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BALANCED SCORECARD
TUGAS KELOMPOK
Oleh
KELOMPOK 3
1. IRNANDA DINA WIHELMINA 180820101027
2. DELVIA GITA FRIOLINA 180820101035
MAGISTER MANAJEMEN
FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS
UNIVERSITAS JEMBER
2019
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur Tim Penyusun Panjatkan Kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha
Esa karena atas limpahan rahmad dan karunianya sehingga Penyusun dapat
Menyelesaikan Makalah yang berjudul “Teori dan Review Jurnal Balanced
Scorecard” dengan sangat baik dan lancar. Penyusunan Makalah ini bertujuan
untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas yang diberikan oleh Dosen Pembimbing Mata
Kuliah Manajemen Akuntansi.
Makalah ini disusun dari teori teori dan pengaplikasian metode Balanced
Scorecard dan tak lupa juga Penyusun mengucapkan banyak – banyak terima
kasih kepada Dosen Pembimbing Mata Kuliah Manajemen Akuntansi karena atas
bimbingan dan arahannya makalah ini dapat disusun dengan baik. Penyusun
berharap, dengan membaca dan mempraktekkan makalah ini yang terkait dengan
Balanced Scorecard dapat memberikan manfaat bagi kita semua serta dengan
membaca makalah ini dapat menambah wawasan Ilmu Pengetahuan yang kita
miliki mengenai Manajemen Akuntansi yang berkaitan dengan Balanced
Scorecard. Penyusun menyadari bahwa makalah ini jauh dari kesempurnaan,
maka Penyusun berharap pembaca dapat memberikan kritik dan sarannya demi
perbaikan menuju arah yang lebih baik lagi.
1.1.Latar Belakang
Pengukuran kinerja yang selama ini lazim dilakukan oleh beberapa
organisasi bisnis adalah pengukuran dengan metode tradisional. Metode
tradisional yang dimaksud ialah metode pengukuran yang hanya menitikberatkan
pada satu aspek, yaitu aspek keuangan, dan mengabaikan aspek lainnya.
Pengukuran kinerja dengan hanya melihat dari sisi keuangan memiliki kelemahan
karena hanya menilai keberhasilan manajer dengan melihat besar kecilnya laba
yang dihasilkan. Pengukuran ini juga dianggap tidak mampu menginformasikan
upaya-upaya apa yang harus diambil dalam jangka panjang untuk meningkatkan
kinerja. Oleh karena adanya beberapa kelemahan tersebut, maka muncul ide
untuk mengukur kinerja non keuangan. Penilaian kinerja dengan menggunakan
data non keuangan, antara lain meliputi besarnya pangsa pasar dan tingkat
pertumbuhannya, kemampuan perusahaan menghasilkan produk yang digemari
oleh konsumen, pengembangan dan penilaian karyawan termasuk tingkat
perputaran karyawan, citra perusahaan di mata masyarakat, tingkat ketepatan
waktu perusahaan untuk menepati jadwal yang telah ditetapkan, persentase
barang rusak selama produksi, banyaknya keluhan pelanggan dan pemberian
garansi bagi pelanggan.
Hal ini yang menyebabkan Kaplan dan Norton (2000 :20)
mengembangkan suatu konsep yang disebut dengan Balanced Scorecard yang
terdiri dari dua kata: (1) kartu skor (scorecard) dan (2) berimbang (balanced).
Kartu skor adalah kartu yang digunakan untuk mencatat skor hasil kinerja
seseorang. Kata berimbang dimaksudkan untuk menunjukkan bahwa kinerja
personel diukur secara berimbang dari dua aspek: keuangan dan nonkeuangan,
jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, atau pun intern dan ekstern. Balanced
scorecard menyediakan kerangka komprehensif dan koheren untuk menilai
kinerja organisasi. Balanced scorecard merupakan strategi bisnis yang dapat
diterapkan untuk menunjukkan keberhasilan suatu organisasi. Dengan demikian,
balanced scorecard dapat digunakan sebagai pengimplementasian strategi.
Balanced scorecard memberi para eksekutif kerangka kerja yang komprehensif
untuk menerjemahkan visi dan strategi perusahaan kedalam seperangkat ukuran
kinerja yang terpadu (Kaplan dan Norton, 2000:22).
Balanced scorecard pada mulanya dirancang untuk digunakan pada
organisasi yang bersifat mencari laba, namun pada perkembangannya balanced
scorecard saat ini juga diterapkan pada organisasi bersifat nirlaba atau sektor
publik. Perbedaannya dapat dilihat dari tujuan, yaitu penerapan balanced
scorecard pada organisasi berorientasi laba dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan
persaingan (competitiveness), sedangkan pada organisasi nirlaba lebih
menekankan pada nilai misi dan pencapaian (mission, value, effectiveness).
Perspektif finansial pada organisasi laba adalah keuntungan, sedangkan pada
organisasi nirlaba perspektif finansial adalah pertanggungjawaban keuangan
mengenai penggunaan sumber daya yang efektif dan efisien dalam rangka
memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat.
Menurut Mardiasmo (2002:123), informasi non keuangan dapat dijadikan
sebagai tolok ukur yang dapat menambah keyakinan terhadap kualitas proses
pengendalian manajemen. Teknik pengukuran kinerja yang komprehensif adalah
balanced scorecard. Dengan balanced scorecard, kinerja organisasi diukur tidak
hanya berdasarkan aspek keuangannya, tetapi juga aspek non keuangan. Dengan
menggunakan metode balanced scorecard ini, maka kita tidak hanya berpatokan
kepada aspek kualitatif dan finansial, melainkan juga memperhatikan aspek-
aspek kualitatif dan non-finansial. Dengan demikian hal ini sesuai dengan sifat
organisasi nirlaba yang tidak hanya melihat laba sebagai tolok ukur kinerja utama.
1.2.Rumusan Masalah
a. Apa definisi Balanced Scorecard?
b. Apa Karakteristik Balanced Scorecard ?
c. Bagaimana Pengukuran Kinerja dengan Balanced Scorecard ?
d. Bagaimana Perspektif dalam Balanced Scorecard ?
e. Bagaimana Aplikasi Balanced Scorecard?
1.3.Tujuan
a) Untuk mengetahui definisi Balanced Scorecard
b) Untuk mengetahui Karakteristik Balanced Scorecard
c) Untuk mengetahui Pengukuran Kinerja dengan Balanced Scorecard
d) Untuk mengetahui Bagaimana Perspektif dalam Balanced Scorecard
e) Untuk mengetahui Bagaimana Aplikasi Balanced Scorecard
BAB II
KAJIAN TEORI
Tabel Review
Judul Impact of Balanced Scorecard Implementation on Financial
Performance of Saudi Listed Companies
Nama / Jenis Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship,
Jurnal Accounting and Transport. Available online at
http://pubs.sciepub.com/jbe/4/1/2 © Science and Education
Publishing Volume 04 Issue 01 Pages 8-12
DOI:10.12691/jbe-4-1-2
Tahun 2016
Peneliti Ibrahim Sweiti dan Upendra Lele
Keyword Balanced Score Card, Listed Saudi companies, financial
performance
Hipotesis H01: There is no difference in the Revenue growth of BSC
Penelitian adopter and that of non-adopters
H02: There is no difference in the Net margin of BSC adopter
and that of non-adopters
H03: There is no difference in the Current ratio of BSC adopter
and that of non-adopters
H04: There is no difference in the OCF/Net income of BSC
adopter and that of non-adopters
Desain Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif non-eksperimental.
Penelitian
Populasi dan Ada 165 perusahaan di pasar saham Arab Saudi. Sampel
Sampel representatif dari 57 perusahaan ini dipertimbangkan untuk
penelitian ini.
Tabel Review
Judul Impact of implementing Balanced Scorecard (BSC) on
financial performance of (HSA) companies
Nama / Jenis Journal of Business & Economic Policy
Jurnal Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2017 Hal.1-8
Tahun 2017
Peneliti Mohammed Ahmed Al-afif dan Prof. PS Yadapadithaya
Keyword Balanced scorecard, financial performance, financial
measurements (BSC)
Hipotesis H01: There is no significant effect for the application of
Penelitian balanced scorecard on revenue growth.
H02: There is no significant effect for the application of
balanced scorecard on financial efficiency.
H03: There is no significant effect for the application of
balanced scorecard on operating cash flow (OCF).
H04: There is no significant effect for the application of
balanced scorecard on net margin.
H05: There is no significant effect for the application of
balanced scorecard on current ratio
Desain Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif non-eksperimental.
Penelitian
Populasi danPerusahaan Hayel Saeed Anam (HAS) untuk perdagangan dan
Sampel industri di Yaman untuk menjadi populasi penelitian untuk
penelitian ini, di mana (HAS) terdiri dari 42 perusahaan di
bidang jasa dan industri. Sembilan perusahaan telah
dikeluarkan dari total sampel karena kurangnya informasi yang
memadai, maka total sampel yang diteliti adalah 33 perusahaan.
Proses Data keuangan perusahaan-perusahaan ini diperoleh dari
Pengumpulan laporan keuangan tahunan yang dipublikasikan di situs web
Data perusahaan serta kementerian perdagangan dan industri Yaman.
Periode antara 2009-2015 dianggap sebagai periode yang
cukup untuk melakukan penelitian ini
Pada tabel (5) kami menyajikan analisis kompresi untuk semua metrik
keuangan yang digunakan dalam studi ini antara pengadopsi dan bukan
pengadopsi kartu skor seimbang. Kita dapat mengamati pada tabel (5) rata-rata
pertumbuhan pendapatan adalah 3,85 untuk adapter di mana rata-rata indikator
yang sama adalah 1,59 untuk non-adapter dengan perbedaan rata-rata 2,26, yang
mengacu pada pengaruh balanced scorecard pada pertumbuhan pendapatan untuk
itu. periode tertentu. Oleh karena itu sub hipotesis (H01) ditolak. Kemudian jika
kita melihat pada metrik kedua kita menemukan rata-rata efisiensi keuangan untuk
adapter adalah 1,23 sedangkan untuk non-adapter adalah 0,54 dengan perbedaan
rata-rata adalah 0,69 yang berarti bahwa efisiensi keuangan telah secara positif
dipengaruhi oleh penerapan balanced scorecard di perusahaan tertentu. Oleh
karena itu sub hipotesis (H02) ditolak. Juga, rata-rata arus kas operasi (OCF)
untuk adapter lebih tinggi daripada rata-rata untuk non-adapter terutama di sektor
manufaktur, dengan perbedaan rata-rata 0,97, alasan di belakang mungkin karena
efisiensi proses operasional yang seimbang prospektif, yang dianggap sebagai
salah satu staf balanced scorecard. Oleh karena itu hipotesis nol (H03) ditolak. Di
sisi lain jika kita melihat margin bersih akan menemukan rata-rata untuk adapter
(0,67) kurang dari rata-rata di non-adapter (0,94) dengan perbedaan rata-rata (-
0,27), yang berarti bahwa balanced scorecard tidak meningkatkan margin bersih
karena kebijakan bunga dan pajak. Oleh karena itu sub hipotesis (H04) diterima.
Yang terakhir adalah indikator rasio saat ini, menunjukkan respons positif untuk
model balance scorecard di mana rata-rata rasio lancar untuk adaptor adalah 1,26
dan rata-rata untuk non-adapter adalah 0,95 dengan perbedaan rata-rata 0,31, yang
menunjukkan peningkatan dalam rasio likuiditas karena adopsi model manajemen
modern ini. Oleh karena itu sub hipotesis (H05) ditolak.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anthony, R., Vijay Govindarajan, 2005, Management Control System, Jilid I dan
II, Terjemahan Kurniawan Tjakrawala dan Krista, Penerbit Salemba
Empat, Jakarta.
Garrison, Ray H., Eric W. Noreen, 2000. Akuntansi Manajerial, Buku 1, Alih
Bahasa A. Totok Bidisantoso, Salemba Empat, Jakarta.
1 2 3 4
DEFINISI KARAKTERISITIK
1
DEFINISI
BALANCED SCORECARD
“Balanced scorecard terdiri dari dua kata, yakni scorecard: kartu yang digunakan untuk mencatat
skor hasil kinerja seseorang yang nantinya digunakan untuk membandingkan dengan hasil kinerja
yang sesungguhnya; dan balanced: menunjukkan bahwa kinerja personel atau karyawan diukur
secara seimbang dan dipandang dari dua aspek, yaitu keuangan dan nonkeuangan, jangka pendek
dan jangka panjang, dan dari segi intern maupun ekstern. “
Kaplan dan Norton (2000: 117)
“Balanced scorecard merupakan kumpulan ukuran kinerja yang terintegrasi dan diturunkan dari
strategi perusahaan yang mendukung strategi perusahaan secara keseluruhan. “
Garrison dan Noreen (2000: 494)
“Balanced scorecard adalah sistem manajemen strategis yang mendefinisikan sistem akuntansi
pertanggung jawaban berdasarkan strategi.”
Hansen dan Mowen (2005: 509)
2
MANFAAT
BALANCED SCORECARD
Manfaat Balanced Scorecard bagi perusahaan menurut Kaplan dan Norton (2000: 122) adalah
sebagai berikut :
1) Balanced Scorecard mengintegrasikan strategi dan visi perusahaan untuk mencapai tujuan
jangka pendek dan jangka panjang.
2) Balanced Scorecard memungkinkan manajer untuk melihat bisnis dalam perspektif
keuangan dan non keuangan (pelanggan, proses bisnis internal, dan belajar dan
bertumbuh)
3) Balanced Scorecard memungkinkan manajer menilai apa yang telah mereka investasikan
dalam pengembangan sumber daya manusia, sistem dan prosedur demi perbaikan kinerja
perusahaan dimasa mendatang.
3
KARAKTERISTIK
BALANCED SCORECARD
4
PERSPEKTIF
BALANCED SCORECARD
Keempat perspektif kinerja bisnis yang diukur dalam balanced scorecard antara lain:
a. Perspektif Keuangan (Financial Perspective)
b. Perspektif Pelanggan (Customer Perspective)
c. Perspektif Proses Bisnis Internal (Internal Business Perspective)
d. Perspektif Pembelajaran dan Pertumbuhan (Learning and Growth Perspective)
REVIEW JURNAL
Impact of Balanced Scorecard
Implementation on Financial
Performance of Saudi Listed
Companies 2
1
Impact of implementing
Balanced Scorecard (BSC) on
financial performance of (HSA)
companies
Judul Impact of Balanced Scorecard Implementation on Financial Performance of Saudi Listed Companies
Nama / Jenis Jurnal Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport. Available online at
http://pubs.sciepub.com/jbe/4/1/2 © Science and Education Publishing Volume 04 Issue 01 Pages 8-12
DOI:10.12691/jbe-4-1-2
Tahun 2016
Peneliti Ibrahim Sweiti dan Upendra Lele
Keyword Balanced Score Card, Listed Saudi companies, financial performance
Hipotesis Penelitian H01: There is no difference in the Revenue growth of BSC adopter and that of non-adopters
H02: There is no difference in the Net margin of BSC adopter and that of non-adopters
H03: There is no difference in the Current ratio of BSC adopter and that of non-adopters
H04: There is no difference in the OCF/Net income of BSC adopter and that of non-adopters
Desain Penelitian Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif non-eksperimental.
Populasi dan Sampel Ada 165 perusahaan di pasar saham Arab Saudi. Sampel representatif dari 57 perusahaan ini dipertimbangkan
untuk penelitian ini.
Proses Data keuangan perusahaan-perusahaan ini diperoleh dari situs web pasar saham Saudi www.tadawul.com.sa.
Pengumpulan Data Informasi tentang status implementasi BSC.
Judul Impact of implementing Balanced Scorecard (BSC) on financial performance of (HSA) companies
Abstract Since its introduction in 1992, Balance Score Card (BSC) has been adopted by companies as a strategic
management tool to improve their overall performance. This study aims to examine the impact of implementation of
Balanced Scorecard (BSC) on the financial performance of Listed Companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A
sample of 57 companies from different business sectors was taken for this study. Financial performance of
companies adopting BSC was compared with those who have not adopted BSC. Annual performance data for key
financial parameters over a five-year period was taken for this comparison, and the average performance for these
parameters was compared using t statistic. It was observed that adoption of BSC significantly improves the revenue
growth, while it does not have much impact on other financial parameters such as Net margin, Current ratio and
Operating Cash Flow/Net income.
Keywords: Balanced Score Card, Listed Saudi companies, financial performance
Cite This Article: Ibrahim Sweiti, and Upendra Lele, “Impact of Balanced Scorecard Implementation on
Financial Performance of Saudi Listed Companies.” Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance,
Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport, vol. 4, no. 1 (2016): 8-12. doi: 10.12691/jbe-4-1-2.
that of non-adopters. The mean revenue growth for The second financial indicator i.e. profitability of adopters
adopters is 4.32 with the standard deviation 2.32, and the (0.03) is less than that of non-adopters (0.12), with the
mean revenue growth for non-adopters is equal to 1.36 mean difference of -0.09. This indicates that BSC
with the standard deviation 0.36. adoption may not improve the profitability of the firms.
The other financial indicators for the services sector Even though we may expect that revenue growth will be
(profitability, liquidity and earning quality) indicated that accompanied by increased profitability, we see a different
the non-adopters of BSC are having higher values than result here. The reduced profitability might be due to
those of the adopters. This result is somewhat unexpected. inefficient management of cost, such as cost of goods sold,
It may be due to a small sample size. Further deeper study operating expenses & other expenses etc. Thus, companies
into the services sector might be required to develop a specially in the manufacturing and services sectors should
better understanding of this behavior. be more carefully in controlling costs. The third indictors
is Liquidity (Current Ratio). The mean liquidity of
Table 3 adopters (3.49) is higher than that of non-adopters (2.63)
Descriptive Statistics for Services sector with the mean difference mean of 0.86, which indicates
Adopter Non adopter that BSC adoption helps companies in providing better
liquidity than non-adopters. The last indicator is Earning
Sr. Parameter Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
Quality, which is a ratio of Operating Cash Flow to Net
1 Revenue growth (efficiency) 4.32 2.36 1.36 0.36 income. If operating cash flow is closer to profit, the
2 Net margin (profitability) -0.19 0.62 0.08 0.15 quality of earning will be more. The mean earning quality
3 Current ratio (liquidity) 2.28 2.77 2.40 2.39 for adopters (1.13) is higher than that of non-adopters
(1.09), with the mean difference equal to 0.04. It means
4 OCF/Net income (earning quality) 0.37 1.54 1.73 3.16
that BSC adoption improves the quality of earning.
In Table 4 we have presented the descriptive statistics The results of Table 6 are summarized below:
for the merchandizing sector. When we compare the mean a) The average efficiency of adopters (3.32) is
for each financial indicator, it is observed that the mean higher than that of non-adopters (1.43)
for adopters in all financial indicators taken into analysis b) The average profitability of adopters (0.03) is
are more than that of non-adopters, except liquidity which less than that of non-adopters (0.12)
is almost same. c) The average liquidity of adopters (3.49) is higher
The mean revenue growth (efficiency) of adopters is than that of non-adopters (2.63)
2.21 with the standard deviation of 0.31, whereas the d) The average earning quality of adopters (1.13) is
revenue growth for non-adopter is 1.48 with the standard higher than that of non-adopters (1.09)
deviation of 0.27. The mean earning quality for adopters is Thus, it may be seen that BSC adopters have indicated
1.04 with the standard deviation of 0.09, whereas for non better financial performance than that of non-adopters in 3
adopters, the mean earning quality is -0.07 with the out of 4 parameters, namely, efficiency, liquidity and
standard deviation of 2.57. earning quality. The profitability of adopters is marginally
less than that of the non-adopters.
Table 4
Descriptive Statistics for merchandising sector Table 6
Adopter Non adopter Comparison of Financial parameters between sectors
Sr. Parameter Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Adopter Non adopter
1 Revenue growth (efficiency) 2.21 0.31 1.48 0.27 Mean
Financial Indicators Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
2 Net margin (profitability) 0.11 0.07 0.10 0.11 Diff.
3 Current ratio (liquidity) 1.72 1.04 1.81 1.24 Efficiency (Revenue
Growth)
4 OCF/Net income (earning quality) 1.04 0.09 -0.07 2.57
Manufacturing 3.36 2.32 1.45 0.54
The Table 5 shows the descriptive statistics for all Merchandising 2.21 0.31 1.48 0.27
sectors taken together. Here we may observe that Revenue Services 4.32 2.36 1.36 0.36
growth for BSC adopters is higher than that of the non- Average efficiency 3.32 2.09 1.43 0.46 1.89
adopters. The financial performance in other indicators, Profitability (Net Margin)
however, does not show a conclusive trend. Manufacturing 0.08 0.44 0.14 0.25
Merchandising 0.11 0.07 0.10 0.11
Table 5
Services -0.19 0.62 0.08 0.15
Descriptive Statistics for all sectors
Average profitability 0.03 0.43 0.12 0.21 -0.09
Adopter Non adopter
Liquidity (Current Ratio)
Sr. Parameter Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
Manufacturing 4.68 5.15 2.86 2.08
1 Revenue growth (efficiency) 3.48 2.09 1.42 0.46 Merchandising 1.72 1.04 1.81 1.24
2 Net margin (profitability) 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.15 Services 2.28 2.77 2.40 2.39
3 Current ratio (liquidity) 3.31 4.18 2.62 2.09 Average liquidity 3.49 4.18 2.63 2.09 0.86
4 OCF/Net income (earning quality) 1.23 0.98 1.42 1.81 Earning Quality
(OCF/Net income)
Table 6 shows the comparison of each parameter across Manufacturing 1.48 1.21 0.99 1.69
different sectors. It is observed that the mean revenue Merchandising 1.04 0.09 -0.07 2.57
growth of adopters (3.32) is higher than that of non- Services 0.37 1.54 1.73 3.16
adopters (1.43), and the mean difference is (1.89). This
Average earning quality 1.13 1.19 1.09 2.27 0.04
indicates that the adoption BSC results in revenue growth.
Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport 11
Table 7
Sr. Parameter Category Mean S.D Mean Diff. t Stat p Value
1 Revenue growth Adopter 3.32 2.09 1.89 5.42 0.00
Non Adopter 1.43 0.46
2 Net margin Adopter 0.03 0.43 -0.09 0.018 0.98
Non Adopter 0.12 0.21
3 Current ratio Adopter 3.49 4.18 0.86 1.04 0.30
Non Adopter 2.63 2.09
4 OCF/Net income Adopter 1.13 1.19 0.04 0.41 0.67
Non Adopter 1.09 2.27
Operating Cash Flow/Net income. There is further scope
4.3. Limitations of the Study for conducting a more detailed study with a larger sample
size to develop better understanding of the impact of BSC
This study did not consider the cultural issues in adoption on financial performance of companies.
implementing BSc and their impact on financial
performance of companies. They might create some
barriers in effective implementation of BSC in Saudi Acknowledgement
companies as mentioned by Idris [6]. A larger sample size
also might help in bringing out the impact of BSC The authors are deeply indebted to Qassim University
adoption in a more significant manner. for providing financial support for carrying out this study.
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Journal of Business & Economic Policy Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2017
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of balanced scorecard on the financial performance in the
(HSA) companies in Yemen, researcher has chosen the non-experimental quantitative research to
achieve the main objective of this study. And he chose hayel saeed anam (HSA) companies for
commerce and industry in Yemen to be the research population for this study, where (HSA)
consist of 42 company in the services and industry fields. Financial data of these companies was
gained from the annual financial statements published on the company‟s websites as well as
trade and industry ministry of Yemen. The period between 2009-2015 was considered as
sufficient period to conduct this study. „T‟ test was the statistical tool used to examine the
difference in financial performance for all segments taken together. The researcher concluded
that there is a positive relationship between the adoption of the Balanced Scorecard and financial
performance of companies selected.
Keywords: Balanced scorecard, financial performance, financial measurements, (BSC)
1. Introduction
The main purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC)
in improving financial performance. The balanced scorecard has got increasing popularity as an
effective management tool that aligns employee actions and goals with corporate strategy since
first being introduced in 1992. (Davis, Albright., 2004). We introduce an empirical analysis that
investigates the effect of balanced scorecard on companies‟ financial performance on Yemeni
business world. Starting in the early 1980s, Literature management accounting described the
increasing irrelevance of the old control and performance indicators practices. Due to the
inability of traditional financial metrics to draw a clear map on the vision and future of the
company, then researchers have sought to find an accounting management system enables the
company to get a regulated financial that helps the company to reach the goals set. The Balanced
scorecard came out of the need to fix the planning, control, and performance measurement
functions of management accounting. balanced scorecard consist of four aspects namely:
financial perspective, customer perspective, internal process perspective, learning & growth
perspective, works together to present a clear perception about the financial and strategic
position of the organization.
2. Literature review
Balanced scorecard is one of the management accounting tools that seeks to translate the
company's mission and vision into actions that helps the management to achieve their goals
(Kaplan and Norton, 1996). Recent literature includes numbers of attempts to associate balanced
scorecard usage and improved the financial and strategic performance (Davis and Albright,
2004).
Banker et al. (2000) they examined the relation between improved financial performance and
NFMs in a hotel chain where then he found evidence of association between customer
satisfaction NFMs and financial performance, then he suggests to use a new incentive program
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that may raise the satisfaction thus improve the future of financial performance in the end. This
study was trying to measure the financial position after usage the balanced scorecard model.
Then he concludes his study with a clear point refers to affect this BSC model on the financial
performance in positive way.
Ittner et al. (2003) they found a negative relation between the application of balanced scorecard
and financial performance in an extensive study of the financial services industry. Then he
concluded his study saying there are strategic reasons and environments dedicated to prevent the
success of the Balanced Scorecard in some organizations.
Braam and Nijssen. (2004) they compared the financial performance of two electrical wholesale
chain located in UK. Then they find an observed improvement in the financial performance at
the firm which applied balanced scorecard, where the rest of the firm‟s chain has a significant
decline in liquidity as well as suffering from a disorder in dealing with creditors.
Ibrahim and Mohammed. (2013) conducted a study to determine the effect of adoption of
balanced scorecard in Saudi National Bank. They found that bank has a clear perception of the
basic balanced scorecard aspects that can improve financial performance, thus can achieve a
distinct strategic financial performance.
Malina and Selto (2001) explored the effectiveness of the balanced scorecard in achieving
strategic goals and working as a management control device. They reached to the indirect
relationship between balanced scorecard‟s management control function and improved financial
performance on balanced scorecard perspectives.
Sweiti and Lele. (2016) this study conducted a comparative analysis in the Listed Companies in
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. By analyzing the differences between the companies that use
balanced scorecard to control the financial performance and those companies does not adopt the
same model. Then he came out with a vital point that the financial performance has been
positively affected due to balanced scorecard technique.
3. Research hypotheses
3.1. The main hypothesis
The main hypothesis of this paper says “there is no significant effect for the application of
balanced scorecard (BSC) on financial performance”
3.2. Sub-hypotheses
H : There is no significant effect for the application of balanced scorecard on revenue growth.
01
efficiency.
H : There is no significant effect for the application of balanced scorecard on operating cash
03
flow (OCF).
H : There is no significant effect for the application of balanced scorecard on net margin.
04
H : There is no significant effect for the application of balanced scorecard on current ratio.
05
4. Research method
We believe that a field study technique is appropriate for studying management initiatives such
as the Balanced Scorecard(BSC). But given data accessibility constraints and the research
question posed, we choose to follow closely a non-experimental quantitative research to achieve
the main objective of this study. And we chose Hayel Saeed Anam (HAS)companies for
commerce and industry in Yemen to be the research population for this study, where (HAS)
consist of 42 company in the services and industry fields. Nine companies have been excluded
from the total sample due to lack of sufficient information, hence the total sample under study is
33 company. Financial data of these companies was gained from the annual financial statements
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Journal of Business & Economic Policy Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2017
published on the company‟s websites as well as trade and industry ministry of Yemen. Getting to
know the status of Balanced scorecard(BSC) adoption was through personal contact with the
companies either by email, phone call or social media. The study encompasses a comparison of
financial performance of Balanced scorecard adopters with non-adopters of Balanced
scorecard(BSC). To assess the financial performance of selected companies, the following
metrics were taken to reach the purpose.
1- Revenue Growth - refers to the competence of use of resource and to know how fast a
company‟s business is growing, and it can be calculated through deduct the most current period‟s
revenue by the revenue number from the same period in the previous year.
2- Financial efficiency – figured through calculation both of return on assets and operating
expense ratio, knowing that:
A- Return on assets (ROA)= Annual net income
Average total assets
B- Operating expense ratio(OER)= Operating expenses
Effective gross income
3- Operating cash flow(OCF) and net income – demonstrates the nature of earnings, and can be
calculated as following:
Operating cash flow(OCF)= EBIT+ Depreciation-Taxes
Where:
EBIT = earnings before interest and taxes
4- Net margin – refers to the profitability of the company, calculated by the following equation:
Net margin= Net profit
Total revenue
5- Current Ratio – describe the liquidity of the company, calculated by dividing current assets by
current liabilities.
Current ratio= current assets
Current liabilities
The period between 2009-2015 was considered as sufficient period to conduct this study, and the
total of 33 company were divided into two sectors: services sector, manufacturing sector. In
order to achieve study goals, the average performance of the selected companies for parameters
mentioned above was calculated. the companies were assembled into groups based on the
adoption balanced scorecard and non-adoption. A comparative analysis was conducted for each
parameters of balance scorecard adopters with non-adopter through taking the average
performance of balance scorecard elements. Study was made separately for each business
segment and all segments taken together. “ T “ test was the statistical tool used to examine the
difference in financial performance for all segments taken together
4.1. Sample design and distribution
The study sample consist of 33 companies as appear in the table (1) distributed into two sectors
namely service and manufacturing
Table (1)
Distribution of the sample
Manufacturing 9 12 21
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Journal of Business & Economic Policy Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2017
Services 4 8 12
Total 13 20 33
First, we will make a statistical description of each segment separately and then will do the
same thing for the whole sample.
5. Testing hypotheses and data descriptive
In the way to measure the impact of balanced scorecard on the financial performance of the
selected companies, a comparative analysis between (BSC) adopters and non-adaptors was
conducted for both of manufacturing and service business sectors, using financial parameters and
some ratios. Table (2), table (3), and table (4) are containing statistical data obtained using the
financial equations.
Table 2 is showing the descriptive statistics for the industry segment, when we look at the mean
for each financial metric, it is watched that the mean for adopters in every parameter taken into
examine are more than that for non-adaptors.
There are contrasts between the five metrics in the weaknesses and strength of impact of balance
scorecard for adaptors and non-adaptors. The distinctions are very clear in operating cash flow
(OCF): the mean is 3.36 for adopters with the standard deviation of 2.32 where the mean for
non-adaptors was 1.45 with standard deviation 0.54. Similarly, the revenue growth has mean
equal 3.25 for adopters and 1.40 for non-adaptors with a standard deviation of 2.23, 0.42
respectively.
In the other metrics, also we can observe the clear weakness in the non-adaptors side especially
in current ratio, where the mean was 1.23 for adopters with the standard deviation of 0.99 and the
mean is 0.98 with standard deviation 1.12 for non-adaptors, as well as the net margin: the mean
is 0.72 with standard deviation of 1.21 for adaptors, where the mean for non-adaptors was 0.16
with a standard deviation of 0.23. It may also observe the financial efficiency: the mean is 1.42
for adaptors and 0.99 for non-adaptors, where the standard deviation for non-adaptors was more
than (BSC) adaptors as showing respectively in the table 2(0.52-1.59) S.D.
Hence, we can say that the financial metrics were positively moving towards the axis (y) in the
manufacturing sector that have adopted the balanced scorecard model.
Table (2)
Descriptive statistics of manufacturing segment
Adopters non-Adopters
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Journal of Business & Economic Policy Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2017
The following table (3) shows the descriptive statistics for the services segment of (HAS)
companies in the light of adoption and non-adoption balanced scorecard (BSC) through compare
the mean for every financial metric mentioned in this table below. We can observe that the mean
of revenue growth as well as financial efficiency are (4.46, 1.04) for adopters where the same
financial indicators for non-adopters are (0.56, 0.22) respectively, that clearly refers for the
weakness in the financial metrics for the non-adopters.
Whereas if we look at the operating cash flow (OCF) we find that there is no significant
difference between the values in both of sides (adopters and non-adopters). The reason may be
due to the equity of the strategies Used in both categories. In the same way the metrics of net
margin and current ratio are having weak differences: Where the mean for net margin is: 0.62
with a standard deviation of 1.45 for adopters, and 1.72 for non-adopters is with a standard
deviation 1.15. In the next row the mean for the current ratio is 1.29 with a standard deviation of
0.77 for adopters, while the mean for non-adaptors is 0.91 with a standard deviation of 2.89.
Here we may observe the financial indicators are positively racing towards improving the
financial performance in the services sectors due to adopting balanced scorecard model.
Table (3)
Descriptive statistics of services segment
Adopters Non-Adopters
In the table (4) we have introduced the descriptive statistics for both segments (manufacturing,
service), hence we observe that all values of financial indicators for adopters are more than in
non-adopters especially revenue growth, mean is 3.85 for adopters and 1.59 for non-adopters,
thus Clearly refers to the improving the financials performance as a result of the use of balance
scorecard model in the company selected.
Table (4)
Descriptive statistics of all segments
Adopters Non-Adopters
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In the table (5) we presented a compression analysis for all financial metrics used I this study
between the adopters and non-adopters of balanced scorecard. We can observe in the table (5)
the mean of revenue growth is 3.85 for adaptors where the mean of the same indicators is 1.59
for non-adaptors with mean difference 2.26, which that‟s refers to the affected of balanced
scorecard on revenue growth for that specific period. Hence the sub hypothesis (H01) was
rejected. Then if we look at the second metric we find the mean of financial efficiency for
adaptors is 1.23 while for non-adaptors is 0.54 with mean difference is 0.69 which means that
financial efficiency has positively affected by adoption of balanced scorecard in selected
companies. Hence the sub hypothesis (H02) was rejected. Also, the mean of operating cash flow
(OCF) for adaptors were higher than the mean for non-adaptors especially in the manufacturing
sector, with the mean difference of 0.97, the reason behind may be due to the efficiency of
operational process of a balanced prospective, which is considered one of staff of the balanced
scorecard. Hence the null hypothesis (H03) was rejected. In the other hand if we look at the net
margin will find the mean for adaptors (0.67) is less than the mean in non-adaptors (0.94) with
mean difference of (-0.27), which means that balanced scorecard does not improve the net
margin due to the interest and tax policy. Hence the sub hypothesis (H04) was accepted.
Last one is the current ratio indicator, shows positive response for the balance scorecard model
where the mean of current ratio for the adaptors is 1.26 and the mean for the non-adaptors is 0.95
with the mean difference of 0.31, which indicates an improvement in the liquidity ratio due to
adoption of this modern management model. Hence the sub hypothesis (H05) was rejected.
According to what has been discussed above, and given the results that have been obtained from
the descriptive statistical analysis, we can say that the main hypothesis is rejected.
Table (5)
Comparison of financial metrics between segments
Adopters Non-Adopters
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5. Conclusion
This study contributes to the existing performance measurement and BSC literature by providing
evidence of the ability of the BSC to improve financial performance. According to what have
been discussed above we find that balanced scorecard model play a vital role in the financial
structure of the companies. this study shows that adoption of Balanced Score Card in (HSA)
companies, has improved the financial performance comparing with other companies does not
recognize the balanced scorecard model. Out of the five metrics were selected as parameters of
financial performance of the companies, we observed that the adoption of BSC significantly
affects the revenue growth in a very positive manner. However, the other indicators have
affected by balanced scorecard in A volatile manner somewhat. On the contrary, the net margin
was unexpected decrease in the average in companies that adopted balanced Scorecard compared
to other companies. in the we concluded that there is a positive relationship between the adoption
of the Balanced Scorecard and financial performance of companies selected. in the end of this
experiment we suggest to the companies to adopt the four aspects of the Balanced Scorecard
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Journal of Business & Economic Policy Vol. 6, No. 1, January 2017
extensively so as to improve the efficiency of financial performance in the long term, in order to
also be able to draw a roadmap enables the management to achieve the set objectives and
translate them into action.
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