FD Student Lab Manual June 2018

EXPERIMENT NO- 1
FLOW MEASUREMENT BY ORIFICEMETER
1.1 AIM: To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the orifice meter

1.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Orifice meter test rig, Stopwatch
1.3 PREPARATION
1.3.1 THEORY
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring the volumetric flow rate. It uses the
same principle as a Venturi nozzle, namely Bernoulli's principle which states that there is a
relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid. When the velocity
increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa. An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in
the middle. It is usually placed in a pipe in which fluid flows. When the fluid reaches the
orifice plate, with the hole in the middle, the fluid is forced to converge to go through the small
hole; the point of maximum convergence actually occurs shortly downstream of the physical
orifice, at the so-called vena contracta point. As it does so, the velocity and the pressure
changes. Beyond the vena contracta, the fluid expands and the velocity and pressure change
once again. By measuring the difference in fluid pressure between the normal pipe section and
at the vena contracta, the volumetric and mass flow rates can be obtained from Bernoulli's
equation. Orifice plates are most commonly used for continuous measurement of fluid flow in
pipes. This experiment is process of calibration of the given orifice meter.
Fig.1. Orifice Plate
1
1.3.2 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1.3.2.1 Write continuity equation for incompressible flow?
1.3.2.2 What is meant by flow rate?
1.3.2.3 What is the use of orifice meter?
1.3.2.4 What is the energy equation used in orifice meter?
1.3.2.5 List out the various energy involved in pipe flow.
1.4 PROCEDURE
N.B.: Keep the delivery valve open while start and stop of the pump power supply.
1.4.1 Switch on the power supply to the pump
1.4.2 Adjust the delivery flow control valve and note down manometer heads (h1, h2) and
time taken for collecting 10 cm rise of water in collecting tank (t). (i.e. Initially the
delivery side flow control valve to be kept fully open and then gradually closing.)
1.4.3 Repeat it for different flow rates.
1.4.4. Switch off the pump after completely opening the delivery valve.
1.5 OBSERVATIONS
1.5.1 FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS
A �h
1.5.1.1 The actual rate of flow, Qt = (m3/sec)
t
Where A = Area of the collecting tank = length x breadth (m2 )
h = Height of water (10 cm) in collecting tank ( m),
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water (sec)
1.5.1.2 The Theoretical discharge through orifice meter,
a1a2 2 gH
Qt = m3/sec
(a -a )
2
1
2
1
Where, H = Differential head of manometer in m of water

= 12.6 x hm x 10 -2 (m)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/sec2)
Inlet Area of orifice meter in m2 a1 =  d12/ 4 ,
Area of the throat or orifice in m2 a2 =  d22/ 4
1.5.1.3 The co-efficient of discharge,
Cd = Actual discharge / Theoretical discharge = Qa /Qt
2
1.5.2 TABULATION
Size of Orifice meter: Inlet Dia. d1 = 25 mm, Orifice dia d2 = 18.77 mm,
Measuring area in collecting tank A = 0.3 x 0.3 m
2
Sl. Manometer Time for Actual Theoretical Co-eff. of
No. Manometer Reading Head 10 cm rise Discharge Discharge discharge
(cm) H t Qa Qt Cd
h1 h2 hm = h1 - h2 m sec m3/sec m3/sec
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Average Cd value
1.5.3 GRAPH: Draw Qa Vs Qt.
Find Cd value from the graph and compare it with calculated Cd value from table.
1.6 POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1.6.1 How do you find actual discharge?
1.6.2 How do you find theoretical discharge?
1.6.3 What do you meant by co-efficient of discharge?
1.6.4 Define vena-contracta?
1.6.5 List out the Bernoulli’s applications.
1.7 INFERENCES
1.8 RESULT
The co-efficient of discharge of orifice meter = ……………. From Calculation
The co-efficient of discharge of orifice meter = ……………. From Graph
EXPERIMENT NO- 2
FLOW MEASUREMENT BY VENTURIMETER
3
2.1 AIM: To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the venturimeter
2.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Venturimeter test rig, Stopwatch
2.3 PREPARATION
2.3.1 THEORY
Fig.2. Venturimeter
In a Venturi meter there is first a converging section in which the cross-sectional area
for flow is reduced. Then there is a short section at the reduced diameter, known as the throat
of the meter. Then there is a diverging section in which the cross-sectional area for flow is
gradually increased to the original diameter. The velocity entering the converging section is
where the pressure is P1. In the converging section, the velocity increases and the pressure
decreases. The maximum velocity is at the throat of the meter where the minimum pressure P2
is reached. The velocity decreases and the pressure increases in the diverging section. There is
a considerable recovery of pressure in the diverging section. However, because of frictional
effects in the fluid, the pressure leaving the diverging section is always less than P1, the
pressure entering the meter.
2.3.2.1 Differentiate mass flow rate and volume flow rate?

2.3.2.2 Which property of fluid is remains same in the incompressible flow?
4
2.3.2.3 What is meant by discharge?
2.3.2.4 What is the use of venturimeter?
2.4 PROCEDURE:
2.4.1. Switch on the power supply to the pump
2.4.2. Adjust the delivery flow control valve and note down manometer heads (h1, h2) and
time taken for collecting 10 cm rise of water in collecting tank (t). (i.e. Initially the
delivery side flow control valve to be kept fully open and then gradually closing.)
2.4.3. Repeat it for different flow rates.
2.4.4. Switch off the pump after completely opening the delivery valve.
2.5 OBSERVATIONS
A �h
2.5.1.1 The actual rate of flow, Qt = (m3/sec)
t
Where A = Area of the collecting tank = length x breadth (m2)
h = Height of water(10 cm) in collecting tank ( m),
2.5.1.2 The Theoretical discharge through venturimeter,
a1a2 2 gH
Qt = m3/sec
(a12 -a12 )
Where, H = Differential head of manometer in m of water

= 12.6 x hm x 10 -2 (m)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/sec2)
Inlet Area of venturimeter in m2, a1 =  d12/ 4 ,
Area of the throat in m2, a2 =  d22/ 4
2.5.1.3 The co-efficient of discharge,
Cd = Actual discharge / Theoretical discharge = Qa/Qt
2.5.2 TABULATION:
Venturimeter (or) Dia of Pipe, d1 = 25 mm, Throat diameter of Venturimeter, d2=18.79 mm
Area of collecting tank, A = Length x Breadth = 0.3 x 0.3m
2
5
Sl. Manometer Reading Mano- Time for Actual Theoretical Co-eff. of
No. meter 10 cm Discharge Discharge discharge
(cm) Head rise
H t Qa Qt Cd
h1 h2 hm = h1 - h2 m sec m3/sec 3
m /sec
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Average Cd value
2.5.3 GRAPH: Draw Qa Vs Qt.
Find Cd value from the graph and compare it with calculated Cd value from table.
2.6.1 How do you find actual and theoretical discharge?
2.6.2 What do you mean by throat of the venturimeter?
2.6.3 List out the practical applications of Bernoulli’s equation?
2.6.4 What is the use of U-tube manometer?
2.6.5 What are the sections /parts in venturimeter?
2.7 INFERENCES
2.8 RESULT
The co-efficient of discharge of Venturi meter = ……………. From Calculation
The co-efficient of discharge of Venturi meter = ……………. From Graph
EXPERIMENT No. 3
VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLIS THEOREM
3.1 AIM: To verify the Bernoulli’s theorem
6
3.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Bernoulli’s Theorem test set-up, Stopwatch
3.3 PREPARATION
3.3.1 THEORY
Bernoulli’s Theorem
According to Bernoulli’s Theorem, in a continuous fluid flow, the total head at any
point along the flow is the same. Z 1 + P1/ g +V12/2g= Z2 + P2/ g +V22/2g , Since Z1 –Z2 = 0
for Horizontal flow, h1 +V12/2g= h2 +V22/2g ( Pr. head, h = P 1/ g ). Z is ignored for adding in
both sides of the equations due to same datum for all the positions in the pipe section.

3.3.2.1 State Bernoulli’s theorem?
3.3.2.2 What is continuity equation?
3.3.2.3 What do you mean by potential head?
3.3.2.4 What do you mean by pressure head?
3.3.2.5 What do you mean by kinetic head?
3.4 PROCEDURE
3.4.1 Switch on the pump power supply.
3.4.2 Fix a steady flow rate by operating the appropriate delivery valve and drain valve
3.4.3. Note down the pressure heads (h1 – h8) in meters
3.4.4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water in measuring (collecting) tank.
3.4.5. Switch off the power supply.
3.5 OBSERVATIONS
3.5.1.1 Rate of flow
A �h
Qt = (m3/sec)
t
Where A: Area of measuring tank = Length x Breadth (m2)
7
h: Rise of water in collecting tank (m) .. (i.e. h = 10 cm )
t: Time taken for 10 cm rise of water in collecting tank (sec)
3.5.1.2 Velocity of flow, V = Q/a ,
Where a – Cross section area of the duct at respective peizometer positions (a1 - a8)
3.5.1.3 Hydraulic Gradient Line (HGL): It is the sum of datum and pressure at any point
HGL = Z + h
3.5.1.4 Total Energy Line (TEL): It is the sum of Pressure head and velocity head
TEL = Z + h +V2/2g
3.5.2 TABULATIONS
Area of measuring tank = 0.3 x 0.3 m2
Assume Datum head Z = 0
Diameter at the Cross – Piezometer Time Discha Velocity Velocity Total

sections of the Section Reading for 10 rge V=Q/a Head Head
channel Area i.e. Pr. cm rise Q=Ah/t V2/2g Z +h+
D Head t V2/2g
a =  d2/ 4 (h=P/g )
m x10-3 m2 m sec m3/sec m/sec m m
8
d1 = 0.04295 1.448
d2 = 0.03925 1.209
d3= 0.03555 0.992
d4= 0.03185 0.796
d5 = 0.02815 0.622
d6= 0.02445 0.469
d7= 0.02075 0.338
d8= 0.01705 0.228
3.5.3 GRAPH
Draw the graph: Distance of channel (Locations 1-8) Vs HGL, TEL
9
3.6.1 What do you mean by velocity head?

3.6.2 What do you mean by HGL?
3.6.3 What do you mean by datum head?
3.6.4 What is the use of piezometer?
3.6.5 Define TEL?
3.7 INFERENCES
3.8 RESULT
The Bernoulli’s theorem is verified.
10
EXPERIMENT No. 4
DETERMINATION OF PIPE FRICTION FACTOR
4.1 AIM: To determine the friction factor for the given pipe.
4.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Pipe friction EQUIPMENTS, stop watch
4.3 PREPARATION
4.3.1 THEORY
The major loss in the pipe is due to the inner surface roughness of the pipe. There
are three pipes (diameter 25 mm, 20 mm and 15 mm) available in the experimental set
up. The loss of pressure head is calculated by using the manometer. The apparatus is
primarily designed for conducting experiments on the frictional losses in pipes of
different sizes. Three different sizes of pipes are provided for a wide range of
experiments.

4.3.2.1. What do you meant by friction and list out its effects?
4.3.2.2 What do you mean by major loss in pipe?
4.3.2.3 Write down the Darcy-Weisbach equation?
4.3.2.4 What are the types of losses in pipe flow?
4.4 PROCEDURE
4.4.1. Switch on the pump and choose any one of the pipe and open its corresponding
Inlet and exit valves to the manometer.
4.4.2. Adjust the delivery control valve to a desired flow rate. (i.e. fully opened
Delivery valve position initially)
4.4.3 Take manometer readings and time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting
Tank
4.4.4 Repeat the readings for various flow rates by adjusting the delivery valve. (i.e.
Gradually closing the delivery valve from complete opening)
11
4.4.5 Switch of the power supply after opening the valve completely at the end.
4.5 OBSERVATIONS
4.5.1.1 The actual rate of flow
A �h
Qt = (m3/sec)
t
Where A = Area of the collecting tank = length x breadth (m2 )
h = Height of water(10 cm) in collecting tank ( m),
4.5.1.2 Head loss due to friction, hf = hm ( Sm – Sf)/ (Sf x 100) in m

hf = hm (13.6 – 1 ) x 10 -2 (m)
Where Sm = Sp. Gr. of manometric liquid , Hg =13.6 ,
Sf = Sp. Gr. of flowing liquid, H2O = 1
hm = Difference in manometric reading = (h1-h2) in cm
4.5.1.3 The frictional loss of head in pipes (Darcy-Weisbach formula)
4 fLV 2
hf =
2 gd
Where f = Co-efficient of friction or friction factor for the pipe (to be found)
L = Distance between two sections for which loss of head is measured = 3 m
V = Average Velocity of flow = Q/a (m/s),
Area of pipe a=  d2/ 4 (m2),
d = Pipe diameter = 0.015 m
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
4.5.2 TABULATION
Length between Pressure tapping, L = 3 m
Pipe Diameter, d = 0.015 m,
Measuring tank area, A= 0.6 x 0.3m2,
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Sl.No. Pipe Manometer Head Time Discharge Velocity Frictional
Dia Reading loss for 10 factor
cm rise
d h1 h2 hm = (h1- hf t Q V=Q/a f
h2)
m Cm m sec m3/s m/s
1
2
3
4
5
Average friction factor, f
4.5.3 GRAPH
Draw the graph: Q Vs hf

4.6.1 What is the relationship between friction head loss and pipe diameter?
4.6.2 What is the relationship between friction head loss and flow velocity?
4.6.3 What is the relationship between friction head loss and pipe length?
4.6.4 How is the flow rate and head loss related?
4.6.5 If flow velocity doubles, what happen to the frictional head loss?
4.7 INFERENCES
4.8 RESULT
The friction factor for the given pipe diameter of ……… m is = __________
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EXPERIMENT NO- 5
PERFORMANCE TEST ON GEAR PUMP
5.1 AIM: To study the performance of gear oil pump.
5.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Gear pump test rig, Stopwatch
5.3 PREPARATION
5.3.1 THEORY
A gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement.
They are one of the most common types of pumps for hydraulic fluid power
applications. Gear pumps are also widely used in chemical installations to pump
fluid with a certain viscosity. There are two main variations; external gear pumps
which use two external spur gears, and internal gear pumps which use an external
and an internal spur gear. Gear pumps are positive displacement (or fixed
displacement), meaning they pump a constant amount of fluid for each revolution.
Some gear pumps are designed to function as either a motor or a pump. The gear
oil pump is works based on the squeezing action of the two meshing gears
(internal or external gears). The gear pump is one of the positive displacement
pump and the reduction in volume inside the pump results in increase in pressure
of fluid.
Fig.3. External Gear pump
As the gears rotate they separate on the intake side of the pump, creating a
void and suction which is filled by fluid. The fluid is carried by the gears to the
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discharge side of the pump, where the meshing of the gears displaces the fluid.
The mechanical clearances are small— in the order of 10 μm. The tight
clearances, along with the speed of rotation, effectively prevent the fluid from
leaking backwards. The rigid design of the gears and houses allow for very high
pressures and the ability to pump highly viscous fluids.

5.3.2.1 What is the purpose of gear pump?
5.3.2.2 What do you meant by internal and external gears?
5.3.2.3 What are the applications of gear pump?
5.3.2.4 What do you meant by gears?
5.4 PROCEDURE
N.B. : NEVER operate the pump with closed delivery valve during start and
stop of the pump power supply. The violation leads to damage of the pipe line
and the pump.
5.4.1 Ensure the complete opened position of delivery valve.
5.4.2 Measure height of the pressure gauge above the vacuum gauge.
5.4.3 Switch on the pump.
5.4.4 Vary the flow rate (discharge) by closing the delivery valve.
5.4.5 Adjust the delivery valve accordingly the pressure gauge reading of 1kg/cm2.
5.4.6 Note down vacuum gauges reading.
5.4.7 Note down time taken for ‘h’ cm rise of oil (10 cm) in collecting tank.
5.4.8 Note down the time taken for ‘n’ revolutions for energy meter disc (3 rev).
5.4.9 Repeat the procedure for 1 kg/cm2 incremental by closing the delivery valve
gradually, (i.e. 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 kg/cm2 ).
5.4.10 Switch off the power supply after opening the delivery valve completely.
15
5.5 OBSERVATIONS
5.5.1.1 Total head H ={ [ P + (V/760) x 105/( g) ]}+ Z (m)
Where P = Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2,
V = Vacuum gauge reading in mm Hg,
N.B.: Unit Conversion:
For V, 1 mm Hg/ 760 = 1 bar & for P, 1 bar = 1 kg/ cm2.
5.5.1.2 Discharge, Q = (A x h ) / t (m3/s) ,
Where A = Area of tank in m2 ,

h = Rise oil level in collecting tank (m),
t = Time taken for the rise of oil 10 cm in collecting tank (sec)
5.5.1.3 Output in Watts, OP =  g Q H / 1000 (kW)
Where = Density of oil = 860 kg/m3

g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
5.5.1.4 Input in kWatts , IP = (n x 3600 x m ) / (Ec x T) (kW)
Where Ec = Energy meter constant in Rev /kWh = 1200 Rev / kWh

n = Number of revolution taken in energy meter = 3
T = Time required to complete ‘n’ revolution in sec
m = Efficiency of motor = 0.80
5.5.1.5 Efficiency,  = (Output / Input) x 100% = (OP/IP) x 100%
16
1.5.2 TABULATION
Measuring Area in collecting tank = 0.3 x 0.3 m2
Datum head Z = 0.3 m. Density of oil,  = 860 kg/m3
Sl. Time Flow Time for Input Output Efficiency
No. P V Z H for 10 rate 3 rev of
cm rise Q Energy IP OP 
(t) meter (T)
2 3
kg/cm mm M m sec m /sec sec kW kW %
Hg
1
2
3
4
5
5.5.3 GRAPH
Draw the graph: Discharge vs Head, Output Power, Efficiency.

5.6.1. What is the squeezing in gear pumps?
5.6.2 What is the type of gears used in gear pumps?
5.6.3 List out the different pressure heads used in gear pump?
5.6.4 What is mechanical efficiency of pump?
5.7 INFERENCES
5.8 RESULT
The performance characteristics of the given gear oil pump is studied.
EXPERIMENT No- 6
17
PERFORMANCE TEST ON SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
6.1 AIM: To study the performance characteristics of submersible pump.
6.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Submersible pump test rig, Stop watch
6.3 PREPARATION
6.3.1 THEORY
A submersible pump (or electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a device which
has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is
submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it
prevents pump Cavitation, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between
pump and the fluid surface. Submersible pumps push fluid to the surface as opposed to jet
pumps having to pull fluids. Submersible pumps are more efficient than jet pumps.
Fig. 4. Schematic of Submersible Pump

6.3.2.1 What is the submersible pump?
6.3.2.2 What is the working principle of submersible pump?
6.3.2.3 What are applications of submersible pump?
6.3.2.4 What is the value of suction head in submersible pump?
6.3.2.5 Is priming necessary in submersible pump?
6.4 PROCEDURE
18
N.B.: NEVER operate the pump with closed delivery valve during start and
stop of the pump. The violation leads to damage of the pipe line and the pump.
6.4.1 Start the pump and run it at particular head on it.
6.4.2 Ensure the complete opening of the delivery valve provided.
6.4.3 The pressure gauge reading to be noted for the pressure of 0.5 kg/cm2.
6.4.4 The time is to be noted for collecting 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank.
6.4.5 The time is to be noted for 3 revolution of Energy meter disc.
6.4.6 Repeat the procedure for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 kg/cm2 delivery pressures.
by closing the delivery valve.
6.4.7 Open the delivery valve completely and then Switch off the power supply.
6.5 OBSERVATIONS
6.5.1.1 Total Head, H = P x 105/ ( g) …… in m
Where P – Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2,
g = Gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m2/s
 = Density of fluid (water) = 1000 kg/m3
6.5.1.2 Discharge, Q = (A x h ) / t (m3/sec)

Where A = Area of tank in m2 A = length x breadth
h = Rise of water level in collecting tank = 0.10 m
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank in sec
6.5.1.3 Output in kW, OP =  g QH / 1000
6.5.1.4 Input in kW, IP = (n x 3600 m ) / (N x T)

Where N = Energymeter constant in Rev /kW – hr = 1200 rev / kWh
n = Number of revolution taken in energymeter
6.5.1.5 Efficiency,  = Output / Input x 100%
19
6.5.2 TABULATION
Measuring tank of size = 0.5 x 0.5 m2
Sl. Time for Time for 3 rev

No Pressure Total 10 cm rise Discharge of Energy Meter Input Output Efficiency
. gauge Head of water Q Disc IP OP 
P H t T
kg/cm2 m sec 3
m /sec sec kW kW %
1
2
3
4
5
6
6.5.3 GRAPH: Draw the graph Q Vs H, OP and 

6.6.1 How do you measure actual flow rate?
6.6.2 What is the output power of the pump?
6.6.3 List out the different heads used in submersible pump?
6.6.4 What is advantage of submersible pump over jet pump?
6.6.5 What is mechanical efficiency?
6.6.6 What do you meant by cavitation?
6.6.7 How do you prevent cavitation in pump?
6.6.8 What is advantage of submersible pump over centrifugal pump?
6.6.9 Is priming necessary in submersible pump?
20
6.6.10 What are the effects of cavitations?
6.7 INFERENCES
6.8 RESULT
The performance characteristics of the given submersible pump are studied.
EXPERIMENT No.7
PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP
7.1 AIM: To study the performance of Reciprocating pump.
21
7.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Reciprocating pump test rig, Stop watch
7.3 PREPARATION
7.3.1 THEORY
A reciprocating pump is a positive plunger pump. It is often used where
relatively small quantity of liquid is to be handled and where delivery pressure is quite
large. Reciprocating pumps are now typically used for pumping highly viscous fluids
including concrete and heavy oils, and special applications demanding low flow rates
against high resistance.
Fig.5 Schematic of Reciprocating Pump

7.3.2.1 What is the working principle of reciprocating pump?
7.3.2.2 What is type of suction and delivery valves in reciprocating pump?
7.3.2.3 What do you meant by slip in reciprocating pump?
7.3.2.4 What do you meant by single and double acting pump?
7.3.2.5 List out the parts of reciprocating pump.
7.4 PROCEDURE
N.B. : NEVER operate the pump with closed delivery valve during start and
stop. Never operate the pump above the gauge pressure of 3 kg/cm2.
22
7.4.3 Vary the flow rate (discharge) by closing the delivery valve in order to maintain
certain pressure gauge reading i.e.0.5 kg/cm2.
7.4.4 Note down pressure gauge reading (0.5 kg/cm2) and vacuum gauges readings.
7.4.5 Measure height of the pressure gauge above the vacuum gauge (Datum level)
7.4.6 Note down time taken (t) for ‘h’ cm rise of water (10 cm) in collecting tank.
7.4.7 Note down the time taken (T) for ‘n’ revolutions for energy meter (3 rev) disc.
7.4.8 Repeat the procedure for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 kg/cm2 in the Pressure gauge
reading by closing the delivery valve.
7.5 OBSERVATIONS
7.5.1.1. Total head, H ={ [P + (V/760) ] x 105 / ( g ) } + Z (m)
Where, P – Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2,
V- Vacuum gauge reading in mm Hg,
Z – Datum level between Pressure gauge and Vacuum gauge in m
g = Gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2
Note.: For V, 1 mm Hg/ 760 = 1 bar
For P, 1 bar = 1 kg/ cm2
7.5.1.2. Discharge, Q = (A h)/ t (m3/sec)

Where A- Collecting tank area = l x b in m2,
t - time for 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (sec)
h – Rise of water level in the collecting tank = 0.10 m
7.5.1.3. Output in kW, OP =  g QH / 1000
7.5.1.4. Input in kW, IP = (‘n’ rev of energy meter x 3600 x Efficiency of motor) /
(Energy meter constant in Rev/kW-hr x Time for n
Revolutions)
23
= (n x 3600 x m ) / (Ec x T)
Where Ec = Energy meter constant in Rev /kW – hr = 1200 rev / kWh
n = Number of revolution taken in energy meter = 3
7.5.1.5. Efficiency of Pump,  = (Output / Input) x 100 %
1.5.3 TABULATION:
Area of Measuring tank A: 0.3 x 0.3 m2, Motor Efficiency m : 0.8
Energy meter Constant: 1200 Rev/kW-hr
Z – Datum level between Pressure gauge and Vacuum gauge = 0.75 m
Sl. Pressure Vacuum Total Time Discha Time Input Output Efficie
No. Gauge Gauge Head for rge for 3 Power Power ncy
reading reading H 10 cm Q rev of IP OP 
P V rise EM disc
T x10-4 T
2
kg/cm mm Hg M Sec m3/sec sec kW kW %
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.5.3 GRAPH: Discharge Vs head, Output, Efficiency.
24
7.6.1 List out the different heads used in reciprocating pump?
7.6.2 What is the use of air vessel?
7.6.3 Why the delivery valve should be kept open always?
7.6.4 What do you mean by indicator diagram and its use?
7.6.5 What do you mean by percentage slip and negative slip?
7.6.6 In what situations, the reciprocating pump is desired?
7.7 INFERENCES
7.8 RESULT
The performance test on reciprocating pump is conducted and the performance
characteristics are drawn.
EXPERIMENT No- 08
PERFORMANCE TEST ON JET PUMP
8.1 AIM: To study the performance test on the jet pump
8.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Jet pump test rig, stop watch
25
8.3 PREPARATION
8.3.1 THEORY
Fig.6 Jet Pump
Jet pumps, also referred to as ejectors, are devices for the conveyance,
compression or mixing of gases, vapours, liquids or solids in which a gaseous or liquid
medium serves as the motive force. They operate by the conversion of pressure energy
into velocity in suitable nozzles. They are "pumps without moving parts." The basic
principle of jet pumps consists in the liquid or gas jet being emitted by a nozzle at high
speed entraining and accelerating the surrounding liquid, gas or solid matter. The result of
26
this action is a mixture of the driving and entrained (sucked) fluids, the velocity of which
is reduced and the pressure increased in a second nozzle.

8.3.2.1 What is the purpose of jet pump?
8.3.2.2 What is the working principle of jet pump?
8.3.2.3 What are applications of jet pump?
8.3.2.4 List out the parts of jet pump.
8.4 PROCEDURE
8.4.3 Vary the flow rate (discharge) by closing the delivery valve in order to maintain
Certain pressure gauge reading i.e.0.5 kg/cm2.
8.4.4 Note down pressure gauge reading (0.5 kg/cm2).
8.4.5 Measure height of the pressure gauge above the vacuum gauge (Datum level)
8.4.8 Repeat the procedure for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 kg/cm2 in the Pressure gauge
reading by closing the delivery valve.
8.5 OBSERVATIONS
8.5.1.1 Total Head, H = P x 105/ ( g) …… in m
8.5.1.2 Discharge, Q = (A x h ) / t (m3/sec)

Where A = Area of tank in m2 A = l x b
h = Rise of water level in collecting tank = 0.10 m
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank
27
8.5.1.3 Output in kW, OP =  g QH / 1000
8.5.1.4 Input in kW, IP = (n x 3600 m ) / (N x T)
Where N = Energy meter constant in Rev /kW – hr = 1200 rev / kWh

n = Number of revolution taken in energy meter
8.5.1.5 Efficiency,  = Output / Input x 100%
8.5.2 TABULATION
Energy meter constant N = 1200 Rev/kW-hr
Measuring Area in collecting tank=0.3 x0.3m2
Pressure Total Time for 10 Discharge Time for 3 Input Output Efficiency
Sl. gauge Head cm rise rev of EM
No.
P H t Q T IP OP 
kg/cm2 M sec 3
m /sec sec kW Kw %
1
2
3
4
5
8.5.3 GRAPH:
Draw Q Vs H, OP and 
28
8.6.2 What is the output power of the pump?
8.6.3 List out the different pressure heads used in jet pump?
8.6.5 What is overall efficiency?
8.7 INFERENCES
8.8 RESULT
The performance of the given jet pump is studied.
EXPERIMENT No- 9
DETERMINATION OF MINOR LOSSES DUE TO PIPE FITTINGS
29
9.1 AIM: To study the various losses due to the pipe fittings
9.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Minor losses test rig, Stopwatch
9.3 PREPARATION
9.3.1 THEORY
The various pipe fittings used in the piping applications are joints, bends, elbows,
entry, exit and sudden flow area changes (enlargement and contraction) etc. The energy
losses associated with these types of pipe fittings are termed as the minor losses due its
lesser values compared to the major loss (pipe friction) in the pipe. The loss of head is
indicated by the manometer connected across the respective pipe fitting.

9.3.2.1 List out the various types of pipe fittings?
9.3.2.2 What do you mean by minor losses?
9.3.2.3 What are the types of losses in pipe flow?
9.3.2.4 What do you mean by entry loss?
9.3.2.5 What do you mean by exit loss?
9.4 PROCEDURE
9.4.1 Switch on the pump. Adjust the delivery valve to a desired steady flow rate.
9.4.2 Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank.
9.4.3 Choose any one of the pipe fittings (2 bends, one enlargement and one
contraction). e.g. Bend-1
9.4.4 Open the levers (cocks) of respective pipe fitting to the manometer. Ensure other
fitting levers should be closed. e.g. Open the entry and exit levers of Bend-1( left
& right side cocks at the top of the panel)
9.4.5 Note down the manometer head levels (e.g. h1 & h2 for bend-1)
9.4.6 Now open the other two entries and exit levers of next pipe fitting. Then close the
levers of first chosen pipe fitting. (e.g. Open the 2 nd left & right levers for Bend-2
and close the top levers of Bend-1)
30
9.4.7 Note down the manometer for the second pipe fitting. (e.g. h1 & h2 for bend-2)
9.4.8 Repeat this procedure by opening the respective levers of sudden enlargement
fitting after closing other levers ( i.e. for sudden enlargement by opening the next
down left & right cocks of sudden enlargement and then close the previous left &
right cocks of Bend-2).
9.4.9 Repeat this procedure by opening the respective levers of sudden contraction
fitting after closing other levers (i.e. for sudden contraction by opening the next
down left & right cocks of sudden contraction and then close the previous left &
right cocks of sudden enlargement).
9.4.10 Ensure the readings taken for all pipe fittings and then switch off the pump.
9.5 OBSERVATIONS
9.5.1.1. Discharge, Q = (A x h) / t ….. (m3/s)
A = Area of tank in m2 ,
h = Rise water level in collecting tank (m) = 0.10 m
t = Time taken for the 10 cm rise of water in collecting tank (sec)
9.5.1.2. Velocity, V = Discharge / Area of pipe = Q/A… (m/s)

Where A =  d2/4 , d – Dia of pipe in m
9.5.1.3. Actual loss of head,

hf = ( h1 – h2 ) x 12.6 x 10-2 … (m)
9.5.1.4. Theoretical Velocity loss heads for pipe fittings

Velocity head loss for bend and elbow hv = V12 / (2g)
Velocity head loss for sudden enlargement hv = (V1 – V2)2 / (2g)
Velocity head loss for sudden contraction hv = 0.5 (V1)2 / (2g)
Where V1= velocity of smaller pipe
9.5.1.5. Loss co-efficient
K = Theoretical Velocity head /Actual loss of head = hv / hf
9.5.2 TABULATION
31
Collecting Tank area, A = 0.6 m x 0.3 m, Pipe Diameter, d = 0.02 m or d = 0.015m
Manometer Reading Time Discharge Velocity Actual Loss of head Loss co-
(cm) for 10 Loss of (Theoretical) efficient
Pipe fittings cm rise (m3/s) (m/s) head, (m) K
(sec) (m)
h1 h2 hm t Q V Hf hv hv / hf
Bend-1
Bend-2
Sudden
Enlarge
(20-40 mm)
Sudden
Contraction
(40-20 mm)

9.6.1 What is the equation for head loss due to sudden enlargement?
9.6.2 What is the equation for head loss due to sudden contraction?
9.6.3 What is the equation for head loss due to bend?
9.6.4 What is the equation for head loss at entry of pipe?
9.6.5 What is the equation for head loss at exit of pipe?
9.6.6 Differentiate minor and major losses in pipes
9.7 INFERENCES
9.8. RESULT
The various minor losses in pipe fittings are determined.
EXPERIMENT No.10
PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON TURBINE
32
10.1 AIM: To study the performance of Pelton turbine.
10.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Pelton Turbine test rig, Stop watch, Weights &
Tachometer
10.3 PREPARATION
10.3.1 THEORY
The Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine which is among the most efficient types
of water turbines. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse (momentum) of
moving water, as opposed to its weight like traditional overshot water wheel. The water
flows along the tangent to the path of the runner. Nozzles direct forceful streams of water
against a series of spoon-shaped buckets mounted around the edge of a wheel. As water
flows into the bucket, the direction of the water velocity changes to follow the contour of
the bucket. When the water-jet contacts the bucket, the water exerts pressure on the
bucket and the water is decelerated as it does a "u-turn" and flows out the other side of
the bucket at low velocity. In the process, the water's momentum is transferred to the
turbine. This "impulse" does work on the turbine.
For maximum power and efficiency, the turbine system is designed such that the
water-jet velocity is twice the velocity of the bucket. Often two buckets are mounted side-
by-side, thus splitting the water jet in half. This balances the side-load forces on the
wheel, and helps to ensure smooth, efficient momentum transfer of the fluid jet to the
turbine wheel. Because water and most liquids are nearly incompressible, almost all of
the available energy is extracted in the first stage of the hydraulic turbine. Therefore,
Pelton wheels have only one turbine stage, unlike gas turbines that operate with
compressible fluid. Pelton turbine is preferred for water source has relatively high
hydraulic head at low flow rate.
33
Fig.7 Pelton Turbine

10.3.2.1 What are the types of hydraulic turbines?
10.3.2.2 What is the purpose of turbine?
10.3.2.3 What is the use of nozzle?
10.3.2.4 Define water hammer.
10.3.2.5 What is the purpose of surge tank?
10.3.2.6 Classify the hydraulic turbines.
10.3.2.7 Differentiate impulse and reaction turbines.
10.3.3 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

10.3.3.1 Turbine Rating – Power output 1 kW, Supply head 25 m, Normal speed
1000 rpm, Flow rate 500 lpm, runaway speed 1500 rpm.
10.3.3.2 Pump Rating: Discharge 500 lpm, Power input 5 hp, Normal Speed 2880
rpm.
10.4 PROCEDURE
10.4.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
10.4.1.1. Remove any weights (loads) on the turbine shaft.
10.4.1.2. Ensure the closed position of the delivery valve.
10.4.1.3. After starting, check the cooling water supply to the turbine
10.4.1.4. Avoid running turbine without cooling water to the brake drum.
10.4.1.5. Keep away from the rotating shaft and avoid touching the shaft by hand
10.4.1.6. Avoid pressure more than 2.5 kg/cm2 to the turbine for stability reasons.
34
10.4.1.7. Avoid any disturbances to the manometer tubes.
10.4.1.8. Pressure gauge valves should also be closed before pump shut down.
10.4.2 OPERATIONAL (PROCEDURAL) STEPS

10.4.2.1. Prime the pump and start it with closed gate valve. The spear in the turbine inlet
And should also be in the closed position while starting the pump in order to
Avoid sudden falling of water and its impact on the turbine blades.
10.4.2.2. After starting the pump, Run the turbine at full spear opening by opening the
Spear gradually.
10.4.2.3. Keep the constant head acting on the turbine as 1.0 kg/cm2 by adjusting the
Delivery valve just above the turbine. The flow rate (can be found by
Venturimeter pressure heads (p1,p2) ) and head are maintained constant during
the testing of turbine.
10.4.2.4. Load the turbine from no load to 8 kg with 2 kg incremental weights.
10.4.2.5. Note the following:
a. Turbine speed (N) by torching on the shaft sensor strip with the non
contact digital tachometer,
b. Brake weight (Dead wt. + hanger and rope wt.) (W1 )
c. Spring balance reading (W2).
10.4.2.6. Increase the weights from 0 kg as 0, 2 , 4, 6, 8 kg and note down the speed and
spring balance readings. No need to vary the flow rate and head.
10.4.2.7. First remove all the dead weights on the hanger. Close the delivery valve and
then switch off the pump power supply to stop the turbine.
10.5 OBSERVATIONS
10.5.1.1 Input Power, IP = g Q H (W)
Where g = Specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3
Q = Discharge in m3/sec
Q = K √h = 3.183 x 10-3 √h (h in m )
Size of Venturimeter : 50mm and Throat Diameter : 29.58mm
Where ‘K’ Value = (a1 a2 2g ) /  (a12 – a2 2 = 3.183 x 10-3
Where h = Venturimeter head in m of water
35
h = p x105/ g = (p1 – p2) x105/ (g) (m)
H = Supply head in m = Input total head in m
H = P x105/ (g )
10.5.1.2. Output (Brake) Power, OP = 2 N T / 60 (W)

Where N = Turbine speed in RPM.
T = W Re g = Torque in N-m
Brake drum dia D = 0.2 m ,
Rope dia d =0.015m
Effective radius of Brake Drum, Re = (D/2 )+d) = 0.115m
Weight of rope & hanger = 1kg.
Brake drum Net load W = (W1 + weight of rope hanger) –W2 kg
ie. For example, = (5+1) – 2 = 4 kg
10.5.1.3 Efficiency of turbine,  = (OP/IP) x 100%
10.5.2 TABULATION
Sl Pressure Pressure Gauge Venturi Discharge Brake Spring Net Speed Input Out Efficie
N gauge reading -meter Weight balance Load put ncy
reading Head on reading
p1 p2 P =
P h Q hanger W2 W N IP OP 
p1-p2 W1
2 2 3
kg/cm kg/cm m m /sec kg kg kg rpm kW k %
W
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
10.5.3 GRAPH: Load Vs Output, Efficiency
36
10.6.1 What do you meant by impulse turbine?
10.6.2 How do you regulate the flow of water to the turbine?
10.6.3 What is the energy conversion from nozzle to turbine?
10.6.4 Why is braking jet used?
10.6.5 What is the spear and nozzle?
10.6.6 What is the pressure inside the turbine casing?
10.6.8 What do you meant by volumetric efficiency?
10.7 INFERENCES
10.8 RESULT:
The performance of Pelton turbine is studied.
EXPERIMENT No- 11
37
PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE
11.1 AIM: To study the performance of Francis turbine.
11.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Francis turbine test rig, Stop watch, Weights,
tachometer.
11.3 PREPARATION
11.3.1 THEORY
The Francis turbine is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and
axial flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today.
They operate in a head range of 10 m – 650 m and are primarily used for electrical power
production. The power output ranges from 10 to 750MW. Runner diameters are between
1 and 10 meters. The speed range of the turbine is from 83 to 1000 rpm. Medium size and
larger Francis turbines are most often arranged with a vertical shaft. The Francis turbine
is a reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves
through the turbine, giving up its energy.
Fig.8 Francis Turbine
38
The inlet is spiral shaped. Guide vanes direct the water tangentially to the turbine
wheel, known as a runner. This radial flow acts on the runner's vanes, causing the runner
to spin. The guide vanes (or wicket gate) may be adjustable to allow efficient turbine
operation for a range of water flow conditions.

11.3.2.1 What are the types of hydraulic turbines?
11.3.2.2 What is the use of draft tube?
11.3.2.3 What is the flow direction in reaction turbine?
11.3.2.4 What is the use of guide vanes?
11.3.2.5 Which Newton’s law is applicable to reaction turbine?
11.3.3 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

11.3.3.1 FRANCIS TURBINE: Rated Supply Head: 10 meters, Discharge: 1000
LPM, Rated Speed: 1250 rpm
Power Output: 1 kW, Runaway Speed: 1750RPM
Runner diameter: 160mm
11.3.3.2 PUMPSET: Rated Head: 10m, Discharge: 1200 lpm,
Normal Speed: 1440 rpm, Power input: 5 HP
11.4 PROCEDURE
1. Prime the pump and start it with closed gate valve. The spear in the turbine inlet and
should also be in the closed position while starting the pump.
2. After starting and running the turbine at normal speed for some time, load the turbine
and take readings. Note the following: Net supply head, Discharge (pressure gauge
readings), Turbine shaft speed, Brake weight (Dead Weights plus hanger and rope
weight) (1kg) and Spring balance reading.
3. Before switching off the supply pump set, first remove all the dead weights on the
hanger.
11.5 OBSERVATIONS
11.5.1.1 Input Power, IP = g Q H (W)
39
Where g = Specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3
Q = Discharge in m3/sec
Q = K √h = 9.11 x10-3√h (h in m )
Inlet Dia. of Orificemeter: 80 mm , Orificemeter dia. : 60 mm
Where ‘K’ Value = (a1 a2 2g ) /  (a12 – a2 2 = 9.11 x10-3
Where h = Orificemeter head in m of water
h = p x105/ g = (p1 – p2) x105/ (g) (m)
H = Supply head in m = Input total head in m
H = P x105/ (g )
11.5.1.2. Output (Brake) Power, OP = 2 N T / 60 (W)

Where N = Turbine speed in RPM.,
T = W Re g = Torque in N-m
Brake drum dia D =0.23m,
Rope dia d =0.015m
Effective radius of Brake Drum, Re = (D/2)+d) = 0.145m
Brake drum Net load W = (W1 + weight of rope hanger) –W2 kg
= (5+1) – 2 = 4 kg
11.5.1.3 Efficiency of turbine,

 = (OP/IP) x 100%
11.5.3.2GRAPH: Discharge Vs Speed, output, Input, Efficiency
40
11.5.3 TABULATION
Vacuum Pressure Pressure Orifice Discha Weight Spring

gauge gauge Gauge meter rge Speed on balance Net load Output Input Effi
reading reading Reading head hanger reading
P.S kg/cm2 h Q N W1 W2 W OP IP
2 3
kg/cm kg/cm2 p1 p2 dp m m /sec RPM kg kg Kg kW kW

11.6.1 What is the energy conversion across the turbine?
11.6.2 Differentiate stator and rotor vanes or blades?
11.6.3 What do you meant by runner?
11.6.4 What is the pressure inside the turbine casing?
11.6.5 What do you meant by reaction turbine?
11.6.6 List out different component efficiencies used?
11.6.7 What do you meant by brake power?
11.6.8 What do you meant by cavitation?
11.6.9 What are the methods to avoid cavitation?
11.7 INFERENCES
11.8 RESULTS
The performance test on Francis turbine is conducted and its characteristic curves
are drawn.
41
EXPERIMENT No.12
PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
12.1 Aim: To study the performance of centrifugal pump at constant speed.
12.2 EQUIPMENTS Required: Centrifugal pump test rig, Stop watch
12.3 PREPARATION
12.3.1 THEORY
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to

increase the pressure and flow rate of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are the most common
type of pump used to move liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump
impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing
radially outward or axially into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the
downstream piping system. Centrifugal pumps are typically used for large discharge
through smaller heads. The priming of the pump is necessary in order to get discharge.
The priming can be done by filling the impeller with water in order to provide continuous
water column from the sump water level to pump.
Fig.9 Centrifugal Pump
42
12.3.2.1 What is the purpose of pump?
12.3.2.2 What do you meant by centrifugal force?
12.3.2.3 What is type of flow in centrifugal pump?
12.3.2.4 What is the use of volute casing?
12.3.2.5 What do you meant by priming?
12.4 PROCEDURE
N.B.: If the pump is not delivering water output (discharge), prime the pump
and then start the motor.
12.4.2 Start the pump power supply.
12.4.3 Vary the flow rate (discharge) by closing the delivery valve.
12.4.4 Note down pressure gauge reading for 0.5 kg/cm2 and vacuum gauges readings.
12.4.5 Measure height of the pressure gauge above the vacuum gauge. (Z)
12.4.8 Repeat the procedure for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 kg/cm2 in the pressure gauge
reading by gradual closing of delivery valve.
12.5 OBSERVATIONS
12.5.1.1. Total head, H ={ [ P + (V/760) ] x 105 / ( g ) } + Z (m)
V- Vacuum gauge reading in mm Hg,
Z – Datum level between Pressure gauge and Vacuum gauge
N.B.: For V, 1 mm Hg/ 760 = 1 bar
For P, 1 bar = 1 kg/ cm2
43
12.5.1.2. Discharge, Q = (A h)/ t (m3/sec)
t - Time for 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (sec)
12.5.1.3. Output in kW, OP =  g Q H / 1000

12.5.1.4. Input in kW,
IP = (‘n’ rev of energy meter x 3600 x Efficiency of motor) /
(Energy meter constant in Rev/kW-hr x Time for n revolutions)
= (n x 3600 x m ) / (Ec x T)
Where Ec = Energy meter constant in Rev /kW – hr = 1200 rev / kWh
n = Number of revolution taken in energy meter
12.5.1.5. Efficiency of Pump,  = (Output / Input) x 100 %
12.5.2 TABULATION
Motor Efficiency m : 0.8, Energy meter Constant = 1200 rev/kWh,
Hight between the pressure gauges, Z = 500mm, Collecting tank Area, A = 0.5 x 0.5 m2
Pressure Vacuum Time for Time for 3 Input Output Efficien
Sl. gauge gauge 10cm rev of Head Discharge power power cy
No. reading reading rise of energy
water meter disc
P V t T H Q IP OP 
kg/cm2 mm of hg Sec Sec m m3/sec kW kW %
1.
2
3.
4
5
12.5.3 GRAPH:
Discharge Vs Head, Output, Efficiency
44
12.6.1 What is the energy conversion across the impeller?
12.6.2 List out the different heads used in centrifugal pump?
12.6.3 What do you meant by manometric head?
12.6.4 What is the pressure inside the pump casing?
12.6.5 What do you meant by manometric efficiency?
12.6.6 What do you meant by cavitation, its effects and its prevention?
12.7 INFERENCES:
12.8 RESULT
The performance test on centrifugal pump is completed and the performance
characteristics are studied.
EXPERIMENT No- 13
IMPACT OF JET OF WATER ON VANES
45
13.1 AIM: To determine the coefficient of impact of water jet on different vanes
13.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Jet on vane apparatus, Weighing machine, Flat

vane, Flat vane with oblique impact, Conical vane, stop watch
13.3 PREPARATION
13.3.1 THEORY
Water turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power. In the type of
water turbine referred to as a Pelton wheel, one or more water jets are directed tangentially on
to vanes or buckets that are fastened to the rim of the turbine disc. The impact of the water on
the vanes generates a torque on the wheel, causing it to rotate and to develop power.
Although the concept is essentially simple, such turbines can generate considerable output at
high efficiency. To predict the output of a Pelton wheel, and to determine its optimum
rotational speed, we need to understand how the deflection of the jet generates a force on the
buckets, and how the force is related to the rate of momentum flow in the jet. In this
experiment, we measure the force generated by a jet of water striking a flat plate or a
hemispherical cup, and compare the results with the computed momentum flow rate in the
jet.
Fig. Impact of Water jet on flat vane

13.3.2.1 What is the water jet?
13.3.2.2 What is the effect of water jet on vanes?
13.3.2.3 What do you meant by impact?
13.3.2.4 List out different types of vanes?
46
13.4 PROCEDURE
13.4.1 Switch on the power supply.
13.4.2 Open the gate valve and note down the reading from the weight balance.
13.4.3 Then note the time for ‘h’ m rise in collecting tank.
13.4.4 Repeat the procedure for different gate valve openings.
13.4.5 Take readings for different vanes and nozzles also.
13.5 OBSERVATIONS
13.5.1.1 Actual discharge, Q = Volume of collecting tank/ time taken = A h / t
Where, A - Area of collecting tank in m2 = length x breadth
h - Water level rise in the collecting tank = 10 cm
t - Time taken for ‘h’ cm rise of water in the tank in sec
13.5.1.2 Theoretical force Ft = ( AN V 2)/ g

Density of water,  = 1000 kg/m3
Area of nozzle, AN =  d2/4
Gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2
13.5.1.3 Velocity V = Q/ [Cc. AN]
13.5.1.4 Co-efficient of Impact, Ci = Fa / Ft

Where Fa = Actual force acting on the Disc shown from Dial Gauge.
13.5.2 TABULATION
Measuring area in tank = 0.5 x 0.5 m2
Dia of jet = 20 mm
Type of vane = Flat vane / Conical vane
Co-efficient of Contraction, Cc = 0.97
Sl. Actual force, Time for Theoretical Co-efficient

No. Type of Vane Fa in kg 10cm rise Force, of impact,
of water
47
t Ft in kg Ci = Fa/Ft
1
2
3
4
5
6

13.6.1 How do you compare different vanes?
13.6.2 What do you meant by co-efficient of impact?
13.6.3 How do you measure the force of the jet?
13.6.5 How do you measure theoretical flow rate?
13.7 INFERENCES
13.8 RESULT
The co-efficient of impact of the given vane = ___________
EXPERIMENT No- 14
FLOW VISUALIZATION - REYNOLDS APPARATUS
48
14.1 AIM: To demonstrate the flow visualization – laminar or turbulent flow.
14.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Reynolds Experimental set up, stop watch
14.3 PREPARATION
14.3.1 THEORY
The flow of real fluids can basically occur under two very different regimes
namely laminar and turbulent flow. The laminar flow is characterized by fluid particles
moving in the form of lamina sliding over each other, such that at any instant the velocity
at all the points in particular laminar is the same. The lamina near the flow boundary
move at a slower rate as compared to those near the center of the flow passage. This type
of flow occurs in viscous fluids , fluids moving at slow velocity and fluids flowing
through narrow passages. The turbulent flow is characterized by constant agitation and
intermixing of fluid particles such that their velocity changes from point to point and
even at the same point from time to time. This type of flow occurs in low density fluids,
flow through wide passage and in high velocity flows.
Fig. Reynolds Experimental Set-up
Reynolds conducted an experiment for observation and determination of these

regimes of flow. By introducing a fine filament of dye in to the flow of water through the
glass tube ,at its entrance he studied the different types of flow. At low velocities, the dye
filament appeared as straight line through the length of the tube and parallel to its axis,
characterizing laminar flow. As the velocity is increased the dye filament becomes wavy
throughout indicating transition flow. On further increasing the velocity the filament
49
breaks up and diffuses completely in the water in the glass tube indicating the turbulent
flow. There are two different types of fluid flows laminar flow and Turbulent flow. The
velocity at which the flow changes laminar to Turbulent is called the ‘Critical Velocity’.
Fig. Types of internal (pipe) flow
Reynolds number determines whether any flow is laminar or Turbulent. Reynolds

number corresponding to transition from laminar to Turbulent flow is about 2,300.

14.3.2.1 What do you meant by fluid?
14.3.2.2 What are the types of flow?
14.3.2.3 Define Reynolds number?
14.3.2.4 What is laminar flow?
14.3.2.5 What is turbulent flow?
14.4 PROCEDURE
14.4.1 Switch on the power supply. Adjust the water inflow slowly by flow control valve
delivery valve).
14.4.2. Inject a filament of dye into the water stream by opening the value from dye tank.
14.4.3 When the flow is laminar, the colored stream of dye does not mix with the stream
of water and is apparent long the whole length of the pipe. Increase the velocity of
the stream gradually by opening the flow control valve, to see the turbulent flow.
The stream of dye begins to oscillate and then diffused. This velocity of water in
the pipe is ‘Critical Velocity.
14.5 OBSERVATIONS
50
Discharge, Q = (A h)/ t (m3/sec)
t - Time for 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (sec)
Reynolds number for pipe flow, Re = (V D)/ 

Where V= Velocity of the fluid (m/s),
D= diameter of the pipe (m)
 = Kinetic viscosity of the fluid (m2/s)
14.5.2 TABULATION
Internal plan area of collecting tank = 0.3 x 0.3 m2
Diameter of pipe D = 32 mm,
Kinematics viscosity of fluid (water) = 1.01 x 10-6 m2/sec
Sl. No. Time taken Discharge Velocity Reynolds Remarks
for 10 cm Q V number (Laminar/
rise m3/sec m/s Re Turbulent
t flow)
sec

14.6.1 What do you meant by stream and streak lines?
14.6.2 Mention the Reynolds no for laminar and turbulent flow?
14.6.3 What do you meant by steady and unsteady flow?
51
14.6.4 What do you meant by path line?
14.6.5 What do you meant by uniform and non-uniform flow?
14.7 INFERENCES
14.8 RESULT
The flow visualization test is conducted and the type of flows is identified.
Experiment No-15
PERFORMANCE TEST ON KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RIG
15.1 AIM: To study the performance of Kaplan turbine.
15.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
52
The test rig mainly consists of (1) Kaplan Turbine, (2) A Supply pump unit to
supply water to the above Kaplan Turbine, (3) Flow Measuring unit consisting of a
Venturimeter and pressure gauge, (4) Piping system and (5) Sump.
15.3 PREPARATION
15.3.1 THEORY
The Kaplan Turbine consists of spiral casing, an outer bearing pedestal and rotor
assembly with runner shaft and brake drum all mounted on a suitable sturdy base plate. A
Straight conical draft tube is provided for the purpose of regaining the kinetic energy
from the exit water and also facilitating easy accessibility of the turbine due to it locating
at a higher level than the tailrace. A Transparent hollow perspex cylinder is provided in
between the draught bend and the casing for the purpose of observation of flow at exit of
runner. A rope brake arrangement is provided to load the turbine. The output of the
turbine can be controlled by adjusting, the gate valves for which a hand wheel and a
suitable link mechanism are provided. The net supply head on the turbine is measured by
a pressure and vacuum gauge. An Optimum size of sump is provided to store sufficient
water from independent circulation through the unit for experimentation. Make sure
before starting that the pipelines are free from foreign matter. Also note whether all the
joints are watertight and leak proof. Prime the pump and start it with closed gate valve.
The turbine bearings and bush bearings in the units are properly lubricated. Then slowly
open the gate valve and open the cock fitted to the pressure gauge and so that the pump
develops the rated head. If the pump develops the required head, slowly open the turbine
gate valve through suitable link mechanism until the turbine attains the normal rated
speed. Run the turbine at the normal speed (1000) RPM for about one hour and carefully
note the following:
a. Operation of the bearings, temperature rise, noise etc.,
b. Vibration of the unit.
c. Steady constant speeds and speed fluctuations if any.
In addition to this, one pump side notes the operation of the stuffing box. The stuffing
box should show an occasional drip of water. If the gland is over tightened the leakage
stops but the packing will heat up burn and damage the shaft.
53
15.3.2 CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATION
1. SPIRAL CASING: Is of close grained cast iron with integral legs.
2. RUNNER: Is of Gunmetal designed for efficient by a hand wheel through a link
mechanism.
3. SHAFT: Is of steel accurately machined and provided with gunmetal sleeve at the
stuffing box.
4. BALLBEARINGS: Is of double a row deep groove rigid type in the casing and double
row self-aligning type in the bearing pedestal both of liberal size.
5. DRAUGHT BEND: Is provided at the exit of the runner with a Transparent
cylindrical window, for observation of Flows pass the runner. To the bend is connected a
Straight conical draught tube of mild steel Fabrication.
6. BRAKE ARRANGEMENT: Consists of a machined and polished cast iron brake
drum, cooling water pipe, discharge pipe, internal water scoop, dead weights, spring
balance rope brake etc arranged for loading the turbine.
7. OBSERVATION WINDOW: A transparent perspex hollow cylinder window for
observation of flow passage, through the runner is provided in between the casing and the
draught tube.
8. FINISH: Is of high standard suitable for laboratory use in technical institution.
15.3.3 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

I. KAPLAN TURBINE (REACTION TURBINE)
1. Power output: 2HP
54
2. Brake Drum diameter: 300 mm.
3. Rope diameter: 15 mm.
II. SUPPLY PUMPSET
1. Power required: 7.5 HP
2. Type: Centrifugal
III FLOW MEASURING UNIT
1. Size of Venturi meter: 100 mm.
2. Diameter of inlet: 100mm
3. Diameter of throat: 59.16 mm
4. Venturi meter constant: K =0.013 ( Q = k h ) where h in m of water.

1. what is slip of turbine
2. Classify hydraulic turbine based on fluid flow
3. list out the main parts of Kaplan Turbine
4. what is advantage of Kaplan Turbine over Pelton turbine
5. what is specific Speed of the turbine
15.4 EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:

1. If the operation of the above parts is normal, load the turbine slowly and take
readings. To load the turbine standard dead weights are provided with figures
stamped on them to indicate their weights.
2. Open the water inlet valve and allow some cooling water through the brake
drum when the turbine runs under load, so that the heat generated by the brake
drum is carried away by the cooling water. Do not suddenly load the turbine,
load the turbine gradually and at the same time open the valve to run the
turbine at normal speed.
3. Water turbines are tested in the Hydraulic laboratory to demonstrate how test
on small water turbines is carried out, on study their construction, and to give
the students a clear knowledge about the different types of turbines and their
characteristics.
4. Turbines shall be first tested at constant net supply head by varying the load,
speed and guide vane setting. However, the net supply head on the turbines
tested in which case the power developed by the turbine and the best
efficiently speed will also be reduced.
55
5. The output power from the turbine is calculated from the readings taken on
the brake and the speed of the shaft. The input power supplied to the turbine is
calculated from the net supply head on the turbine and discharge through the
turbine. Efficiency of the turbine being the ratio between the output and input.
6. The discharge is measured by the 100 mm Venturimeter and with the Pressure
Gauges. Supply Head is measured with the help of the pressure gauge After
starting and running the turbine at normal speed for the sometime, load the
turbine and take readings.
7. Note the following: -
a. Net supply head (pressure & vacuum gauge readings plus height of the
pressure gauge over vacuum gauge).
b. Discharge (Manometer readings)
c. Turbine shaft speed.
d. Brake Weight (Dead weights plus hanger and rope weight)
e. Spring Balance reading.
8. First run the turbine at light load and then gradually load it, by adding dead
weights on the hanger. The net supply head on the turbine shall be maintained
constant at the rated value and this can be done by adjusting the gate valve
fitted just above the turbine.
9. Increase the weights from 0, 2 , 4, 6 and 8 kg with constant supply of head/
Increase the head from 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 0.1 kg/cm 2 with constant load and
note down the Pressure gauge readings, spring balance readings and speed.
10. First remove all the dead weights on the hanger. Close the delivery valve and
then switch off the pump power supply in order to stop the turbine.
15.5 OBSERVATIONS
1. Net Supply Head (H)
H = P +V in meter
�P +  V 760  � 5
H =� �X 10 in m
� g �
2. Input Power (I/P)

IP =  gQH in Watts
Where, Discharge, Q = K h in m3/sec
56
a1a2 2 g
K=
a 1
2
- a2 2 
a1 = Area of inlet pipe = 7.854x10-3 m2
a2 = Area of throat = 2.748x10-3 m2

K= 0.01299 Round off 0.013
P
Venturimeter head, h = X 105 in m of water
g
3. Output/Brake Power (O/P)

2 NT
OP = in Watts
60
Where, Torque, T= W Re g in N
Brake drum Net load, W = [(W1 + weight of rope hanger) –W2] in
kg
Diameter of Brake drum, D= 0.30 m
Diameter of rope, d = 0.015 m
Effective radius of the brake drum, Re = (D/2 )+d) = 0.165 m
4. Efficiency, ( )
OP
= X 100 %
IP
15.5.2 TABULATION
Vacuu Press Net Venturimeter Venturi Disc Weigh Spring Net Spee Inp Outp Effici
m ure Suppl Pressure meter harg t on balance Loa d ut ut ency
gauge gauge y reading Pressur e hange reading d
readin readin Head, P = e head r W2
p1 p2 p1-p2
g, V g, P H h Q W1 W N IP OP 
2
Mm/ kg/cm m kg/cm m m3/s kg kg kg rpm kW kW %
2
Hg ec
57
15.5.3 GRAPHS
The following graphs can be drawn from the observed readings,
1. Discharge Vs Efficiency
2. Speed Vs Brake power
3. Speed Vs Efficiency
15.5.4 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. what is maximum mechanical efficiency in given turbine
2. state the behavior of the power of the turbine with respect to Speed
3. state the behavior of the efficiency of the turbine with respect to Speed
15.6 INFERENCES
15.7 RESULT: The performance of Kaplan turbine is studied.
58
Experiment No- 16
FLOW MEASUREMENT USING PITOT TUBE
16.1 AIM: To determine the velocity at the pipeline by using prandle type pitot tube
16.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: The apparatus consists of (1) Pitot tube (2) Piping
system (3) Supply Pump set (4) Measuring Tank (5) ‘U’ tube Manometer (6) Sump.
16.3 PREPARATION
16.3.1 THEORY
59
The Closed Circuit Self-sufficient portable package system for study of prandle
type pitot tube is primarily designed to study the velocity at the pipeline. Prandle type
pitot tubes are provided at inlet, so that the velocity head can be determined. This prandle
pitot tube consisting of two coaxial tubes and one coming within the other and both bend
in the L shape so, that when interred inside the pipe. The tubes are parallel to the axis of
the pipes at the place of measurements. The inner tube has a facing up stream and hence
measure the total head including both pressure and velocity. The outlet tube has holes at
the sides so, that it measures only the pressure head, thus the difference between the two
given the velocity a head separately Hence, the inner and outer tubes are connected to a
differential manometer to indicate the velocity head.
Fig. Pitot tube
16.3.2 CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATION

1. PITOT TUBE:
A prandle type Pitot tube is provided for conducting experiment.
2. PIPING SYSTEM:
Consists of a set of G.I. Piping of size 25mm fitted with a prandle type pitot tube
and a flow control valve.
3. SUPPLY PUMPSET:
Is rigidly fixed on sump. The mono block pump with motor, operating on single
phase 220/240 volts, 50Hz AC supply. Prime the pump before starting.
4. MANOMETER:
60
‘U’ tube Manometer of 0.5 m range with 1mm scale graduations to measure the
differential head produced by the pitot tube.
5. SUMP:
Sump to store sufficient water for independent circulation through the unit for
experimentation and arranged within the floor space of the main unit.
16.4 PROCEDURE:
N.B.: Keep the delivery valve open while start and stop of the pump power
supply.
1. Switch on the power supply to the pump
2. The velocity heads at different position from center of the pipe can be measured
by lowering and increasing the height of the pitot tube using the scale and the
indicator provided.
3. At different center height of the pitot tube the velocity heads are noted from the
manometer observation.
4. Repeat it for different flow rates to adjust the delivery flow control valve and note
down manometer heads (h1, h2).
5. Switch off the pump after completely opening the delivery valve.
16.5 OBSERVATIONS
The Velocity finds out formula,
V = Cv 2 gH
Where,
V = Velocity m/sec, (Pipe diameter is 25mm)
Cv = co-efficiency of Velocity 0.98
g = Accelerations due to gravity 9.81 m/sec2
H = Pitot tube height in meter.
= 12.6 x hm x 10 -2 (m)
16.5.2 TABULATION
The readings noted are tabulated as follows:
61
S.No Manometer reading (cm)
h1 h2 h Actual velocity (m/sec)
16.6 INFERENCES
16.7 RESULT
Actual velocity of the given pipeline of………m= ___________
EXPERIMENT NO- 17
STUDY OF CAVITATION TEST RIG APPARATUS

17.1 AIM
The cavitation Test Rig in Venturimeter is primarily designed to study and show the
formation of cavitation.
17.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

1. Venturimeter
2. Piping system
62
3. Measuring Tank
17.3 PREPARATION
17.3.1 THEORY -PIPING SYSTEM:
Piping System size: 25mm diameter with control valve.
Manifold: upstream and downstream pressure feed pipes are provided for the
measurement of pressure heads with control valves situated on a common place
for easy operation.
Measuring Tank Size: 0.5 x 0.3 x 0.4 meter, with overflow arrangement, gauge
glass, scale arrangement and a drain valve.
17.3.2 SPECIFICATIONS:
a. Pipe line: 25mm
b. Throat dia: 6mm
17.3.3 CAVITATION
Cavitation is the formation of vapour cavities in a liquid – i.e. small liquid free
zones ("bubbles" or "voids") that are the consequence of forces acting upon the liquid. It
usually occurs when a liquid is subjected to rapid changes of pressure that cause the
formation of cavities where the pressure is relatively low. When subjected to higher
pressure, the voids implode and can generate an intense shock wave.
17.4 PROCEDURE
1. Close all the valves (Venturimeter pipe line)
2. Switch on the pump and open the inlet valve.
3. Open the needle valves of the Venturimeter, and increase the flow by adjusting
the control valve.
4. When the flow from the control valve is increased, at a particular stage the
cavitation will formed in the throat of the venturimeter.
5. Due to rapid changes in pressure, the bubbles are formed in the throat area,
that is cavitation.
6. After completing the experiment close the inlet valve and open all the gate
valves & needle valves then make them closed. Drain the water from
measuring tank after completing the experiment
63
17.5 RESULT:
The flow visualization test is conducted and studied the formation of cavitation.
EXPERIMENT NO- 18
FREE AND FORCED VORTEX FLOW APPARATUS
18.1 AIM
To obtain the surface profile of forced vortex and find the depth of the forced
vortex curve.
18.2 PREPARATION
18.2.1 THEORY
Forced vortex flow is an example of rotational flow and can be generated by
rotating a cylinder of fluid about its axis or by rotating a paddle in a large volume of
fluid. Under steady conditions, each particle will move with the same angular velocity
64
and there will not be concentric circles and the total energy is constant along a streamline
but varies from one streamlines to another.
18.2.2 THE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The setup consists of an open transparent cylinder which is free to rotate about its
vertical axis. The cylinder is suitably mounted on a variable speed motor. Suitable
arrangements for water supply traveling of pointer gauge.
18.3 PROCEDURE
1. Fill the cylinder with water to about one half its heights.
2. Rotate the cylinder with constant and reasonably fast speed. The free surface of
the water takes the from of a forced vortex.
3. When conditions become steady, take the surface profile reading by traversing the
water surface along a radius of the cylinder.
4. Draw the surface profile for different speeds.
5. EOR different speed finds out the depth of the parabola.
18.4 FORMULA USED

Depth of the vortex curve,
w 2 R2
Z=
2g
2 N
Where, w = rad / sec
60
R – Radius of Transparent cylinder.
g - Acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/ s2.
N – Speed in Rpm.
18.5 TABULATION
Radius Height of Speed in Depth of

S.No w (Rad/sec)
In mm water in mm RPM Parabola
65
18.6 GRAPH:
18.7 RESULT:
The surface profile of forced vortex and the depth of the forced vortex curve are
obtained.
66

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EXPERIMENT NO- 1

FLOW MEASUREMENT BY ORIFICEMETER

1.1 AIM: To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the orifice meter

Fig.1. Orifice Plate

Where, H = Differential head of manometer in m of water

FLOW MEASUREMENT BY VENTURIMETER

2.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Venturimeter test rig, Stopwatch

2.3.2 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

2.3.2.1 Differentiate mass flow rate and volume flow rate?

Where, H = Differential head of manometer in m of water

VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLIS THEOREM

3.1 AIM: To verify the Bernoulli’s theorem

3.3.2 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

3.5.1.2 Velocity of flow, V = Q/a ,

Diameter at the Cross – Piezometer Time Discha Velocity Velocity Total

d3= 0.03555 0.992

d4= 0.03185 0.796

d6= 0.02445 0.469

d7= 0.02075 0.338

d8= 0.01705 0.228

3.6.1 What do you mean by velocity head?

DETERMINATION OF PIPE FRICTION FACTOR

4.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Pipe friction EQUIPMENTS, stop watch

4.3.2 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

4.5.1.2 Head loss due to friction, hf = hm ( Sm – Sf)/ (Sf x 100) in m

4.5.1.3 The frictional loss of head in pipes (Darcy-Weisbach formula)

4.6 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

PERFORMANCE TEST ON GEAR PUMP

5.1 AIM: To study the performance of gear oil pump.

5.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Gear pump test rig, Stopwatch

Fig.3. External Gear pump

5.3.2 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

5.5.1.2 Discharge, Q = (A x h ) / t (m3/s) ,

Where A = Area of tank in m2 ,

5.5.1.3 Output in Watts, OP =  g Q H / 1000 (kW)

Where = Density of oil = 860 kg/m3

5.5.1.4 Input in kWatts , IP = (n x 3600 x m ) / (Ec x T) (kW)

Where Ec = Energy meter constant in Rev /kWh = 1200 Rev / kWh

5.5.1.5 Efficiency,  = (Output / Input) x 100% = (OP/IP) x 100%

5.6 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

6.1 AIM: To study the performance characteristics of submersible pump.

6.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Submersible pump test rig, Stop watch

Fig. 4. Schematic of Submersible Pump

6.3.2 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

6.5.1.2 Discharge, Q = (A x h ) / t (m3/sec)

6.5.1.3 Output in kW, OP =  g QH / 1000

6.5.1.4 Input in kW, IP = (n x 3600 m ) / (N x T)

6.5.1.5 Efficiency,  = Output / Input x 100%

Sl. Time for Time for 3 rev

6.5.3 GRAPH: Draw the graph Q Vs H, OP and 

6.5 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

7.1 AIM: To study the performance of Reciprocating pump.

Fig.5 Schematic of Reciprocating Pump

7.3.2 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

7.5.1.2. Discharge, Q = (A h)/ t (m3/sec)

7.5.1.3. Output in kW, OP =  g QH / 1000

7.5.1.5. Efficiency of Pump,  = (Output / Input) x 100 %

7.5.3 GRAPH: Discharge Vs head, Output, Efficiency.

PERFORMANCE TEST ON JET PUMP

8.1 AIM: To study the performance test on the jet pump

8.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Jet pump test rig, stop watch

Fig.6 Jet Pump