Ashutosh Sama Software

CT INSTITUTION B.
TECH 2015-2019
AUTOCAD
AND
STAAD PRO
Software Training Report
Submitted by
ASHUTOSH SAMA
(1604227)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering
At
THINKNEXT TECHNOLOGIES PRIVATE LIMITED
(26TH DEC , 2019 TO 26TH MARCH )
CT INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY, SHAHPUR

CAMPUS ,JALANDHAR
CT INSTITUTION Page 1
CT INSTITUTION B.TECH 2015-2019
AUTOCAD
AND
STAAD PRO
Software Training Report
Submitted by
ASHUTOSH SAMA
(1604227)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering
At
THINKNEXT TECHNOLOGIES PRIVATE LIMITED
(26TH DEC , 2019 TO 26TH MARCH )
CT INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY, SHAHPUR

CAMPUS ,JALANDHAR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure to express my sincere and wholehearted sense of gratitude to

Mr.MANDEEP SINGH , AUTOCAD and STAAD PRO Trainer, CADDESK TRAINING
INSTITUTE , LUDHIANA, for their invaluable and untiring guidance and supervision
during the whole training. To derive benefits of their enormous experience, it is a matter of
great privilege for me.
I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks and full appreciation to entire members
of management of CADDESK TRAINING INSTITUTE, LUDHIANA who extended their
wholehearted cooperation, moral support and rendering ungrudging assistance wherever
need aroused.
ASHUTOSH SAMA
1604227
STUDENT DECLARATION
I HARWINDER SINGH hereby declare that I have undertaken Software Training at

CADDESK TRAINING INSTITUTE, LUDHIANA during a period from 26TH DEC TO
26TH MARCH ,2019 in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of B.tech.
(CIVIL Engineering) at CT INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY SHAHPUR CAMPUS, JALANDHAR. The work,
which is being presented in the training report submitted to Department of Civil Engineering
at CT INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
SHAHPUR CAMPUS , JALANDHAR is an authentic record of training work.
ASHUTOSH SAMA
(1604227)
COMPANY PROFILE
CADDESK TRAINING INSTITUTE, LUDHIANA

CADDESK TRAINING INSTITUTE, LUDHIANA TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD. is an
ISO 9001:2008 certified SOFTWARE / ELECTRONICS SYSTEM Development and CAD
/CAM consultancy company which deals in website designing and Development , College
ERP , School ERP , University ERP , SEO/SMO , ORM (ONLINE REPUTATION
MANAGEMENT ) , Digital marketing , Android Apps development , iphone Apps
development , Industrial Training , Automation ,Robotics , Embedded /PLC –SCADA
Products , GPS based Vehicle tracking , Bulk SMS , Bulk Voice SMS , Bulk Email , Email
Integration with Gmail and Windows Live , Biometric Time Attendance Machine , CCTV
Camera , Tech Smart Classes , Hardware and Network Services , Placement Services etc.
CONTENT
PAGE
S.NO TOPIC
1
1. Introduction to Autocad
5
2. History
10
3. Autocad Architecture Features

13
4. Advantages & Disadvantages of Autocad

14
5. Autocad Entity types & Description

21
6. Difference Between Cad & Autocad

22
7. Basic Drawing Commands of AutocaD
INTRODUCTION TO AutoCAD:
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application.
Developed and mark AutoCAD envented by Autodesk AutoCAD was first released in
December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics
controllers. Before AutoCAD was introduced, most commercial CAD programs ran
on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a
separate graphics terminal. Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as a mobile- and web app as
well, marketed as AutoCAD 360.
AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project managers,
engineers, graphic designers, and many other professionals. It was supported by 750 training
centers worldwide in 1994.[1]
AutoCAD is a high end CAD (Computer Aided Drafting) Program. It has a multitude of
features which this book will try to address.
AutoCAD is a vector based drawing application intended for engineering purposes.
Commands can be entered at a command line or through toolbars and menus.
History
AutoCAD was derived from a program begun in 1977 and released in 1979 called Interact
CAD, also referred to in early Autodesk documents as MicroCAD, which was written prior
to Autodesk's (then Marinchip Software Partners) formation by Autodesk cofounder Mike
Riddle.
The first version by the AutoDesk Company was demonstrated at the 1982 Comdex and
released that December. The 2016 release marked the 30th major release for the AutoCAD
for Windows. The 2014 release marked the fourth consecutive year for AutoCAD for Mac.
AutoCAD Architecture features
Walls, doors, and windows

Draw walls, doors, and windows that mimic real-world behavior
and construction.
Sections and elevations
Generate 2D sections and elevations directly from your floor
plans.
Architectural design documentation

Create and annotate drawings with detail components and keynoting tools
4 The AutoCAD Advantage

The AutoCAD Advantage Striker Systems sheet metal fabrication products are available as a
plug-in to AutoCAD or, for non-AutoCAD users, as a stand-alone solution based on the
AutoCAD OEM Engine. Either way, this combination provides a unique CAD/CAM
environment with features not found in many conventional manufacturing products.
Removal of Data Translations

Striker Systems provides a truly integrated CAD/CAM solution that supports the entire
manufacturing process from initial part design through the generation of NC programs with
no data translations required. And unlike many manufacturing software products with limited
design capability, Striker Systems includes an advanced engineering system for the most
demanding sheet metal design requirements.
Solid Works / Solid Edge / Inventor Compatibility

The industry is rapidly embracing 3D solid modeling technology. Being based on
Autodesk’s industry standard DWG file format, Striker Systems offers a level of
compatibility not found in other manufacturing solutions. Many products, such as Inventor
and Solid Works, Striker’s
standard DWG file format directly. And Striker also offers direct OLE links into Solid
Works, Inventor and Solid Edge for seamless sharing of data.
Industry Standard Translators

Many Striker Systems clients must accept drawings from a variety of sources. In the event it
is necessary to import data from (or export data to) another CAD software, Striker Systems
relies on the same industry standard DXF, IGES, and STEP translators that are found in
AutoCAD. Autodesk is the author of the DXF file format and therefore defines this standard.
And because AutoCAD is the most popular CAD software in the world, it is a benchmark for
the development of translators by many other CAD software organizations. You are
guaranteed the highest level of compatibility in the industry
Reduced Training Time/Cost
Both the AutoCAD based and stand-alone Striker Systems products provide an enhanced
user interface that will be immediately recognizable to individuals familiar with AutoCAD.
They will readily adapt to the Striker environment thereby minimizing the learning curve.
And for organizations that use AutoCAD as their engineering solution, it is not necessary for
employees to learn multiple operating environments as they would with separate CAD and
CAM solutions.
Rapid Product Advancements
Unlike the developers of stand-alone manufacturing products, the development team at
Striker Systems is not forced to continually maintain and advance an underlying graphics
database. The Striker graphics database is an AutoCAD engine, the world’s de facto standard
CAD solution.
4. The Disadvantages of AutoCAD

Autodesk AutoCAD is one of the most popular computer-aided design (CAD) programs, and
it creates accurate, professional drawings. However, the program falls short for computer
modeling and graphic design. The application has modeling tools , as well as color and fill
tools, but AutoCAD does not compare well to contemporary building information modeling
(BIM), three dimensional modeling or illustration software.
Line
AutoCAD produces drawings using line and shape tools. Curves, arcs and straight lines
produce the shapes, but AutoCAD cannot edit the line and location as freely as illustration
programs-- editing and overlapping lines and line weights is limited to a few options. In
addition,
AutoCAD creates drawings from only lines, never volumetric models, such as with BIM.
Nevertheless, the application can produce precise three-dimensional geometry with limited
material effects.
Limited File Formats

Because AutoCAD is one of the leading CAD programs, it limits the number of file formats
it can import or export, because Autodesk expects other programs to export to AutoCAD
formats, such as DWG and DXF. Unfortunately, this creates problems when using other
programs with more powerful tools and exporting the program to an AutoCAD format--
geometry, color and effects are lost often.
Color, Fill and Texture

AutoCAD drawings and models can have color, fill and texture, using the line and hatch
tools. However, the application limits the number of possible colors to 256 and the hatching
provides only a handful of textures, so you cannot create photo realistic images like
illustration programs. Instead, you can import image files and create material maps for
AutoCAD renderings, but AutoCAD's rendering abilities cannot compete with three-
dimensional modeling programs or illustration programs.
Non-Parametric
AutoCAD provides tools to create three-dimensional models, but editing the models requires
many steps, unlike BIM parametric models, which automatically adjust all of the model
components while editing elements. Furthermore, information is not attached to the models,
such as with BIM parametric models-- BIM gives the designer data about the material and
volumetric properties.
5. AutoCAD Entity Types and Descriptions
There are two formats used by AutoCAD: DXF (drawing exchange format) files, which are
large; and ASCII representations of the binary DWG (drawing) files. Logically, both files are
identical and, therefore, the FME treats both file types in the same manner. For AutoCAD
DWF reading and writing support please see the chapter on AutoCAD DWF.AutoCAD files
consist of sections, as follows:
1. HEADER: This contains settings of variables associated with the drawing.

2. CLASSES: This contains class definitions associated with the drawing.
3. TABLES: This contains a variety of tables, including:

Layers: Each layer entry contains layer definition information such as layer color,layer
name, and layer linetype. The AutoCAD reader validates the layer names and may modify
them to remove invalid characters.
Line types: Each linetype entry contains the linetype definition information such asname and
alignment. The AutoCAD writer enables linetype definitions to be copied from an existing
AutoCAD file, then referenced by name during the data translation.
Shape Files: Each shape file entry identifies a shape file referenced by thedrawing. Shape
files are used by AutoCAD as a different method for defining symbols or fonts. Note: These
are similar to the TextStyles in AutoCAD.
AutoCAD shape files are not the same thing as Esri Shapefiles. AutoCAD shape files store
symbol and font definitions.
Applications: Each application entry contains the name of an applicationreferenced within
the AutoCAD file.
4. BLOCKS: These are used to define symbols and other drawing file objects
usedrepeatedly throughout a drawing. The AutoCAD writer enables copying of block
definitions from an existing AutoCAD file, which is then referenced by name during a data
translation operation.
5. ENTITIES: This is the main section of a drawing file and contains the actualfeature
entities. Each entity contains standard information, such as its color, layer, linestyle, and
geometry, as well as a number of attributes specific to its entity type. For example, all 2D
entities have thickness, while a text entity has fields for font, size, and the text string in
addition to the standard display attributes.
FME supports both 2D and 3D AutoCAD entities. However, many applications only support
2D DWG and DXF files. The 2DForcer transformer can be used to ensure that only 2D data
is written to an output DWG or DXF file.
OBJECTS: This section stores dictionaries and other helper non-entity objects.Each entity
may also have associated attribution stored within an extended entity data section. FME
supports reading and writing of extended entity data.
Each entity may also have associated attribution stored within XRecord objects in an
extension dictionary section. FME supports reading and writing XRecord data from entities.
6. What Is the Difference Between CAD and AutoCAD?

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the general term that applies to the use of computers in
the design of houses, office buildings, interiors and anything else that previously required
hands-on drafting. AutoCAD is a specific piece of software used by many architects and
designers for commercial design purposes. Read on to find out about the uses of CAD and
AutoCAD. Schools offering
CAD and AutoCAD Overview

AutoCAD is software that utilizes computer-aided design (CAD) principles in the modeling
of buildings, manufactured goods, urban infrastructure and even fashion design. If you are an
architect or designer, you might use AutoCAD software to create 2- and 3-dimensional drafts
of custom home designs or renovations. If you work as a civil engineer, you can use
AutoCAD software to design improvements in roadways and make cities and towns more
energy-efficient. Other industries andprofessions that employ CAD and make use of
AutoCAD software include manufacturing, automotive technology and engineering.
Types of CAD
Depending on the type of work you perform, there are different forms of CAD that you could
employ. Drafts that are 2-dimensional are flat, while 3-dimensional and 2.5-dimensional
drawings show the depth and space of a design. You might use wireframe, surface and solid
modeling to calculate the dimensions of a design or simulate what the inner structure of your
design might look like.
AutoCAD Software
AutoCAD is a trademarked product of Autodesk. When you use AutoCAD, you have the
ability to draft 2-D and 3-D designs and create photorealistic rendering. Because different
fields use AutoCAD in specific ways, there are several versions of the AutoCAD application
for a variety of work types, such as architecture, mapping and piping design.
AUTO CAD WINDOW
Learning AutoCAD Software
Technical schools or community colleges offer stand-alone courses in CAD that you can
complete in a few weeks. You can also find CAD courses as part of a certificate or degree
program, such as a fashion design or architecture program. You can enroll in courses and
programs that specifically teach the AutoCAD application, though some schools might use
other software, such as SolidWorks or TurboCAD, instead.
Autodesk also offers courses and training programs through authorized certification centers.
These courses can prepare you to earn certification in AutoCAD from the vendor. Depending
on your skill and knowledge level of the application, you can become an AutoCAD Certified
User, AutoCAD Certified Associate or AutoCAD Certified Professional. Autodesk
certification demonstrates your proficiency of the AutoCAD application.
To continue researching, browse degree options below for course curriculum, prerequisites
and financial aid information. Or, learn more about the subject by reading the related articles
below:
DWG Files
AutoCAD drawings are saved using the DWG extension, and over the years this has become
a standard format for exchanging technical drawings, to the extent that even programs such
as Adobe Illustrator will recognise DWG files. AutoCAD also supports an even more widely
recognised format called DXF which was specifically designed as an interchange format.
Unfortunately, as AutoCAD has passed through numerous editions, the DWG format has
upgraded to keep pace with newer features. The most recent format was released with
AutoCAD 2012 and any files saved using this format cannot be opened by AutoCAD 2011,
2010, 2009 etc.
BASIC LINE TOOL
Point
Creates a symbol on the drawing that is tied to a specific point. It is defined by coordinates
(x,y,z). It is not necessary to create points when you want to draw other geometric entities.
Construction line tools
Ray = A line with a defined starting point with infinite length at a specified slope, the
command for which is "RAY" and then you need to give the specifications.
Xline = an infinite line with no start or end point at a specified slope. Base point can be
snapped with middle point snap mode. Shortcut "XL"
Polyline
Polylines are the main business of most drawings. A polyline is made of numerous
lines/arcs/or both segmented together into one selectable object. Polylines are quite versatile
and the PEDIT (Polyline Edit) command can be used to access & edit many of the features
associated with them. Shortcut "PL"
Polygon
Polygons are regular, multisided shapes such as pentagons, hexagons etc. When this tool is
employed, AutoCAD requests the number of sides desired and then asks whether the shape is
to be defined as sitting on a circle of specified radius, or by the length of a side. The objects
created from this command become "Closed Polylines" and can be edited using PEDIT.
Rectangle
This is a quick way of drawing a four-segment polyline with four right angles. Shortcut
"REC".
Arc
An arc is a circle segment. When using this tool the user can define the arc by selecting three
points through which AutoCAD will generate an arc, or alternatively the user can define a
center point, a radius and a range of degrees to fill.
Circle
The only variables here are radius and centre point. Shortcut "C"
Spline
Splines are a particular form of curve generated by specific mathematical equations. The user
can select as many vertices as they wish, and AutoCAD will generate a spline curve that
incorporates all these points. Splines are generally used for cosmetic purposes, as their
mathematical complexity makes them hard to define from a technical design perspective.
Shortcut "spell"
Ellipse
Basically an oval. Similar to a circle, except ellipses require a radius to be defined for both
their vertical and horizontal components. Shortcut "EL"
Hatch
Hatches are area fills. They can be made up of a solid colour, a gradient (in later versions of
AutoCAD) or more usually a specific pattern. Hatches can be applied to a particular object
such as a looped polyline, or any enclosed area. They can be (and usually should be) defined
as being "associative" which means that if the area in which they are contained is adjusted,
the hatching will update automatically. Shortcut “H”
Text
Inserts a text string into the drawing. AutoCAD uses two forms of text entry, single line and
multiline. These are known respectively as DTEXT and MTEXT. DTEXT is very much a
leftover from AutoCAD's early years and there is no real justification for using its very basic
system when the MTEXT option has features similar to a conventional text editor. you may
also select command TEXT for undefined area.
BASIC MODIFING TOOL
Erase
Erases the selected object from the drawing. Can also be activated by pressing the delete key
on the keyboard. Shortcut "e" (not very helpful because there is delete key)
We also erase the objects by selected objects for example. select the objects which you want
to erase and then select the erase tool and press key enter New Method
Copy
Copies the selected object from one point on the drawing to one or more locations. The user
defines two points and the object is copied using these two positions as base points. For
example, the user could select 100,100 as the first point and 100,200 as the second point.
This would place the copy 100 drawing units above the first. Points can either be entered
using the keyboard or by clicking anywhere in the drawing. Shortcut "cp"/"co"
Mirror
Creates a mirror image of the selected object. The user defines two points, along which
AutoCAD generates a "line of reflection" and the reflected object is generated across this
line with all components reversed. The user is then asked if they want to keep or delete the
original. One problem with the mirror command is that if any text is included in the
mirroring operation, it too is reversed making it unreadable and ridiculous. To fix this, type
"MIRRTEXT" at the command line and change the value to 0. Shortcut "mi"
Offset
An offset is like a copy but is more precise and must be used for certain situations as the
result is likely to be slightly bigger or smaller than the original. For example, consider a line
that represents the edge of a road. This line contains several curved segments, and you would
like to make a copy of this line to represent the opposite side of the road. A direct copy won't
work, because the radius of the inside of a curve is much tighter than on the outside. The
offset command allows you to simply define how far away and on which side you would like
the copy to be made, and AutoCAD will take it from there. Shortcut "o"
Array
An array is a quick way of doing a lot of copying, as long as all the copies are arranged in a
simplistic way. There are two types of array; polar and grid. For a polar array, Autocad asks
the user how many copies they want to make, and requests a centre point and a number of
degrees to fill. Autocad then sweeps round this centre point making copies of the selected
object in a circular pattern. For a grid array, the user selects how many rows and columns
they require, as well as the spacing’s between them and Autocad instantly duplicates the
selected object(s) as many times as necessary. Shortcut "ar"
Move
Works exactly the same as the copy command except the original is deleted. Shortcut "m"
Rotate
The user selects the object(s) to be rotated, a centre point, and defines the number of degrees
to revolve through. The original is deleted, so if a copy is desired the polar array tool should
be used. (Though, since AutoCAD 2006, a "Copy" option is included in this command,
making it possible to retain the original objects) Shortcut "ro"
Scale
The object(s) are selected, and a basic point and scaling factor are defined. An easy way of
changing a drawing from meters to millimeters is to scale everything up by a factor of 1000.
DRAFTING
Starting a drawing
Upon running the program, the user will likely be prompted with an option to open an
existing drawing or start afresh using a template. Templates are saved using a DWT
extension and provide a quick way to get started. Having selected a template or having
chosen to start from scratch, the user finds themselves at an empty drawing and is free to
input information. The main area of the program window is taken up by the drawing area.
This is surrounded by toolbars, a menu bar and a command line. The toolbars and the menu
bar work the same way as other Windows programs, but the command line is a little more
primitive. It is a throwback to the earlier versions of AutoCAD which existed in a time prior
to Graphical User Interfaces and all editing had to be done by typing in commands and
specifying coordinates. Even something like zooming into an area required the user to input
the coordinates defining the window around the area to zoom into. Naturally enough, none of
this functionality has been removed, with the result that AutoCAD now has both a modern
graphical interface and a less pretty but far more flexible command line system. The
advantages of using the command line to control the program will become clear later.
OSNAP Modes
Using object snap modes is crucial for accurate drawing. Drawing without them will result in
misaligned entities and inaccurate lengths and positioning.
They can be accessed while using a command that asks the user to input a specific point,
either directly at the command line, the OSNAP toolbox or by right clicking while holding
the shift key.
LAYOUT SPACE
Layout Space is typically used as an area for drawing entities that are not real-world objects,
but rather entities that are informational in nature (annotations, border and title block, notes,
etc.) and therefore can always be drawn at the same size they will be printed at. It has been
long-debated about the usefulness of Layout(Paper) Space, especially since AutoCAD
introduced xRefs and the ability to clip them. Many users find working solely in Model
Space an efficient method of working in CAD (ala Microstation), however both methods of
working in AutoCAD have their pros and cons, and what method a user may choose will
largely depend on personal preference and/or the preferred method of the company one
works for.
Model Space
Model space is basically "the real world". Everything is drawn at a scale of one to one
(where meters, millimeters or inches are the preferred drawing units) and all drawing
components are positioned at the correct distances from each other, regardless of what sheet
of paper they may end up being printed on. The drawings may also be positioned on a
specific coordinate system, such as a national mapping grid, in order to integrate accurately
with other drawings.
Layout (Paper) Space
A typical Layout Space layout will consist of a standardized title block containing
information about the drawing; drawing number, date completed etc. This title block will be
drawn to accurately fit on a standardized sheet of paper. For example, a sheet of ISO A1
measures 841mm by 594mm. Thus, a title block for printing on such a sheet may measure
820 drawing units by 570. It can then be printed out at a scale of 1 to 1, and will fit on the
page nicely.
Viewports
All this is of course well and good, but how do we get the actual drawing information from
model space into this titleblock? To do this, we utilize an item known as a viewport. A
viewport is a shape (usually a rectangle but can be any shape) that is drawn into paper space.
Think of them as a TV screen. Inserting a viewport into paper spaces "places a camera" into
model space. You can change the angle of view, the scale factor and many other variables in
the viewport settings. These changes only effect this one viewport. This lets you have, for
example, one large viewport of a building site at a scale of 1:100, and right beside it another
showing a detailed area at a scale of 1:10. It's the same building site, and it exists only once
in model space, but it is represented twice in two different ways in the final drawing. The
obvious advantage of this is any changes made in model space will instantly update in every
viewport, keeping all your printable drawings up to date.
Organizing Data
An important thing to realize about AutoCAD is that it is not some kind of digital drawing
board. A lot of inexperienced users approach the program as if it was MS Paint for engineers,
and end up creating horribly thought out and disorganized drawings that can cause no end of
strife and frustration for those who may later be required to work with the files. Not only can
badly created drawings cause ulcers to other AutoCAD users, they.
The Layers Window

The LAYERS window should be the hub around which any moderately well thought out
drawing should revolve. It is through the layers window that all data is organised and
controlled. A layer can be thought of as being a transparent sheet overlaying the drawing
board. You can have as many as you wish. It is extremely useful to separate as much data as
possible onto separate layers. It allows you to have numerous "drawings" all existing
together in the one file. When a layer is "turned off" all the information that was on that layer
becomes invisible.
The Layers window can be opened by either hitting the layers button on the toolbar or by
typing LAYER or LA at the command line. For a new drawing, the only layer available is
the layer 0. This is a special layer which is required in all drawings. It is bad drawing
practice to create linework on this layer. It should be used only for creating the components
of blocks and inserting xrefs. (More on these later). New layers can be created by hitting the
"New Layer" button. By default, Autocad will name new layers "Layer1", "Layer2" etc. It is
advisable to rename the layer to match the content that will be drawn on it, e.g.
BRICKWORK, STORMWATER_PIPES, STORMWATER_MANHOLES etc.
ByLayer
An extremely important aspect of the layers window are the columns for Color, Linetype and
Lineweight. Suppose you create a new layer, and call it STORMWATER. Next you might
select the color value of this layer and set it to Blue. Upon hitting OK and returning to the
drawing, you might start constructing linework. You will notice that the layers toolbar has
several dropdown boxes in it, again showing color, linetype and lineweight. If all is well in
the world, the words ByLayer should be written in all these boxes. This means that if you
have a line on the layer STORMWATER whose color is set to ByLayer, it will automatically
be Blue. If you reenter the layers window and change the Color of STORMWATER to
something else, everything on the layer whose color is set to ByLayer will automatically
change. It is possible to set the color of an object to something other than ByLayer, by
selecting the object and than opening the color dropdown box on the Layers toolbar. This is
very rarely recommended though. Think about it. Suppose you are drawing lots of pipes all
over your STORMWATER layer, and they are all showing up Blue. Now suppose that there
is one particular pipe that you want to appear green, because it is made of steel instead of
plastic or something. The cheap and lazy option is to just change that objects color to green,
but this means that you have given up some control over that line, because now you can no
longer edit its color through the layers window. A good rule to bear in mind is, if something
is different enough to deserve its own color, then it certainly deserves its own layer. In this
case you would make a separate layer (colored green) called STORMWATER_STEEL upon
which you would draw this one line. You would probably then rename the original layer to
STORMWATER_PLASTIC, in order to retain consistency and to make it easier for
someone else to understand the drawing.
FUNCTION KEYS USED IN AUTO CAD
MY AUTO CAD
PROJECTS
DOORS
DOOR SIZE 4’ X 7’
SIMPLE DOORS: DOOR WIDTH 4’-0”
DOOR HEIGHT 7’-0”
STANDARD SIZE OF
DOOR
DOOR (GATE)
(IN AUTO CAD 2 –D)
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
3 BHK PLAN
3 BHK PLAN
CONTENT
SNO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 Introduction to staad.pro 17
2 History 17
3 Structure 17
4 Type of Structure 18
5 Staad Window 18
6 Tools Used 19
7 Various types of Cursors 19
8 Page Control in Various 20

modes
9 Model Generation 20
10 Wizard 21
11 Assigning Property 21
12 Supports 22
13 Load Generator 22
14 Assigning Loads 23
15 Loading Specifications 23
16 Analysis 24
17 Design 24
18 Advantages of Staad.Pro 25
19 Conclusion 25
INTRODUCTION TO STAAD.Pro:
STAAD.Pro is a structural analysis design program software. It includes a state of the art
user interface, visualization tools and international design codes. It is used for 3D model
generation, analysis and multi-material design. The commercial version of STAAD.Pro
supports several steel, concrete and timber design codes. It is one of the software
applications created to help structural engineers to automate their tasks and to remove the
tedious and long procedures of the manual methods. STAAD.Pro V8i reduces the man-hours
required to properly load your structure by automating the forces caused by wind,
earthquakes, snow, or vehicles. No matter what material you are using or what country you
are designing your structure for, STAAD.Pro V8i can easily accommodate your design and
loading requirements, including U.S., European (including the Euro codes), Nordic,
Indian, and Asian codes. Even special codes like AASHTO, ASCE 52, IBC, and the U.S.
aluminum code are accommodated.
2. HISTORY OF STAAD.Pro
STAAD.Pro was originally developed by Research Engineers International in Yorba
Linda, CA .In late 2005, Research Engineer International was bought by Bentley
Systems .An older version called Staad-III for Windows is used by Iowa State University for
educational purposes for civil and structural engineers. The commercial version,
STAAD.Pro, is one of the most widely used structural analysis and design software products
worldwide. It supports several steel, concrete and timber design codes. It can make use of
various forms of analysis from the traditional 1st order static analysis, 2nd order p-delta
analysis, geometric non-linear analysis, Pushover analysis(Static-Non Linear Analysis) or a
buckling analysis. It can also make use of various forms of dynamic analysis from modal
extraction to time history and response spectrum analysis
3. STRUCTURE
A STRUCTURE can be defined as an assemblage of elements. STAAD is capable of
analysing and designing structures consisting of both frame, and Finite elements. Almost any
type of structure can be analysed by STAAD.
Frame elements – Beam elements – 2 nodes Finite

elements –Plate – 3 or 4 nodes -Solid – 4 to 8
nodes
In case of STAAD Node becomes Joint it has a number and xyz coordinates Beam becomes
Member it has a number and nodes at its ends Plate becomes Element it has a number and
node at its corners
4. TYPES OF STRUCTURE
A TRUSS structure consists of truss members

which can have only axial member forces and
no bending in the members.
A PLANE structure is bound by a global X-Y
coordinate system with loads in the same
plane.
A SPACE structure, which is a three
dimensional framed structure with loads
applied in any plane, is the most general.A
Floor structure is a two or three dimensional
structure having no horizontal (global X or Z) movement of the structure [FX, FZ & MY are
restrained at every joint]. The floor framing (in global X-Z plane) of a building is an ideal
example of a FLOOR structure. Columns can also be modelled with the floor in a FLOOR
structure as long as the structure has no horizontal loading. If there is any horizontal load, it
must be analyzed as a SPACE structure.
5. STAAD WINDOW
6. TOOLS USED
Various types of Cursors

 Nodes cursor
 Beam cursor
 Plates cursor
 Surface cursor
 Solids cursor
 Geometry cursor
8. PAGE CONTROL IN VARIOUS MODES
9. MODEL GENERATION
There are basically 3 methods of generating a model
 1.Snap node method

 2.Coordinate method
 3.Copy paste method
Out of these three methods most commonly used is copy paste method. By using these three
methods a structure of any geometry can be created. STAAD .Pro also contains a command
wizard which is its library of structures such as frames , trusses are present which can be
merged with the STAAD.Pro model
10. WIZARD
GENERATION OF THE STRUCTURE

The structure may be generated from the input file or mentioning the co-ordinates in GUI.
The figure below shows the GUI generation method:
11. ASSIGNING PROPERTY
Assigning a property means to provide dimensions such as width, thickness etc. to beams
columns slabs etc.
12. SUPPORTS
1. There are three types of supports provided to a structure:
 Fixed support
 Pinned support
 Roller support
2. There are options provided in Staad for pinned and fixed supports while roller support has
to be created by releasing the Fx and Mz components using fixed but.
13. Load Generator
Load generation is the process of taking a load causing unit such as wind pressure, ground
movement or a truck on a bridge, and converting it to a form such as member load or a joint
load which can be then be used in the analysis.For seismic loads, a static analysis method or
a dynamic analysis method can be adopted. The static analysis method, which is the one
referred to here, is based on codes such as UBC, IBC, AIJ, IS1893 etc. For dynamic analysis,
see the sections in this chapter on response spectrum and time history analysis. Input for the
load generation facility consists of two parts:
Definition of the load system(s):
Generation of primary load cases using previously defined load system(s). 1.17.1
Moving Load Generator
 Seismic Load Generator based on UBC/IBC and other Codes
 Wind Load Generator
 Snow Load
14. ASSIGNING LOADS
Any structures is subjected to basically these types of loads-
 Dead load
 Live Load
 Dead load includes the Self weight of the structure while live load consists of
superimposed load
 In addition to a structure is also subjected to wind and seismic or earthquake forces
 In addition to a structure is also subjected to wind and seismic or earthquake forces
After creating various load cases we have to assign them to the structure . For this we have to
first select that part of the structure on which load has to be assigned and then assign it to
that part.
15. Loading Specification
This section describes the various loading options available in STAAD. The following
command may be used to initiate a new load case.
General Format
LOADING i1 ( LOADTYPE a1 ) ( REDUCIBLE ) ( TITLE any_load_title )
Where: i1 = any unique integer number (up to five digits) to identify the
load case. This number need not be sequential with the previous load
number.
a1 = one of thefollowing:
fig. structure under

DL
Fig. structure under LL
Seismic load generation

The seismic load values were calculated as per IS 1893-2002.
STAAD.Pro has a seismic load generator in accordance with the IS
code mentioned.
Fig. Seismic load definition
Fig. Structure under seismic load
Load combinations
The structure has been analyzed for load combinations considering all the previous loads in
proper ratio. In the first case a combination of self-weight, dead load, live load and wind
load was taken in to consideration. In the second combination case instead of wind load
seismic load was taken into consideration.
Fig. Load combination with seismic load
WIND LOAD
The wind load values were generated by the software itself in
accordance with IS 875. Under the define load command section, in
the wind load category, the definition of wind load was supplied.
The wind intensities at various heights were calculated manually
and feed to the software. Based on those values it generates the
wind load at different floors.
Height [h] Design Design

wind wind
speed pressure
[Vz] [Pz]
Up to 10 m 36.379 m/s 0.793 KN/sq m
15 m 38.85 m/s 0.905 KN/sq m
20 m 40.51 m/s 0.984 KN/sq m
30 m 42.58 m/s 1.087 KN/sq m
16. ANALYSIS
After all the above stated steps a structure has to be analyzed Analysis of a structure means
to find out the reactions and displacements and deflections at various nodes of a structure.
After analysis we are able to see shear moment and deflection for each member. After
performing analysis another window which contains a report of analysis gets opened. This
window shows the warnings and errors which might have occurred In the post processing
mode we are able to see the reactions, displacements, deflections, shear force and bending
moments for various
members.
17.DESIGN
After analysis a structure has to be designed to carry loads acting on it considering a certain
factor of safety. In India structures are designed by using various Indian codes for both
concrete and steel structures. The design in STAAD. Pro supports over 70 international
codes and over 20 U.S. codes in 7 languages. After designing the structure it is again
analyzed and results of analysis for each beam and column is shown in the output file.
Fig. Input
window
Fig. Design specification
FOUNDATION DESIGN IN STAAD PRO

FOUNDATION:
The foundation is that portion of a structure that transmits the loads from the
structure to the underlying foundation material. There are two major requirements to
be satisfied in the design of foundations:
(a) Provision of an adequate factor of safety against failure of the foundation material.
Failure of the foundation material may lead to failure of the foundation and may also lead to
failure of the entire structure.
(b) Adequate provision against damage to the structure which may be caused by total or
differential settlements of the foundations.
FOUNDATION WINDOW IN STAAD PRO.
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
Foundation basically of two tpes:
 Shallow foundation
 Deep foundation
Shallow foundation is further divided into different types:
 Isolated spread footing

 Wall footing
 Cantilever or starp footing
 Combined footing
 Raft or mat foundation
Deep foundation also further divided into two

types:
 Pile foundation
 Pier (caisson ) foundation
ISOLATED FOOTING
Isolated spread footings under individual columns. These can be square, rectangular, or
circular.
Footing Geomtery
Design Type : Calculate Dimension
Footing Thickness (Ft) : 305.000mm
Footing Length - X (Fl) : 1000.000mm
Footing Width - Z (Fw) : 1000.000mm
Eccentricity along X (Oxd) : 0.000mm
Eccentricity along Z (Ozd) : 0.000mm
Column Dimensions
Column shape : circular
Column diameter:0.500 m
Design Parameters
Concrete and Rebar Properties
Unit Weight of Concrete : 25.000kN/m3

Strength of Concrete : 15.000N/mm2
Yield Strength of Steel : 415.000N/mm2
Minimum Bar Size : Ø10
Maximum Bar Size : Ø32
Pedestal Minimum Bar Size : Ø12
Pedestal Maximum Bar Size : Ø32
Minimum Bar Spacing : 50.000mm
Maximum Bar Spacing : 450.000mm
Pedestal Clear Cover (P, CL) : 50.000mm
Footing Clear Cover (F, CL) : 50.000mm
Soil Properties
Applied
Coefficient of Friction : Loads - Strength Level 0.500
Factor of Safety Against Sliding : 1.500
Factor of Safety Against Overturning : 1.500
Soil Type : Drained

Unit Weight : 22.000kN/m3
Soil Bearing Capacity : 100.000kN/m2
Soil Bearing Capacity Type: Gross Bearing Capacity
Soil Surcharge : 0.000kN/m2
Depth of Soil above Footing : 0.000mm
Cohesion : 0.000kN/m2
Min Percentage of Slab in Contact: 0.000
Sliding and Overturning
Coefficient of Friction : 0.500
Applied Loads - Service Stress Level

Axial Shear X Shear Z Moment X Moment Z
LC
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
1 30.644 -0.123 -0.123 -0.037 0.037
2 45.965 -0.185 -0.185 -0.055 0.055
3 36.772 -0.148 -0.148 -0.044 0.044
4 27.579 -0.111 -0.111 -0.033 0.033
101 140.960 -0.568 -0.568 -0.170 0.170
102 112.768 -0.454 -0.454 -0.136 0.136
103 -112.768 0.454 0.454 0.136 -0.136
Factor of Safety Against Sliding : 1.500
Factor of Safety Against Overturning : 1.500
Axial Shear X Shear Z Moment X Moment Z
LC
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
1 30.644 -0.123 -0.123 -0.037 0.037
2 45.965 -0.185 -0.185 -0.055 0.055
3 36.772 -0.148 -0.148 -0.044 0.044
4 27.579 -0.111 -0.111 -0.033 0.033
201 211.440 -0.852 -0.852 -0.255 0.255
202 135.322 -0.545 -0.545 -0.163 0.163
203 169.152 -0.681 -0.681 -0.204 0.204
204 126.864 -0.511 -0.511 -0.153 0.153
COMBINED FOOTING
Whenever two or more columns in a straight line are carried on a single spread
footing, it is called a combined footing. Isolated footings for each column are
generally the economical.
Combined footings are provided only when it is absolutely necessary, as when two
columns are close together, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings where soil
bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings, Proximity of
building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a building column.
It could be rectungualar, trapezoidal etc …and vary as per design ..
PILE FOUNDATION
A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is
pushed into the ground to act as a steady support for structures built on top of
it.
ADVANTAGES OF STAAD .Pro
Following are the advantages of STAAD.Pro

1. Covers all aspects of structural engineering
2. Broad spectra of design codes
3. International codes
4. Quality assurance
5.Reports and documentation
18. CONCLUSIONS
AutoCAD and STAAD Pro is widely used by

most of the organization for their construction
needs. Unfortunately, well skilled AutoCAD and
STAAD pro engineers are very hard to search. If
we believe in the prediction of the industry
experts then those students who will be getting
trained on AutoCAD and STAAD pro in the
current and upcoming two years will have bright
and successful career ahead in the real estate and
construction domain. By attending this training in
AUTOCAD and STAAD .Pro we were able to
learn various features of AUTOCAD and STAAD
.Pro which will be very helpful in the near future.

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CT INSTITUTION B.

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

CT INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY, SHAHPUR

CT INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY, SHAHPUR

It gives me immense pleasure to express my sincere and wholehearted sense of gratitude to

I HARWINDER SINGH hereby declare that I have undertaken Software Training at

CADDESK TRAINING INSTITUTE, LUDHIANA

3. Autocad Architecture Features

4. Advantages & Disadvantages of Autocad

5. Autocad Entity types & Description

6. Difference Between Cad & Autocad

7. Basic Drawing Commands of AutocaD

AutoCAD Architecture features

Walls, doors, and windows

Architectural design documentation

4 The AutoCAD Advantage

Removal of Data Translations

Solid Works / Solid Edge / Inventor Compatibility

Industry Standard Translators

4. The Disadvantages of AutoCAD

Limited File Formats

Color, Fill and Texture

1. HEADER: This contains settings of variables associated with the drawing.

3. TABLES: This contains a variety of tables, including:

6. What Is the Difference Between CAD and AutoCAD?

CAD and AutoCAD Overview

AUTO CAD WINDOW

BASIC MODIFING TOOL

The Layers Window

FUNCTION KEYS USED IN AUTO CAD

(IN AUTO CAD 2 –D)

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SNO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

7 Various types of Cursors 19

8 Page Control in Various 20

Frame elements – Beam elements – 2 nodes Finite

A TRUSS structure consists of truss members

Various types of Cursors

8. PAGE CONTROL IN VARIOUS MODES

 1.Snap node method

GENERATION OF THE STRUCTURE

11. ASSIGNING PROPERTY

13. Load Generator

14. ASSIGNING LOADS

Any structures is subjected to basically these types of loads-

LOADING i1 ( LOADTYPE a1 ) ( REDUCIBLE ) ( TITLE any_load_title )

fig. structure under

Fig. structure under LL

Seismic load generation

Fig. Seismic load definition

Fig. Structure under seismic load

Fig. Load combination with seismic load

Height [h] Design Design

15 m 38.85 m/s 0.905 KN/sq m

20 m 40.51 m/s 0.984 KN/sq m

30 m 42.58 m/s 1.087 KN/sq m

Fig. Design specification

FOUNDATION DESIGN IN STAAD PRO

FOUNDATION WINDOW IN STAAD PRO.

Shallow foundation is further divided into different types:

 Isolated spread footing

Deep foundation also further divided into two

Concrete and Rebar Properties