Rebecca Hayes

G/T Independent Research

2018-2019

Annotated Source List

Bhutta, R., Hong, M. J., Kim, Y.-H., & Hong, K.-S. (2015). Single-trial lie detection using a
combined fNIRS-polygraph system. Frontiers in Psychology.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00709

This experiment tested single trial lie-detection to find ways to improve upon its
reliability. It commences by explaining how many experts and researchers support the use of
direct brain measurement to garner a more in depth understanding of neural functions,
specifically deception. In addition to multiple neurophysiological signals, researchers have
started investigating fNIRS, which locates active areas of the brain by measuring the
hemodynamic signals of neuron behavior. When the fNIRS technology is focused onto the
prefrontal cortex, changes in the concentration of the hemoglobin allow researchers to
distinguish between deception and truth. Through multiple trials, it is evident that the fNIRS
technology provides a more reliable method of detecting lies than systems such as the polygraph
test or microexpression analysis.
This source is useful for those looking for data backing the reliability of lie-detection
technology. Furthermore, it offers resolutions that will increase the reliability of existing
technology. Overall, this source contains no bias as it is purely objective and consists of an
experimental design and data analysis.

Davatzikos, C., Ruparel, K., Fan, Y., Shen, D., & Acharyya, M. (2005). Classifying spatial
patterns of brain activity with machine learning methods: Application to lie detection.
NeuroImage, 28(3), 663-668. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.009

This article contains an experiment that studies how fMRI can detect specific brain
activity when one is lying. The article explains the structure of the brain and its specific regions,
and the role technology has in mapping these neural regions and detecting deception. The secret
to detecting lies through brain imaging is to look for the patterns in activity that occur in certain
areas. The fMRI detects these patterns with magnetic waves, and these recurrences are then used
as a baseline for recognizing deception. One result of the experiment was that the technology
proved to have an 88% predictive accuracy in determining whether one was lying or telling the
truth, which was much greater than the accuracy of human detection. The article concludes by
listing the practicality of lie detection and how technology such as this can increase the
efficiency of lie detection in society.
This article was useful as it explained the relationship between brain imaging and lie
detection. Furthermore, it references data and statistics, which increase the validity of the source.
The source contains no bias, as all its claims are heavily backed by scientific research and other
sources. Overall, this article would be useful to those looking for the statistical support behind lie
detection technology.
Highfield, R., Wiseman, R., & Jenkins, R. (2009, February 11). How your looks betray your
personality. ​New Scientist​. Retrieved from https://www.newscientist.com/article/
mg20126957-300-how-your-looks-betray-your-personality/

The article explains the topic of physiognomy, which is the belief that faces and
expressions can reveal ones inner personality. The article commences by describing the history
of physiognomy, which dates back to the Greeks, and how physiognomy now has a scientific
foundation. Furthermore, it explains the psychological effects that one's face can have on other
people's "snap judgements", citing examples such as the tendency for dominant-looking CEOs to
run more profitable businesses. In order to examine the scientific basis of these things, the article
refers to the research of Doctors Anthony Little and David Perrett, who conducted an experiment
involving mugshots of individuals, of whom people were asked to guess their personality. This
revealed that there is, in fact, a correlation between perceived personality and one's actually
personality. Nevertheless, these judgements are not always the accurate, and are sometimes an
overgeneralization.
This article is helpful because it describes both the history and current applications of
physiognomy. It also avoids any bias by presenting both sides of the argument: whether or not
physiognomy holds any validity. Furthermore, it is useful as it mentions several common
examples of physiognomy in the real world. This works as an excellent extension to discovering
all the hidden cues that one holds in their face.

Kanowitz, S. (2018, June 8). High-tech lie detection. GCN. Retrieved from
https://gcn.com/articles/2018/06/08/high-tech-lie-detection.aspx

This article focuses on the various new forms of lie-detection technology. It starts by
mentioning the history of lie-detection, and how it commenced as the polygraph test, which has
developed into more reliable, high-tech variants. One example of that is AVATAR, which is
currently being used by the Department of Homeland Security as a virtual border agent.
AVATAR measures the truthfulness of subjects’ statements though sensors that track suspicious
movement in one’s eye, posture, and features. This technology is more accurate than humans,
thus it has the potential for further development and widespread use. Secondly, research has also
been conducted on whether there is a connection between telling lies and the way a computer
mouse is used. Researchers in Italy are studying how reaction time, based on the duration of time
it takes for a subject to respond to questions, as well as a mouse’s velocity, acceleration, and
trajectory, can reveal deception. Another form of lie-detection technology, named EyeDetect,
tracks pupil dilation and one’s rate of blinking in order to test whether the subject is lying. The
results of the test are automated by a computer algorithm, thus the test administrator has no
opportunity to show bias, and the test is completed much more efficiently than a polygraph test.
Finally, police forces in Spain have adopted a new lie-detection algorithm to identify insurance
fraud. The algorithm analyzes police statements of people claiming robbery, and successfully
identified 80 offenses in one week. Thus, there are plans to implement the technology nationally.
Overall, these technologies are making global strides based in the newfound accuracy and
efficiency they bring to lie-detection.
This article is useful for those investigating the current lie-detection technologies being
used internationally, as the source delves into four of today’s most prevalent variants.
The use of examples and specific applications make this article helpful to determine what aspects
of lie-detection are appealing in various nations. Overall, this source contains no bias as it is
based purely in fact and data.

Kerr, I., Binnie, M., & Aoki, C. (2008). Tessling on my brain: The future of lie detection and
brain privacy in the criminal justice system. ​Canadian Journal of Criminology &
Criminal Justice​, ​50​(3), 367-387. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.50.3.367

This source commences by describing that lawyers have two definitive goals: finding
facts and determining guilt. It then explains that those objectives are difficult to complete, and
they are frequently neglected. Following that, it states that neuroscience, specifically brain
surveillance, may possibly make the search for truth much more efficient. Nevertheless, brain
surveillance is widely regarded around the world as a major breach of privacy, and several courts
have already placed limits on the use of brain or bodily activity, including heat patterns,
electrical activities, and odors, as evidence. This article focuses on the Canadian court ruling, ​R.
v. Tessling (2004)​, which ruled against the use of brain scanning technologies in instances of
security and criminal prosecution. The article argues that there are benefits to brain imaging for
the purpose of lie detection and that the 2004 court case was not advantageous. It specifically
references the conflicting decisions of the Canadian Supreme Court and how the logic that grants
law enforcement certain rights for some situations is forgone when brain surveillance surfaces.
The article later lists the applications of brain imaging, such as lie detection, terrorism
identification, and courtroom uses. Finally, it concludes by recommending policies that will
optimize the use of brain scanning in the criminal justice field.
This source was useful, as it focuses on how controversial it can be to use neuroscience
as a method of lie detection. It questions how far one’s privacy extends, as well as how this gray
area can be used to track down criminals and terrorists, and maximize the efficiency of the
process. The source contains obvious bias, but it depicts one side of a relevant debate. Overall,
the source would be helpful if one were researching the controversy of neuroscience and lie
detection and how said controversy emerged around the world.

LaMotte, S. (2018, September 7). The shaky science of lie detectors. Retrieved January 18, 2019,
from CNN website:
https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/21/health/lie-detector-facts-accuracy/index.html

This source focuses on the use of the polygraph test by the government. It commences
with a reference to an anonymous ​New York Times​ opinion editorial that was critical of the
president, stating how lawmaker Rand Paul mentioned employing a lie detector test to uncover
its author. The polygraph was used in a similar way when Stormy Daniels was questioned over
her relationship with Donald Trump. Despite its continuous use by the government, its reliability
is constantly in question by society and experts. Polygraphs developed from the concept that
lying causes stress, which is then exhibited through changes in breathing, heartbeat, blood
pressure, etc. These shifts are measured by the polygraph, thus indicating whether the individual
is lying or not. One fault of the lie detector test is that it relies on the stress induced by lying. If
one is a habitual liar, stress no longer accompanies the act of deception, and the polygraph test is
no longer successful. Furthermore, other emotions can influence the results of the lie-detector
test as well. Many critics prefer to refer to the polygraph test as a reaction recorder, rather than a
lie-detector, as there is a disconnect between what the polygraph detects and what that
information means. These flaws have caused the National Research Council of the National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine to deem polygraph tests of little merit.
This article was helpful as it detailed the faults of existing lie-detection technology,
specifically the polygraph test. Furthermore, the source is useful as it pinpointed how
lie-detection must evolve in the future. Finally, the source did not contain any bias, as it was
purely analytical.

Langleben, D., Dattilio, F. M., & Guthei, T. G. (2006). True lies: Delusions and lie-detection
technology. ​The Journal of Psychiatry and the Law,​ ​34(​ 3), 351-370. Retrieved from
https://repository.upenn.edu/neuroethics_pubs/15/

This article investigates the topic of true and false recall, which refers to the act of falsely
remembering something that never occurred, and how this compares to actual memories. The
article commences with a case study involving a patient with regular delusions, and how said
patient believed themselves to be telling the truth. These delusions are based in objective and
subjective realities, which may be impaired in certain subjects. Delusions occur when there are
discrepancies between the truths of the two realities, and this leads to false recall. Recently, there
has been research on how functions in the brain cause these discrepancies. Finally, the article
mentions the several legal implications this research may pose.
The article is useful for those studying the different forms of deception, as it focuses
specifically on delusions. This source is relevant to research on mental health and its side effects,
such as impaired reality. It contains no bias, as the article utilizes multiple sources to support its
claims, and remains objective throughout the text.

Langleben, D. D., & Moriarty, J. C. (2013). Using brain imaging for lie detection: Where
science, law and research policy collide. ​Psychol Public Policy Law​, ​19​(2), 222-234.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028841

This article commences with an explanation on the recent breakthroughs in brain imaging
and how these advancements may lead to the introduction of fMRI technology to the lie
detection field. The author also emphasizes the many caveats of the current judicial system and
how easy it is to lie in court. In the past, humans have relied solely on chance to determine
whether someone is lying. The insufficiency of this process is one of the major reasons behind
the increase in lie detection technology. The experiment described in the article refers to fMRI
lie detection, yet the author stresses the necessity of fMRI testing meeting scientific standards
before it is introduced to the courtroom. The author concludes by referencing several Supreme
Court decisions, and the countless impacts that this technology could have on society,
stakeholders, and the neuroscience field.
This article is helpful because it highlights the connection between the technological and
political sides of lie detection technology. It achieves this with a number of statistics, relevant
anecdotes, and Supreme Court cases. The source contains no bias, as it refers to both the benefits
and detriments of introducing lie detection technology to society. This source would be useful in
understanding the connection between technology and politics, and the controversy that
accompanies brain imaging.

MacAskill, E. (2015, January 4). British and Dutch researchers develop new form of lie-detector
test. Retrieved November 15, 2018, from The Guardian website:
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jan/04/british-dutch-researchers-new-form-lie
-detector-test-polygraph

This article from ​The Guardian​ focuses on a new method of lie-detection. It commences
by mentioning the past methods of detecting deception, focusing mainly on the polygraph and its
history as the preference of the police and the government. Nevertheless, the polygraph may be
replaced by more current technology, such as the invention of researchers in Britain and the
Netherlands. In Europe, there is more skepticism regarding the credibility of the polygraph, and
this new method has proven reliability of 80% accuracy. The technology, instead of focusing on
a specific function of the body, such as heart rate or the eyes, encompasses the entire body with
the use of a body suit. Liars make more motion, such as fidgeting or nervous tics, when they are
lying. This motion suit will detect this movement, indicating deception. The new technology will
be able to provide a more reliable method of obtaining information in comparison to past
methods, such as the polygraph test or torture.
This source is useful to those researching alternatives to current methods of lie-detection.
It is relevant to discussions on the weaknesses of current technology and how it can be improved
in the future with different approaches, such as the full-body suits. Overall, this source contains
no bias, as it analyzes both the benefits and detriments of new lie-detection technology.

McFarland, M. (2017, October 4). The eyes expose our lies. Now AI is noticing. Retrieved
November 15, 2018, from CNN website:
https://money.cnn.com/2017/10/04/technology/business/eyedetect-lies-polygraph/index.h
tml

This ​CNN​ article describes one lie detection technology currently being used around the
world. The technology, named EyeDetect, focuses on the signs of deception in one's eyes. For
example, when one is lying, one unconsciously widens one’s pupils. Since lying requires more
energy in the brain, the pupils widen in order to allow in more light and visual information. This
trait is usually inconspicuous, but EyeDetect, developed by Converus, tracks one's eye motion
with a sensitive camera. Some benefits of EyeDetect, when compared to the current polygraph
exam, are its ease and speed, as it can be administered without a highly-trained examiner.
Furthermore, the technology is much less costly than a polygraph exam. Nevertheless, the
technology has not yet been embraced in the United States. This may be due to continuing
concerns over the credibility of the exam, as EyeDetect has yet to be confirmed by the National
Center for Credibility Assessment.
This source is useful to those researching current lie detection technology. Since it
describes a new device on the market, EyeDetect, one can also gain insight on the future
developments of lie detection. Finally, the source contains no bias, as it provides both the
benefits and detriments of EyeDetect.
Melendez, S. (2018, May 24). Goodbye polygraph? New tech uses AI to tell if you're lying. ​Fast
Company​. Retrieved from
https://www.fastcompany.com/40575672/goodbye-polygraphs-new-tech-uses-ai-to-tell-if
-youre-lying

This article commences by explaining the functions of the polygraph test, which is one of
the most used and recognized forms of lie-detection today. While it collects concrete data, such
as blood pressure and heart rate to determine deception, there is still much controversy over its
reliability, especially when used as evidence to incriminate individuals. This has led to the
development of countless other computerized forms of lie-detection, such as AVATAR, which
stands for Automated Virtual Agent for Truth Assessments in Real-Time. AVATAR monitors
changes in one’s physical appearance, such as posture, eyes, and gestures, so that it may
recognize potential lies. It is currently being tested by the Department of Homeland Security at
border crossings, where candidates answer questions about their belongings, and if the system
detects anything suspicious, subjects move on to further human investigation. Furthermore, the
system boasts accuracy rates of around 70%, which is higher than the abilities of humans. The
increased accuracy of lie-detection technology has allowed various systems to be introduced as
evidence in several courts around the world, which marks a major milestone for the lie-detection
field. Nevertheless, as these technologies become more prevalent, scrutiny and backlash will
increase as well.
This article is useful for those researching the newest lie-detection technology, as well as
the attitudes of the public towards these devices. This source effectively blends that information
with concrete evidence backing its statements, and it also mentions the various applications of
lie-detection technology. Furthermore, the source contains no bias because every statement is
supported by data.

Pontin, M. W. (2009, April 21). Lie detection. ​MIT Technology Review.​ Retrieved
from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/413133/lie-detection/

This article describes how technological advancements have allowed for computers to
replicate the human analysis of micro-expressions. It starts by recounting how, in the 1970s, Dr.
Paul Ekman created the FACS, and later the CERT, in order to make the analysis of
micro-expressions more streamlined and accessible. The latest technological advancements in
“lie detection” may be advantageous in the courtroom, interviews, or interrogations.
Nevertheless, the downside of these advancements is that many tend to overlook the specific
triggers of micro-expressions, which, if misunderstood, may implicate an innocent person.
Therefore, technological advancements in micro-expression detection have various benefits and
detriments.
This source is useful because it provides a comprehensive base for micro-expression
detection. Furthermore, it describes the history behind micro-expressions and some of the initial
research on it, which is integral to the understanding of micro-expressions. The specific
examples signify the importance of micro-expression detection, and they help solidify the
real-world importance of the study of micro-expressions. Overall, this source is a jumping-off
point for those wanting to further their understanding of the topic.
Saarman, E. (2006, May 3). New lie detection technology too much like scientific mind reading,
ethicist says. ​Stanford News.​ Retrieved from
https://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/may3/lies-050306.html

This article summarizes the recent advancements that have been made regarding
lie-detection technology. It commences by explaining how these recent developments have
surpassed the abilities of the polygraph test and human interrogation. These advancements can be
compacted into five new lie-detection techniques. These range from electroencephalograms,
which is the process of recording brain waves with electrodes, to facial microexpressions. The
most prominent of these is fMRI technology, which measures the usage of oxygen through the
brain. This allows researchers to designate specific areas of the brain that are active, and thus
determine if the subject is lying. Experts believe that this new technology will be incredibly
useful in the criminal justice fields, but the reliability of the technology is still a mystery.
Nevertheless, these uncertainties have not dissuaded corporations from planning to sell
fMRI-based lie-detection services. Furthermore, there are ethical reasons that bar certain
lie-detection technologies from progressing, thus one must account for all factors when gauging
lie-detection technology.
This source is useful for those investigating the most promising forms of lie-detection,
and the ethics and applications of that technology. Through the use of data and expert sources,
the article displays an educated analysis of the fMRI technology. Furthermore, the source is not
biased as the writing is objective and purely analytical.

Salmanowitz, N. (2018, December 3). Overview of U.S. lie detection systems for airport security
checkpoints [Blog post]. Retrieved from Lawfare website:
https://www.lawfareblog.com/overview-us-lie-detection-systems-airport-security-checkp
oints

This article explains one of the most recent advancements in lie-detection technology.
The new system “iBorderCtrl” is positioned on the borders of the European Union. The
technology utilizes a dual procedure to determine deception. For the first step the subject is asked
a series of questions that are monitored by a detection system, which then assesses the risk the
individual poses. Then, those that are deemed hazardous move on to further examination under
border patrol agents. The article then touches on the legal concerns of utilizing lie-detection
technology on the border. Many have questioned whether the use of these technologies in the
United States challenges the Fourth and Fifth Amendments, as some view the border security as
unreasonable search or seizure and a method self-incrimination. Nevertheless, the technology
may be able to surpass these legal concerns if it can be proven to reduce threats or criminal
activity on the border.
This source is useful for those researching recent advancements in the field of
lie-detection technology, as it focuses on the new systems being utilized for border security.
Furthermore, the source does not contain any bias, as it touches on both sides of the argument
while remaining objective and including data.
Shen, X.-B., Wu, Q., & Fu, X.-L. (2012). Effects of the duration of expressions on the
recognition of microexpressions. ​Journal of Zhejiang University Science B,​ ​13(​ 3),
221-230. ​https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1100063

This article is comprised of an experiment, conducted by Doctors Xun-bing Shen, Qi Wu,

and Xiao-lan Fu, that tested the effects of the duration of micro-expressions on one's ability to
recognize them. The source starts with a brief explanation of micro-expressions, specifying that
they relatively only last between 1/25 - 1/5 of a second. It states that micro-expressions typically
express a variation of one of the "six universal emotions": disgust, anger, fear, sadness,
happiness, and surprise. Furthermore, it details that these expressions tend to only occur in
high-risk situations or, in other words, in an environment where people have attempted to
conceal their emotions. The experiment itself tested the duration of a micro-expression, from
20ms to 300ms, on the participants' ability to recognize it. When the length of the
micro-expression increased, the participants' performance increased as well, an ability that
peaked and levelled-off at around 200ms. Furthemore, these results also determined that this
ability could be honed with more practice.
Overall, this article was incredibly helpful because it consisted of an experiment that
showed the relationship between the duration of a micro-expression and one's ability to
recognize this. It also supports the belief that one's capability to identify these expressions can be
improved with continuous practice. In addition, the lack of bias in the article only extended its
credibility. This source is able to provide further background information on the subject of
micro-expressions, as well as allow one to ponder the applications of this research.

Stanley, J. (2018, October 2). How lie detectors enable racial bias [Blog post]. Retrieved from
ACLU website:
https://www.aclu.org/blog/privacy-technology/how-lie-detectors-enable-racial-bias

This source explains one of the major ethical concerns of lie-detection technology, which
is that it enables pre-existing racial biases to persist. The article commences by explaining how,
in the past, scientists never fully accepted lie-detection technology for its unreliability, yet,
nevertheless, polygraph tests became common practice in the process of government hiring.
Furthermore, the results of these tests raise ethical concerns. For one, the rates of failing a
polygraph test vary drastically among examiners. This points to the overall unreliability of the
technology. Furthermore, black individuals fail at a much greater rate than other races. This is
due to the ambiguous results of the polygraph test, which are ultimately up to the examiner to
interpret. Thus, the examiner of the test is able to base the test results on the human interaction
between examiner and subject, rather than the data itself. The article explains how polygraph
tests have essentially become a way for employers and organizations to justify utilizing bias in
place of scientific assessments, jeopardizing the effectiveness and reliability of the test.
The source is helpful for those researching the ethical concerns of lie-detection
technology because it focused on how lie-detection technology perpetuates racial bias. As this
article was from the American Civil Liberties Union, it did contain a fair amount of bias, yet the
claims were developed and backed by data. Therefore, the analysis of the claims was useful to
the reader.
Venneti, S. (2018, January 15). Revealing true emotions through
micro-expressions: A machine learning approach [Blog post]. Retrieved from
Software Engineering Institute Blog: https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/sei_blog/2018/01/
revealing-true-emotions-through-micro-expressions-a-machine-learning-approach.html

The blog post describes how, in the near future, advancements in technology may allow
for computer software to detect micro-expressions in real time. Based on the work of Dr. Paul
Ekman and his creation of the Facial Action Coding System, the SEI Emerging Technological
Center developed a basis for emotion-reading technology. Using two convolutional neural
networks, the SEI achieved 68% accuracy in their software’s recognition of micro-expressions.
Nevertheless, to reach its maximum potential, it requires updates such as faster performance and
better identification of emotional nuances. Overall, the SEI Emerging Technology Center’s work
in micro-expression recognition is a major step towards a future reliant on human-machine
teaming.
This blog post provides a comprehensive description of the technological possibilities of
micro-expression detection. It is useful as it displays the importance of micro-expression
detection in the future. Furthermore, it is a great starting point for understanding the
technological aspects of micro-expression detection, as it does not focus heavily on the science,
but on a more simple explanation of the technology.

Walied, M., Davison, A. K., & Yap, M. H. (2018, May 7). ​A review on facial micro-expressions
analysis: Datasets, features and metrics.​ Retrieved from
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.02397.pdf

This article commences with how the field of micro-expressions was first discovered. It
also explains how, in recent years, the active research into the subject has greatly increased.
Because micro-expressions can relay a significant amount of information, specifically one's true
emotions, the analysis of these expressions can be applied to law enforcement and security.
Nevertheless, the short duration of these expressions makes them difficult to recognize by both
humans and machines. This paper also analyzes the technology behind micro-expression
research, which includes extensive datasets, sensitive camera equipment, and various algorithms.
Further in the article, the author identifies the different facets of these technological
advancements, as well as how this technology must be improved upon. For example, the text
touches on the differences between non-spontaneous datasets and spontaneous datasets and how
they pose one of the greatest challenges for real-time micro-expression detection. The article also
mentions that another setback in micro-expression research is that these datasets have been
inconsistent, which leads to irregular research and analysis. Finally, several solutions to these
issues are proposed in hopes that they will lead to future advancements in micro-expression
detection and research.
This source is helpful as it provides concrete examples of the technological advancements
that are needed to propel micro-expression research forward. This source also allows the reader
to visualize the weaknesses of micro-expression detection, as well as the ways the field has to be
improved. The article contains no bias, as it is purely informational, and focuses on improving
the process of analyzing expressions. In conclusion, this source would be useful for those
studying how technology plays a large role in the future of this field.
Wolpe, P. R., Foster, K., & Langleben, D. D. (2005). Emerging neurotechnologies for
lie-detection: Promises and perils. ​American Journal of Bioethics​, ​5​(2), 39-49. Retrieved
from https://repository.upenn.edu/neuroethics_pubs/7/

This article focuses on lie detection technology, specifically the use of electromagnetic
signals, and both the technical and ethical aspects of these forms of detection. Electromagnetic
signals can be recorded and then utilized to detect lies on a more consistent scale than
polygraphs. Polygraphs record human responses besides deception, such as anxiety, so they are
unreliable.The use of electromagnetic waves eliminates this fault and creates a standardized
protocol that ensures a consistent basis of comparison across subjects. Nevertheless, there are
many conversations on the ethics of using brain activity as evidence of deception, yet the article
emphasizes the importance of these discussions.
The article is useful for those investigating the current technology behind lie detection. It
combines both an experiment and analysis to enforce the consistency of this method and the
implications of this technology on society. Furthermore, there is no bias as all of the claims are
objective and backed by experimental data.

Young, T. (2018, January 10). Does fMRI lie detection have a future in the courtroom? [Blog
post]. Retrieved from The Columbia Science and Technology Law Review website:
http://stlr.org/2018/01/10/does-fmri-lie-detection-have-a-future-in-the-courtroom/?cn-rel
oaded=1

The source details the future uses for fMRI technology in the courtroom. It starts by
detailing the way that the technology functions. The fMRI measures the blood oxygenation
levels in the brain, recording how a strong magnetic field causes the hemoglobin to respond,
allowing the neurologists to pinpoint brain activity. Where the brain activity is located
corresponds to whether the individual is lying. This technology has allowed experts to garner a
more in-depth understanding of psychological disorders and mental illness. Nevertheless, fMRI
scans have generated much criticism from the courts. In several court cases, the use of fMRI
technology has been rejected as evidence, as, according to the courts, it does not pass the
Daubert test and is not admissible as evidence. Nonetheless, fMRI may appear as evidence in the
future, as the technology has not yet been tested in a real-world setting, and there is no current
standardized methodology for the testing of fMRI technology. Furthermore, when tested against
polygraph tests in a study, fMRI proved to be more reliable in detecting deception.
The source was useful as it provides helpful insight into the future of fMRI technology
based on court cases and technological advancements. Furthermore, the source contains no bias,
as it is purely analytical and objective. Overall, the text would be beneficial to those looking to
study the potential future of lie-detection technology.