PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____

FORM 4
CHAPTER 4
Matter and Substance
Experiment 1: Physical Properties of Atomic, Molecular and Ionic Substances

(a) Hypothesis: Atomic and ionic substances have high melting points but molecular substances have
low melting points

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the melting point of atomic, molecular and ionic substances
(ii) Identification of variables:
(a) Manipulated: The type of substance
(b) Responding: The melting of the substance
(c) Constant: The quantity of the substance

(iii) Materials and Apparatus:Lead powder, sulphur powder, lead (II) bromide powder, crucible,
pipeclay triangle, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, spatula
(iv) Procedure:

1. Put lead powder into the crucible

2. Heat the lead powder strongly
3. Observe and record the melting of the lead powder.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 by using sulphur powder and lead (II) bromide powder.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of substance Melting of substance

Lead
Sulphur
Lead (II) bromide
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 2: Physical Properties of Atomic, Molecular and Ionic Substances

(a) Hypothesis: Atomic substances can conduct electric, molecular substances does not conduct electric
while ionic substances can only conduct electric in molten state but not solid state
(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the electrical conductivity of atomic, molecular and ionic
substances
(ii) Identification of variables:
(a) Manipulated: The type of substance
(b) Responding: The electrical conductivity / Deflection of the ammeter
(c) Constant: The quantity of the substance
(iii) Materials and Apparatus:Lead powder, sulphur powder, lead (II) bromide powder, dry cells,
ammeter, wires, crucible, pipeclay triangle, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, carbon electrodes, crocodile
clips, retort stand.
(iv) Procedure:

Lead [Atomic]
Sulphur [Molecular]
Lead (II) bromide [Ionic]
1. Put lead powder into the crucible
2. Connect dry cells to the ammeter
3. Connect the ends of the connecting wires to the carbon electrodes and put the electrodes into the lead
powder
4. Turn on the switch, then observe and record the deflection of the ammeter
5. Heat lead powder until it melts and observe and record the deflection of the ammeter
6. Repeat experiment by using sulphur powder and lead (II) bromide powder
(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of substance Electrical conductivity

Solid Molten
Lead
Sulphur
Lead (II) bromide
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 3: The Electrical Conductivity of Metals and Non-metals

(a) Hypothesis: Metals can conduct electricity while non-metals cannot conduct electricity
(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the electrical conductivity of metals and non-metals
(ii) Identification of variables:
(a) Manipulated: The type of rod / Copper rod and glass rod 2008
(b) Responding:The electrical conductivity / The condition of the bulb
(c) Constant: The size of the rod / the number of dry cells

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Copper rod, glass rod, bulb, wires, dry cells
(iv) Procedure:

1. Connect the dry cells to the bulb by using wires.

2. Connect the copper rod to the circuit.
3. Observe and record the condition of the bulb.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 by using a glass rod

(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of rod Condition of the bulb / Electrical conductivity

Copper
Glass
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 4: The Heat Conductivity of Metals and Non-metals

(a) Hypothesis: Metals are better heat conductors than non-metals

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the heat conductivity of metals and non-metals
(ii) Identification of variables:
(a) Manipulated: The type of rod / Copper rod and glasss rod
(b) Responding: The time taken for the thumbtack to fall
(c) Constant: The size of the rod/ The distance of the rod from the Bunsen burner

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Copper rod, glass rod, wax, thumbtack, Bunsen burner, retort stand,
stopwatch
(iv) Procedure:

1. Stick the thumbtack to the copper rod by using wax.

2. Heat the end of the copper rod.
3. Observe and record the time taken for the thumbtack to fall.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 by using a glass rod

(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of rod Time taken for the thumbtack to fall (min)

Copper
Glass
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 5: Effect of impurities on the boiling point of water

(a) Hypothesis: Impurities / Common salt increases the boiling point of distilled water
(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the effect of impurities / common salt on the boiling point of
distilled water.
(ii) Identification of variables:
2013
(a) Manipulated: The presence of common salt
(b) Responding: The boiling point of solution
(c) Constant: The volume of distilled water
(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Distilled water, common salt, beaker, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner, thermometer
(iv) Procedure:

1. Pour 100 cm³ of distilled water into the beaker.

2. Heat the water until it boils.
3. Observe and record the boiling point of the water.
4. Add common salt to the distilled water and boil the solution.
5. Observe and record the boling point of the solution of distilled water and common salt.

(v) Tabulation of data:

The presence of common salt Boiling point of solution (0C)

Distilled water
Distilled water + common salt
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
FORM 4
CHAPTER 5
Energy and Chemical Changes
Experiment 6: Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

(a) Hypothesis: The temperature increases when sodium hydroxide reacts with water while the
temperature decreases when ammonium chloride reacts with water
(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study exothermic and endothermic reactions 2016
(ii) Identification of variables:
(a) Manipulated: Type of substance
(b) Responding: The final temperature
(c) Constant: The volume of water
(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Sodium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, water, test tubes, thermometer
(iv) Procedure:

1. Put one spatula of sodium hydroxide into a test tube containing 5 cm³ water
2. Observe and record the thermometer reading after a few minutes
3. Repeat steps 1 to 2 by using ammonium chloride.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of substances Initial temperature of the water (0C) Final temperature of the water (0C)
Sodium hydroxide
and water
Ammonium
chloride and water
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 7: Reaction of metals with water

(a) Hypothesis: Calcium is the most reactive metal compared to magnesium, aluminium, zinc and
copper when react with water.

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the reactivity of metals with water
(ii) Identification of variables:
(a) Manipulated: The type of metal
(b) Responding: The reactivity of metals with water
(c) Constant: The quantity of metals

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, copper, water, test tubes, filter
funnel, beaker, stopper, distribution tube, glass trough, wooden splinter.
(iv) Procedure:

1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram for the reaction of calcium and water.
2. Collect the gas released and test it with a burning wooden splinter.
3. 1 spatula of magnesium powder is added to the water in a test tube.
4. The gas released is collected as shown in the diagram.
5. The gas collected is tested with a burning wooden splinter.
6. Experiment is repeated using aluminium, zinc and copper to replace magnesium.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of metal Reactivity of metal with water

Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Copper
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 8: Reaction of metals with acid

(a) Hypothesis: Magnesium is the most reactive metal compared to aluminium, zinc, iron and copper
when react with acid.

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the reactivity of metals with acid

(ii) Identification of variables:

(a) Manipulated: The type of metal
(b) Responding: The reactivity of metals
(c) Constant: Volume of acid / The concentration of acid/ The quantity of metal

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, copper, dilute hydrochloric acid,
water, test tube, boiling tube, cork, stopper, delivery tube, glass trough, forceps, wooden splinter

(iv) Procedure:

1. Put dilute hydrochloric acid into a boiling tube.

2. Put magnesium ribbon into the dilute hydrochloric acid.
3. Gas collected is tested with a burning wooden splinter.
4. Observe and record the reactivity of metal with acid.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 by using aluminium, zinc and iron.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of metal Reactivity of metal with acid

Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 9: Reaction of metals with oxygen

(a) Hypothesis: Magnesium is the most reactive metal compare to aluminium, zinc and copper when
react with oxygen.
(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the reactivity of metals with oxygen
(ii) Identification of variables:
(a) Manipulated: The type of metal
(b) Responding: The reactivity of metals
(c) Constant: The quantity of metal
(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Aluminium powder, zinc powder, copper powder, potassium
manganate (VII) crystals, asbestos paper, glass wool, boiling tube, spatula, Bunsen burner, tongs.
(iv) Procedure:

Tongs

Magnesium ribbon

1. Put 3 spatulas of potassium manganate (VII) crystals into the boiling tube
2. Push a lump of glass wool into the boiling tube.
3. Put aluminium powder ,zinc powder and copper powder separately in asbestos paper and place them
into the boiling tube
4. Heat the metal powders strongly simultaneously before heating the potassium manganite (VII).
5. Heat 5 cm of magnesium ribbon directly in the Bunsen burner and record the observation.
6. Observe and record the brightness of the flame or glow that is produced
(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of metal Reactivity of metal with oxygen

Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Copper
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 10: Position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals

(a) Hypothesis: Carbon is positioned between aluminium and zinc in the reactivity series of metals.

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals

(ii) Identification of variables:

(a) Manipulated: The type of mixture
(b) Responding: Changes to the mixture
(c) Constant: The quantity of the metal oxide

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Charcoal (carbon) powder, lead (II) oxide powder, aluminium oxide
powder, zinc oxide powder, crucible, Bunsen burner, spatula, pipeclay triangle, tripod stand

(iv) Procedure:
Mixture of
carbon and
Crucible
zinc (II) oxide

Tripod
Heat stand

1. Put 1 spatula of charcoal and one spatula of zinc oxide powder into a crucible.
2. Heat the mixture strongly.
3. Observe and record on any sign of a glow.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 by using aluminium oxide and lead (II) oxide powders.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of mixture Changes to the mixture

Carbon and zinc oxide
Carbon and aluminium oxide
Carbon and lead (II) oxide
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 11: Process of electroplating metal objects using electrolysis

(a) Hypothesis: Copper will precipitate as a thin layer on the iron nail.

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the electroplating of objects made of iron with copper.

(ii) Identification of variables:

(a) Manipulated: Type of metal / Copper plate and iron nail
(b) Responding: Products at both electrodes
(c) Constant: Type of electrolyte

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Copper plate, iron nail, copper (II) sulphate solution, battery, beaker,
wire, crocodile clips, rheostat, ammeter, switch
(iv) Procedure:

Battery Switch

Rheostat

Iron nail
Copper
plate

Copper (II) sulphate solution

1. A beaker is filled with copper (II) sulphate solution.

2. The copper plate is used as the anode while the iron nail is used as the cathode.
3. The switch is turned on and a current of 0.5 A is flowed through the circuit for 10 minutes.
4. The switch is turned off and the iron nail is taken out.
5. Observe and record the products at both electrodes.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of metal Products at both electrodes

Copper
Iron nail
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 12: The Production of Electrical Energy by a Simple Cell

(a) Hypothesis: Two different metals dipped in an electrolyte give a voltmeter reading

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the production of electrical energy by a simple cell

(ii) Identification of variables:

(a) Manipulated: Pair of plates
(b) Responding: The voltmeter reading
(c) Constant: The type of electrolyte

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Zinc plate, copper plate, sodium chloride solution, connecting wires,
crocodile clips, beaker, voltmeter

(iv) Procedure:

Zinc plate Copper plate

Sodium chloride solution

1. Pour sodium chloride solution into a beaker .

2. Dip zinc and copper plates into the sodium chloride solution.
3. Connect the zinc and copper plates with connecting wires to the voltmeter.
4. Observe and record the voltmeter reading.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 by using two copper plates.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Pair of plates Voltmeter reading (V)

Zinc and copper plates
Copper and copper
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 13: Simple cell

(a) Hypothesis: Fruit juice can produce electrical energy

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To build a simple cell using fruit juice as an electrolyte .

(ii) Identification of variables:

(a) Manipulated: Type of fruits
(b) Responding: Production of electrical energy / Deflection of galvanometer needle
(c) Constant: Type of metal electrode

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Fruits (pineapple, orange, mango) copper plate, lead plate, connecting
wires, crocodile clips and galvanometer.

(iv) Procedure:

Orange

1. The copper plate and lead plate are connected using crocodile clip wires to the galvanometer.
2. Both metal plates are inserted into the cut orange .
3. Record and observe the production of electrical energy / the deflection of the galvanometer needle.
4. The experiment is repeated by using pineapple and mango.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of fruit Production of electrical energy /

Deflection of galvanometer needle
Orange
Pineapple
Mango
 PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
FORM 4
CHAPTER 7
Light, Colour and Sight
Experiment 14:

(a) Hypothesis: The thicker the convex lens, the shorter the focal length of the lens.

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the relationship between the thickness of convex lens and the
focal length of the lens
2009
(ii) Identification of variables:
(a) Manipulated: The thickness of the convex lens
(b) Responding: The focal length
(c) Constant: The object distance from the lens

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Metre ruler, white screen, thick and thin convex lenses, lens holder

(iv) Procedure:

Convex lens

Light rays from a distant object

Screen
Lens holder

Metre ruler

Focal length

1. Place a thick convex lens on a lens holder and place it in front of the white screen.
2. Direct the lens at a distance object
3. Adjust the screen so that a sharp image is formed.
4. Observe and record the distance between the convex lens and the screen (image distance)
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 by using a thin convex lens.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Thickness of the convex lens Focal length (cm)

Thick convex lens
Thin convex lens
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 15: Relationship between the distance of the object from the pinhole camera and the size of the
image formed on the screen

(a) Hypothesis: Distance of the object from the pinhole camera longer, the size of the image formed on
the screen is smaller

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the relationship between the distance of the object from the
pinhole camera and the size of the image formed on the screen

(ii) Identification of variables:

(a) Manipulated: Distance of the object from the pinhole camera
(b) Responding: Size of the image formed on the screen
(c) Constant: Size of the object

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Pinhole camera, letter P, ray box, ruler
(iv) Procedure:

Pin-hole camera

Screen

Ray box

1. A letter P is placed in front of a ray box.

2. The screen is moved forward and backwards until a sharp image is observed.
3. Observe and record the size of the image formed on the screen.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 by placing the letter P further away from the ray box.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Object distance Size of image (cm)

Shorter
Longer
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 16: The addition of primary colours

(a) Hypothesis: The addition of primary colours producers secondary colours

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the addition of primary colours to form secondary colours.

(ii) Identification of variables:

(a) Manipulated: The coloured filter
(b) Responding: The coloured light formed on the screen
(c) Constant: The source of light

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Torches, screen, red filter, green filter, blue filter
(iv) Procedure:

1. Stick red, green and blue filters onto three torches respectively.
2. Direct the beams of lights onto a white screen.
3. Record and observe the coloured light formed on the screen.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 by using filters of different colours as listed in the table.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Coloured filters Coloured light formed on the screen

Red, green and blue
Red and green
Red and blue
Green and blue
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 17: Substraction of coloured lights by primary coloured filters

(a) Hypothesis: Primary filters only allow lights of the same colour to pass through them

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the effect of primary coloured filters on white lights

(ii) Identification of variables: 2005

(a) Manipulated: The primary colour filters
(b) Responding: The coloured light formed on the screen
(c) Constant: White light / Source of light

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Torch, primary coloured filters

(iv) Procedure:

Screen

Torch

1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.

2. Place the red filter at position X in between the torch and the screen.
3. Switch on the torch and direct the light to pass through the colour filter.
4. Record and observe the colour produced on the screen.
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 by using green filter and blue filter.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Filter X Coloured light formed on the screen

Red
Green
Blue
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 18: Substraction of coloured lights by secondary coloured filters

(a) Hypothesis: Secondary coloured filters allow lights of the same colours and primary colours that
form them to pass through them.

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the effect of secondary coloured filters on white light

(ii) Identification of variables:

(a) Manipulated: The secondary colour filters
(b) Responding: The coloured light formed on the screen
(c) Constant: White light / Source of light

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Torch, seondary coloured filters

(iv) Procedure:

Screen

Torch

1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.

2. Place a yellow and green filters at position X and Y in between the torch and the screen.
3. Switch on the torch and direct the light to pass through the colour filter.
4. Record and observe the colour produced on the screen.
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 by using a pair of blue and yellow filter, cyan and yellow filter next and finally
yellow and magenta filters.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Filter X Filter Y Coloured light formed on the screen

Yellow Green
Blue Yellow
Cyan Yellow
Yellow Magenta
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
FORM 4
CHAPTER 8
Chemicals in Industry

Experiment 19: Hardness of alloy as compared to its alloy

(a) Hypothesis: An alloy is harder than the pure metal. The diameter of the dent on the brass block will
be smaller than the diameter of the dent on the copper block.
2007
(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the hardness of a pure metal compared to its alloy
(ii) Identification of variables:
(a) Manipulated: The type of metal block/ Copper block and brass block
(b) Responding: The diameter of the dent
(c) Constant: The height of the weight / The mass of the weight

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Copper block, brass block, steel ball, a weight of 1 kg, string, retort
stand, metre ruler
(iv) Procedure:

1. Hang a 1 kg weight at a height of 50 cm from the copper block.

2. Release the weight so that it falls on the steel ball placed on the copper block.
3. Observe and record he diameter of the dent produced on the metal block.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 by using a brass block.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of metal block Diameter of dent (mm)

Copper block
Brass block
PAPER 2 SECTION C Question 10 Name: ____________________ Class: _____
Experiment 20: The resistance of an alloy to corrosion

(a) Hypothesis: A steel nail is more resistant to corrosion (rusting) compared to an iron nail.

(b) (i) Aim of the experiment: To study the resistance of alloy and metal towards corrosion

(ii) Identification of variables: 2006

(a) Manipulated: The type of nail / Iron nail and steel nail
(b) Responding: Rusting of the nail / Corrosion of the nail
(c) Constant: The volume of sodium chloride solution

(iii) Materials and Apparatus: Iron nail, steel nail, sodium chloride solution, sandpaper, test tubes

(iv) Procedure:

1. Clean an iron nail and steel nail with sandpaper.

2. Pour sodium chloride solution into two separate test tubes.
3. Put the iron nail into one test tube and the steel nail into the other test tube.
4. Leave both test tubes for two days.
5. Observe and record the condition of the iron nail and steel nail.

(v) Tabulation of data:

Type of nail Rusting of the nail

Iron nail
Steel nail