Sampling Design

What is sampling?

We want to say something about a population, the entire group of individuals that we want
information about. To get at this we take a sample a part of the population that we actually examine in
order to gather information. The information from a sample is often adequate and easier to obtain.
Since we make conclusions about a population based on the information obtained from a sample, it is
important that the units in the sample are representative of the entire population. The sampling design,
the method chosen to select the sample from the overall population, has important consequences. Poor
sampling designs can yield misleading conclusions.

How can a sampling design be bias?

A sampling method is biased if it systematically favors certain outcomes. Some commonly used
but biased sampling designs are:

 . Voluntary Response Survey

o A voluntary response sample consists of people who choose themselves by
responding to a general appeal. Voluntary response samples are biased because
people with strong opinions, especially negative ones, are most likely to
respond.
 Convenience Sampling
o Convenience sampling chooses the individuals easiest to reach to be in the
sample. People at malls are more wealthy than the general population and
more likely to be teenagers or retired. Interviewers often approach neat, “safe”-
looking individuals.

What are the methods of sampling

 Random Samples
o In order to minimize the possibility of bias, such as favoritism (by a sampler) and self-
selection (by respondents), statisticians use chance to select samples. • The idea is to
avoid bias by giving all individuals an equal chance to be chosen to be in the sample. • A
Simple Random Sample (SRS) of size n consists of n individuals from the population
chosen in such a way that every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the
sample actually selected.
 Probability Sampling
o • SRS is one particular kind of statistical sampling. It comes under the general
framework called probability sampling. A probability sample gives each member of the
population a known chance (greater than zero) of being selected.
o Even if we use probability sampling, our sample can suffer from bias. Some sources of
bias are:
 Undercoverage - Occurs when some groups in the population are left out of the
process of choosing the sample.
 Nonresponse - Occurs when an individual chosen for the sample cannot be
contacted or refuses to cooperate.
 Respondent Bias- The behavior of the respondent or of the interviewer can
cause response bias. Respondents may lie, especially if asked about illegal or
unpopular behavior.
 Wording of Questions- The wording of questions is possibly the most important
influence on the answers given to a sample survey. Confusing or leading
questions can introduce strong bias, and even minor changes in wording can
change a survey’s outcome.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR RESEARCH METHOD FOR
ARCHITECTURE
(RMAN21E)

“SAMPLING DESIGN”

Submitted by:
Rivero, Jasper John P.
ArcH 401

Submitted to:
AR. Sy Juanito Y, UAP