10 3 J = 2.49 kJ
7. DU = DQ - DW = 1200 J - 2100 J = - 1.15 ´ 105 J
DU = - 1.4 ´ 105 J
= 900 J
Þ DQ = DU + DW
First Law of Thermodynamics | 52
æ V / 2ö DWBC = 0, DWCA = ?
(a) DW12 = nRT0 ln çç 0 ÷÷
è V0 ø DQ = DW AB + DWBC + DWCA
M - 800 J = P0 V0 + 0 + DWCA
= - p0 V0 ln 2 = - p0 ln 2
r0 Þ DWCA = - 800 J - p0 V0
æ V ö 1
DW23 = 2 p0 ç V0 - 0 ÷ = p0 V0 = - 800 J - nRTA
è 2 ø 2
M \ DWCA = - 800 J - 200R = - 2463 J
= p0 ; DW31 = 0
r0 p V - pA VA
23. DW AB = B B
(b) DQ231 = DQ23 + DQ31 1-g
= nCV DT23 + DW23 + nCV DT31 p
æ V ö A
ç2p V 2 p0 0 ÷
3 2 ÷+ p V
= n ´ Rç 0 0 - 0 0
2 ç nR nR ÷
ç ÷
è ø C
æ V ö
çp V 2 p0 ´ 0 ÷ B
3 2 ÷+
+ n´ Rç 0 0 -
2 ç nR nR ÷ V0 2V0
V
ç ÷
è ø
3 5 3
p0 V = p0 V0 + p0 V0 = p0 V0 = ( p A V A - pB VB )
2 2 2
3 3 æT ö
\ Heat rejected = DQ231 - DW = nR( TA - TB ) = nRTB çç A - 1 ÷÷; TV g - 1
5 2 2 è TB ø
= p0 V0 - p0 V0 + pV ln 2
2 0
3 æ 5
ö
= p0 V0 + p0 V0 ln 2 3 çæ 2 ö 3
-1
÷ 3
2 = nRTB ç ÷ - 1 = nRTB (22 / 3 - 1)
p M 3 2 ç
çè T ø ÷÷ 2
5
= p0 V0 æç + ln 2 ö÷ - 0 æç - ln 2 ö÷ è ø
è2 ø p0 è 2 ø æ V ö
work done DW DWBC = nRTB lnçç 0 ÷÷
(c) h = = è 2V0 ø
heat supplied DQ231
= -nRTB ln 2 and DWCA = 0
p V - p0 V0 ln 2 2
= 0 0 = (1 - ln 2) Heat Supplied
5 3
p0 V0 3
2 DQCA = DUCA = nR( TA - TC )
2
22. DW AB = p0 (3 V0 - 2V0 ) = p0 V0 ; 3
= nR( TA - TB )
p 2
3 æT ö 3
c = nR TB çç A - 1 ÷÷ = nRTB (22 / 3 - 1)
2 è TD ø 2
DW
\ h=
DQCA
3
p0 a b nRTB (22 / 3 - 1) - nRTB ln 2 + 0
(200 K) (300 K) 2
=
3
2V0 3V0
V nRTB (22 / 3 - 1)
2
55 | First Law of Thermodynamics
2 ln 2
h =1 - × 2/ 3 = 1 - 07867
. = 0 .213
3 2 -1
= 21.3%
DQ 600 J 3 600 CV CV
C= = = R´ = =
nDT 450 J 2 450 C p - CV R
3 1
R 16. DW = 50 ´ (0.4 - 0.1) + ´ 50 ´ (0.2 - 0.1)
2 2
3 4
= R ´ = 2R = 15 + 2.5 = 27.5 J
2 3
DU = 2.5 J
10. DW1 = ( +) ve, DW2 = 0, DW3 = ( -) ve
Þ DQ = DU + DW = 20 J
and DU1 = DU2 = DU3 2 V0
17. W1 = ò pdV = p(2V0 - V0 ) = pV0
as DQ = DU + DW Þ Q1 > Q2 > Q3 V0
2 V0 1
11. U = 2 p0 2V0 - 2 p0 V0 = 2 p0 V0 W2 = ò kV 2
kVdV =
V0 2
and DW = p0 (2V0 - V0 ) = p0 V0 1 3 3
= k ( 4 V02 - V02 ) = kV02 = PV0
\ DQ = DU + DW = 3 p0 V0 2 2 2
12. In adiabatic compression, temperature Þ W1 < W2
of the gas increases and as pV µ T so, 18. DW = p r1 r2 = p ab
pV increases. r - r1 ( p2 - p1 )
=p 2 ×
13. As DW1 < DW2 while DU1 = DU2 2 2
p
Þ DQ1 < DQ2 = ( p2 - p1 ) ( V2 - V1 )
4
Þ C1 < C2
nRT dx
C1 19. W = ò PdV = ò dV = nRT ò
Þ <1 V -b x
C2
nR (5T - 4 T) x=V -b
14. DW = nR( 4 T - T) + dx = dV
1-g 2V
nR ( T - 3 T) = nRT ln x = nRT ln ( V - b)
V
+ nR (3 T - 5T) + = nRT [ln (2V - b) - ln ( V - b)]
1-g
nRT 2nRT ½ 2V - b½ ½ 2V - b½
= 3 nRT - 2nRT + - = nRT ln ½ ½ = RT ln ½ ½
1-g 1-g ½ V - b½ ½ V - b½
nRT as n = 1 mole
= nRT +
g -1 20. AB is isochoric process, so, DW AB = 0
nRT g
= ( g - 1 + 1) = nRT BC is isothermal process, so,
g -1 g -1 æV ö æV ö
5/ 3 DWBC = nRT2 ln çç 2 ÷÷ = RT2 ln çç 2 ÷÷
= × 1 RT = 2.5RT è V1 ø è V1 ø
5/ 3 - 1
CA is close to isobaric process, so,
15. Up = constant DWCA = nRT = nR ( T1 - T2 )
3 nM 3 2 T = R ( T1 - T2 )
= nRT × = n MR
2 V 2 V
21. DQ = DU + DW = - DQ + DW
Þ T µ V i.e., isobaric process.
DU DU 3/2 3 Þ DW = 2 DQ
= = = f n
DW DQ - DU 5 - 3 2 DU = nCV DT = n RD T = RDT;
2 2 2 g -1
57 | First Law of Thermodynamics
f +2 2 positive. Looking at the graph, area can
g= =1 +
f f be assumed to be equal so,
2 WDEF = - W ABC .
f =
g -1
24. DWisobaric = pDV = p(2V - V ) = pV
2n
DW = ò p dV = 2 DQ - RD T æ 2V ö
g -1 DWisothermal = nRT ln ç ÷ = pV ln 2
2 nRDT nRDT è V ø
= =for polytropic = 0.693 pV
1-g 1-a
p f × 2V - pi V
process with pV a = constant DWadiabatic =
2 1 1-g 1-g
\ = Þ1 - a = r
1-g 1-a 2 æ V ö
pi ç ÷ × 2V - pi V
1 g è 2V ø pV (21 - r - 1)
Þ 1- + =a = =
2 2 1-g 1-r
1 1+ g
or a= +g= æ 1 - 21 - r ö æ 1 - 4 -1/ 3 ö
2 2 = pV ç ÷ = pV ç ÷
ç r -1 ÷ ç 2/3 ÷
\ pV a = constant è ø è ø
1+ g
-1 = 0.55 pV
= TV a - 1 = TV 2
g -1
So, work done is minimum in adiabatic
2 process.
= TV = constant
25. DQ = DU + DW
22. DW AB = 0, DU AB = 600 J 7 5
RT0 = 10 ´ RDT + 10RDT = 35RDT
p 2 2
B C
T0 = 100T = 10 ( T - T0 )
8 atm
Þ 11 T0 = 10 T
Þ T = 1.1 T0
pV0 pV
=
3atm A RT0 R ´ 1.1 T0
11
V Þ V = V0 = 1.1 V0
2×10–4 5×10–4 10
DWBC = 8 ´ 105 (5 - 2) ´ 10 -4 = 240 J 26. DW = (3 p0 - p0 )(2V0 - V0 ) = 2 p0 V0
DUBC = QBC - WBC = 200 - 240 3 æ3 p V p V ö
DQsupplied = n R ç 0 0 - 0 0 ÷
= - 40 J 2 è nR nR ø
DU = DU AB + DUBC + DUCA = 0 in cyclic 5 æ 3 p0 × 2V0 3 p0 V0 ö
+ n× R ç - ÷
process. 2 è nR nR ø
\ DUCA = - DU AB - DUBC 3 2p V 5 3p V
= nR × 0 0 + nR 0 0
= - 600 J + 40 J = - 560 J 2 nR 2 nR
15 21
23. Starting and ending points along x-axis = 3 p0 V0 + p0 V0 = p0 V0
2 2
in graph are not clear, so nothing can be 2 p0 V0
DW 4
said about the magnitude of work. h= = =
Dr 21
p0 V0 21
It can only be said that work done in 2
ABC is negative and that in DEF is
First Law of Thermodynamics | 58
C B + pC ( VD - VC ) + 0
5
10 - nRT
= 9 ´ 104 + B
+ 105 (2 - 1)
5
1-
3
A 4 3 5
= 19 ´ 10 - (10 - 800 TB )
2
V 4
= 4 ´ 10 + 1200 TB
2.4 ´ 105 ´ 1
DUBC = - 100 kJ and DWBC = - 50 kJ = 4 ´ 104 + 1200 ´
100 ´ 8
DW AB = 0 Þ DU AB = 200 kJ, DQCA = 0
DU ABC = DU AB + DUBC + DUCA = 0 = 4 ´ 105 J
or 200 kJ - 100 kJ + DUCA = 0 p V - pB VB
31. DW = DW AB + C C + DWCD
DUCA = - 100 kJ 1-g
DQ AB + DQBC + DQCA 103N/m2
= 200 kJ + ( - 100 kJ - 50 kJ) + 0 2.4 A
= 50 kJ B
DW AB + DWBC + DWCA
= 0 + 200 kJ + DWCA
1 C
= DQ ABC = 50 kJ D
\ DWCA = - 150 kJ
m3
20 ´ 10 -3 20 ´ 10 3 1 2
30. DQ = DW = p ab = p ´ ´
2 2 2 ´ 105 - 9 ´ 104
p = 9 ´ 104 + - 1 ´ 105
1 - 5/ 3
2.4
= 102A p J 3
B = 9 ´ 104 + ´ 11 ´ 104 - 10 ´ 104
æ VB ö 4 2
31. DW AB = nRT ln ç ÷ = Q AB = 9 ´ 10 J
è 1 ø 33
= æç - 1 ö÷ ´ 104 = 15.5 ´ 104
1 D
C è 2 ø
1
32. DW = ò p dV = ò kVdV = kV 2
V 2
1 2
59 | First Law of Thermodynamics
1 1 1 Tsink 300
=pV = nRT0 = RT0 37. h = 1 - =1 -
2 2 2 Tsource 600
3
DU = nCV DT = 1 × RT0 1
2 = 1 - = 0.5 = 50%
2
æ 3 1ö
Þ DQ = ç + ÷RT0 = 2RT0
è 2 2ø 38. As the volume is adiabatically
decreased, temperature of the gas
pV p2 V
33. pT = constant = p = increases and as the time elapsed,
nR nR temperature normalizes i.e., decreases
2
Þ p V = constant and so pressure also decreases.
p
39. As the compression is quick , the process
C is adiabatic while leads to heating of the
gas.
40. pV g = constant
A
nRT g
B = V = nRTV g - 1
V
V Þ TV g - 1 = constant
5 2
g -1 -1
p 2 T1 æ V2 ö æL ö3 æL ö3
\ p20 V0 = æç 0 ö÷ V Þ V = 4 V0 =ç ÷ = çç 2 ÷÷ = çç 2 ÷÷
è 2 ø T2 çè V1 ÷ø è L1 ø è L1 ø
p0 g
× 4 V0 æ ngT ö
p V 41. pV g = constant = pç ÷
Þ T= 2 = 2 0 0 = 2T0 è p ø
nR nR
3 Þ p1 - g T g = constant
\ DU = nCV DT = 2 ´ R (2T0 - T0 )
2 Þ pg - 1 µ T g
p0 V0 3 g
= 3R × = p0 V0 g -1
2R 2 Þ pµT
æV ö g 7/5 7
35. DWBC = nRT0 ln çç C ÷÷ As = = for diatom gases.
g -1 7
è VB ø -1 2
5
æp ö æV ö
= nRT0 ln çç B ÷÷ = 2 × nRT0 ln çç B ÷÷ 3.5
\ p µ T Þ a = 3.5
p
è Cø è VA ø nRDT
æp ö 42. pV x = constant , DW = ,
= 2nRT0 ln çç A ÷÷ 1-x
è pB ø 5
D U = n × RD T
2
æp ö æ p ö 2
\ ln çç B ÷÷ = ln çç 0 ÷÷ = ln 4 nRDT 5
è pC ø è p0 / 2 ø + nRDT
DQ 1-x 2
Þ pB = 4 pC C= =
nDT nDT
p p 5 R
Þ pC = B = 0 = R+ <0
4 8 2 1-x
36. As, DWa > DWb Þ DW1 > DW2 5 R 2
R< Þx -1 <
while, DU1 = D U2 Þ DQ1 > DQ2 2 x -1 5
First Law of Thermodynamics | 60
7 3
x< Þ x < 1.4 but x > 1 as for x < 1, =n´ R ( TC - TB )
5 2
C will become positive. 3 æp V p Vö
= n ´ Rç C - B ÷
\ 1 < x < 1.4 2 è nR nR ø
n1CV + n2 CV 3 1 2
43. CV = 1 2
=
13
R = æç p A - p A ö÷ V
n1 + n2 6 2 è3 3 ø
5 5 1 1 3 3
2´ R + 4 ´ R =- p A V = - ´ pB V = - × nRTB
(a) 2 2 = 15 R 2 2 2 4
2+ 4 6 3 25
5 3 = - ´ 1´ ´ 850 = - 5312.5 J
2´ R + 4 ´ R 4 3
(b) 2 2 = 11 R
49. DW AB = ( +) ve, TA = TB
2+ 4 6
3 5 p
2´ R + 4 ´ R
(c) 2 2 = 13 R and
A
2+ 4 6 p0
6 3
2´ R + 4 ´ R
(d) 2 2 = 12 R
2+ 4 6 p0/2 B
Passage 44 & 45 V
1 pV V0 2V0
44. DW ABCA = ´ p ´ V = = DQnet
2 2 p0 3
p=-
V + p0
45. CA ® isobaric and BC ® isochoric, 2V0 2
Cp nRT p0 3
5 Þ =- V + p0
\ =g= V 2V0 2
Cv 3
p0 2 3 p0
g or T =- V + V0
g æ nRT ö 2nRV0 2nR
46. pV = constant = pç ÷
è p ø Þ y = ax2 + bx is parabola .
Þ p1 - g T g = constant p nRT 3
g -1
Again, p = - × + p0
2V0 p 2
g
Þ Tµ p
Þ is also equation of parabola.
5/ 3 - 1
\ Tµ p 5/ 3 ÞT µ p 2 /5 While going from A to B temperature
2 /5 2 /5
first increases ad than decreases.
TB æ p ö æ 2p ö
\ = çç B ÷÷ = çç c ÷÷ = 0.85 50. pV 2 = constant
TA è pA ø è 3 pc ø k 1
DW = ò p dV = ò 2
dV = kæç - ö÷
\ TB = 0.85TA = 850 K V è Vø
25 f
= - pV i = pi Vi - p f V f
1´ ´ 150
nRT 3
47. DW AB = = = nR( Ti - Tf ) = - nR ( Tf - Ti ) = ( -) ve
1-g 5
-1 as Tf > Ti
3
as Ti < Tf Þ Ui < U f
= 75 ´ 25 J = 1875 J
Þ DU = ( +) ve
48. DWBC = 0, DQBC = DUBC
61 | First Law of Thermodynamics
p ca ® isothermal.
p
2T0 b c
a b
T0 d
a
c
V
V0 2V0
V
æ 2V ö
DW = 0 + nR2T0 ln çç 0 ÷÷ DWab = 0, DUca = 0
è V0 ø
as in ca density is increasing, so
æ V ö
+ 0 + nRT0 ln çç 0 ÷÷ volume is decreasing i.e.,
è 2V0 ø DWca = ( -) ve, i.e., DWca < 0
= 2nRT0 ln 2 - nRT0 ln 2 in isochoric process DQab is positive for
= nRT0 ln 2 = ( +) ve increase in temperature.
i.e., DW > 0 53. In isochoric process DW = 0.
DQsupplied = DUab + DWbc and in adiabatic process
æ 2V ö
= nCV (2T0 - T0 ) + nR 2T0 ln çç 0 ÷÷ DQ = 0 Þ Q3 to be minimum
è V0 ø Þ Q2 > Q1 > Q3
JEE Corner
¢ Assertion & Reasons
1. In adiabatic expression, DW = ( +) ve depends on the path through which the
while DQ = 0 and as according to first law gas was taken from initial to find state.
of thermodynamics, 3. Assertion is false, as first law can be
DQ = DU + DW Þ DU = - DW applied for both real and ideal gases.
i.e., DU = ( -) ve this implies decrease in 4. During melting of ice its volume
temperature. So, Assertion and reason decreases, so work done by it is negative
are both true but not correct and that by atmosphere is positive. So,
explanation. reason is true explanation of assertion.
2. Assertion is false, as work done is a path 5. As DQ = DU + DW Þ DU = DQ - DW ,
function and not a state function i.e., it where DU is state function while DQ and
DW are path function as for definite
First Law of Thermodynamics | 62
AIEEE Corner
¢ Subjective Questions (Level-1) Þ q = 40° C
Q1 Q2 Q3 1 1
1. ice ¾® Water ¾® Water ¾® steam 5. Q = ´ mv2 = ms Dq + mL
0 °C 0 °C 100 °C 100 °C 2 2
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = mL f + msDq + mLv Þv= 4 ( sDq + L)
= 10 [80 + 1 ´ 100 + 540] \ v= 4 (125 ´ 300 + 25 . ´ 104 )
= 10 ´ 720 cal = 7200 cal = 4 ´ (3.75 + 2.5) ´ 104
2. 10 g of water at 40°C do not have = 4 ´ 6.25 ´ 104 = 500 m /s
sufficient heat energy to melt 15 g of ice 6. h mg Dh = msDq
at 0°C , so there will be a mixture of hgDh 0.4 ´ 10 ´ 0.5 1
ice-water at 0°C. Let the mass of ice left \ Dq = = = °C
s 800 400
is mg.
= 2.5 ´ 10 -3 ° C
\ (15 - m) ´ 80 = 10 ´ 1 ´ 40 K 1 A ( q - 0) K 2 A(100 - q)
15 - m = 5 Þ m = 10 g 7. =
l l
\Mass of ice = 10 g Þ ( K 1 + K 2 ) q = 100 K 2
and mass of water = (10 + 5) g = 15 g 100 K 2 100 ´ 46
\ q= = = 1055
. °C
3. 4 ´ s P (60 - 55) = 1 ´ s R ´ (55 - 50) K 1 + K 2 390 ´ 46
Þ 4s P = s R 8. iCD = i AC - iCB
1 ´ s P (60 - 55) = 1 ´ s Q (55 - 50) KA( q - 25) KA(100 - q) KA( q - 0)
= -
Þ sP = s Q l l /2 l /2
1 ´ s Q (60 - q) = 1 ´ s R ( q - 50) or q - 25 = 2 (100 - q) - 2q
or s P (60 - q) = 4 s P ( q - 50) or 5q = 225 Þ q = 45° C
260 45 - 25
260 = 5q Þ q = = 52° C Dq
5 \ iCD = = =4W
3
Rth 5
dQ m ´ 336 ´ 10 J/ kg
4. = 9. i A = iC + iD
dt 4 ´ 60 s
KA ( T1 - q) KA( q - T3 ) KA( q - T2 )
T = +
l 3l /2 3l /2
2 2
Þ T1 - q = ( q - T3 ) + ( q - T2 )
q°C 3 3
2 4
or T1 + ( T2 + T3 ) = q ç 1 + ö÷
æ
0°C 3 è 3ø
2
t T1 + ( T2 + T3 )
1 5 7 Þ q= 3
7/3
= 1400 J/ kg
3 T + 2 ( T2 + T3 )
= 1400 mW/ kg = 1
m × sDq m ´ 4200 ( q - 0) c 7
= = KA(200 - q1 ) 2 KA( q1 - q2 )
t 2 ´ 60 s 10. =
1400 ´ 2 ´ 60 l l
\ =q
4200
67 | Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer
3 KA( q2 - 100) (60 - 30) 6
= =
l t 45
\ 200 - q1 = 2 ( q1 - q2 ) = 3 ( q2 - 100) æ 60 + 30 ö
ç - 20 ÷ Þ t = 9 min
Þ 3 q1 - 2q2 = 200 è 2 ø
q1 + 3 q2 = 500
-11q2 = - 1300 ¢ Objective Questions (Level-1)
3 KA(35 - q) KA( q - 0)
1300 1. =
Þ q2 = = 118.2° C 10 20
11
1 Þ 6 (35 - q) = q
q1 = [200 + 2q2 ] = 145.45° C 6 ´ 35
3 Þ q= = 30° C
400 ´ 10 -4 ( q - 100) 7
11. 25 = \ Dq A = 35 - 30 = 5° C
1/2
TS l N 350
400 ´ 10 -4 ( q - 0) 2. = = = 0.69
+ TN l S 510
1/ 2
25 W
According to Wien’s law
★
1 K × 4 A Dq
100°C S 0°C
3. æç
dQ ö æ dQ ö = 4 l /2
=2
÷ ç ÷
1/2 m 1/2 m è dt ø2 è dt ø1 KD q
l
25 = 8 ´ 10 -2 [ q - 100 + q] dm ö
Þ æç æ dm ö = 0.2 g/s
or 312.5 = 2q - 100 ÷ =2ç ÷
412.5 è dt ø2 è dt ø1
Þ q= = 206.25 dQ 4 pK ( q - 0) 4 p K (100 - q)
2 4. = =
dt 2a - a 3 a - 2a
\ Dq1 = 106.25 and Dq2 = 206.25
a × 2a 3 a × 2a
Dq1 106.25° C
\ = = 212.5° C/m Þ 2q = 6 (100 - q)
Dl 1/ 2 m 6
Dq2 206.25 ° C Þ q = ´ 100 = 75° C
and = = 412.5 °C/m 8
Dl 1/ 2 m K 1 A( T2 - T1 ) K 2 A( T3 - T2 )
5. =
dQ d 3d
12. = esAT 4 = 0.6 ´ 5.67 ´ 10 -8
dt 1
Þ K 1 ( T2 - T1 ) = K 2 ( T3 - T2 )
´ 2 ´ (0.1) 2 ´ (1073) 4 3
1
= 0.6 ´ 5.67 ´ (10.73) 4 ´ 10 -2 ´ 2 Þ K1 = K2 Þ K1 : K2 = 1 : 3
3
= 902 W
6. æç
dQ ö æ dQ ö é2 K × 2 A × Dq ù é KA Dq ù = 2
dQ ö = esAT 4 and æ dQ ö = sAT 4 ÷ ç ÷ =ê
13. æç ÷ ç ÷ è dt ø2 è dt ø1 ë 2l úû êë l úû
è dt ø1 è dt ø2
( dQ/ dt) 1 210
Þ e= = = 0.3 dQ ö æ dQ ö = 8 cal/s
( dQ/ dt) 2 700 Þ æç ÷ =2ç ÷
è dt ø2 è dt ø1
(80 - 50) c æ 80 + 50 ö
14. =ç - 20 ÷c 7. q, q, + dq
5 è 2 ø
6 0°C dx
Þ K = ; x
45
Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer | 68
KA( 40 - q) KA( q - 30) KA( q - 20) So, (b) and (c) are correct.
21. = +
l l l 23. In series rate of R = R1 + R2
Þ 40 - q = 2q - 50 1 1 1 qq
Þ = + Þq= 1 2
Þ 3 q = 90° q q1 q2 q1 + q2
or q = 30° C 1 1 1
In parallel = +
So, (b) and (d) are correct. R R1 R2
22. m ´ s ´ (2q - q 0 ) = m ´ 2s ´ ( q 0 - q) 1
Þ q = q1 + q2 as q µ
4 R
Þ 4q = 3q 0 Þ q 0 = q
3 So, (b) and (c) are correct.
c1 : c2 = m1 : s2 = s1 : s2 = 1 : 2 24. (a), (c) and (d) are correct.
JEE Corner
¢ Assertion and Reason 2 -2
1. Assertion is false. (c) e = E = [ML T ] = [MT -3 ] r
At [L2 T]
2. According to Wien’s law assertion and
(d) Rth = dq = q s
reason are correct. dQ/ dt [ML2 T -2 T -1 ]
3. Assertion and reason are true but not = [M-1L-2 T 3q]
correct explanation.
2.
4. Assertion is true but reason is false as
resistance becomes 1/4th. (a) Slope of line ab s
5. Assertion and reason are both false. (b) Length of line bc µ m r
(c) Solid + liquid ® bc s
6. Assertion is false as this statement was
not given by Newton. (d) Only liquid ® cd q
KA (100 - q b ) KA ( q b - q d )
7. Assertion and reason are both true with 3. =
correct explanation. l l
KA ( q d + 80)
8. Both are true but not correct =
explanation. l
\ 100 - q b = q b - q d and
9. Assertion is false as temperature at
different points become different. 100 - q b = q d + 80
q - 2q b = - 100ü
10. As mass of follow sphere is less so \ d Þ -3 q b = - 120
cooling will be faster. So, both are true q d + q b = 20 ýþ
with correct explanation. Þ q b = 40° C Þ q d = - 20° C
40 - 20
¢ Match the Columns qc = q f = = 10° C
1. 2
2 -2 -1
(a) s = ( dQ/ dt) = ML T T s \ (a) ® q, (b)® p, (c)® p, (d) ® r
AT4 L2 q4 4. (a) ms ( q1 - q) = 2ms (2q - q1 )
-3 -4
= [MT q ] 5
(b) b = lT = Lq p Þ 3 q1 = 5q Þ q1 = q ® q
3
Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer | 70
(b) ms ( q2 - q) = 3 ms (3 q - q2 ) 5.
5 1 dQ J
Þ 4 q2 = 10 q Þ q2 = q ® p (a) s= = ¾® q
2 m dq kg ° C
(c) 2ms ( q 3 - 2q) = 3 ms (3 q - q 3 ) (b) dQ s
13 c = ms = m = J°/C ¾®
Þ 5q 3 = 13 q Þ q 3 = q®s mdq
2 (c) dQ r
i= = J/s ¾®
(d) ms ( q4 - q) + 2ms ( q4 - 2q) dt
= 3 ms(3 q - q4 ) (d) E s
L= = J/kg ¾®
7 m
Þ 6q4 = 14 q Þ q4 = q ® r
3