598, B / ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS (B.10) where 1/n? < 1. ‘Ihe integral on the right is now in standard form. k= &@&=©=6FSrti‘S:CSC~—.L..D Transform the elliptic integral [ do lb V cos 26 into a standard form. Solution. Let wz = sin 6; then du = cos 6 d0. Because cos? @ + sin? @ = 1, cos@ = V1 — sin? = V1 — p%, so d0 = du/V/1 — 2. By another trigono- metric identity, cos 29 = 1 — 2 sin? @ = 1 — 2u®, Thus V cos 26 = V1 — Qu®, and Let 2 = V2 y1; then dz = V2 dp, so { a0 1 [vaine dz lo Vcos 20 V2. a-#(0-22) The integral on the right is in standard form. (B.11) PROBLEMS B-. Evaluate the following integrals using a sct of tables. (@) RO.27,7/3) —— (b) E(0.27, 7/3) (©) F027, 7/4) (a) E(0.27, 7177/4) B2. Reduce to standard form: 25 — 4: 18 ag 5/4 (a) [ 7 f de V1 — 4sin? ayaN 1-2 B-3. Find the binomial expansion of (1 — k® sin® @)~"”? and then derive Equation B.8.APPENDIX Ordinary Differential Equations of Second Order* C.1 Linear Homogeneous Equations By far, the most important type of ordinary differential equation encountered in problems in mathematical physics is the second-order linear equation with con- stant coefficients, Equations of this type have the form @ 3 x pe + by = fix) (Cla) or, denoting derivatives by primes, y" + ay! + by = fix) (C.1b) A particularly important class of such equations are those for which f(x) = 0. These equations (called homogeneous equations) are important not only in themselves but also as reduced equations in the solution of the more general type of equation (Equation C.1). We consider the linear homogeneous second-order equation with constant coefficients first.t y" + ay’ + by=0 (C2) **A standard treatise on differential equations is that of Ince (In27). A listing of many types of equa- ions and their solutions is given by Murphy (Mu60). A modern viewpoint is contained i Use book by Hochstadt (Ho64). i +#The Fret published solution ofan equatian of this type was hy Ful to have been known to Daniel and Johann Bernoulli in 1739. 1748, but the solution appears 599600 C/ ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF SECOND ORDER These equations have the following important properties: » If )4(x) is a solution of Equation C.2, then 4, (x) is also a solution. b. If y4(x) and y2(x) are solutions, then y;(x) + yp(x) is also a solution (principle of superposition). c. If y;(x) and yo(x) are linearly independent solutions, then the general solution to the equation is given by qyi(x) + yo(2). (The general solution always contains two arbitrary constants.) The functions y,(x) and y,(x) are linearly independent if and only if the equation An (x) + wye(x) = 0 (C3) is satisfied only by A = ws = 0. If Equation C.3 can be satisfied with A and p dif- ferent from zero, then y,(x) and p(x) are said to be linearly dependent. The general condition (i.e., the necessary and sufficient condition) that a set of functions 9, 92, 5,--. be linearly dependent is that the Wronskian determi- nant of these functions vanish identically: nt Me ae Tie in oh n v Se le W=! x eee I ee Fee =O! (C4) yD gft-D gD ae gle where y(" is the nth derivative of y with respect to x. The properties (a) and (b) above can be verified by direction substitution, but (c) is only asserted here to yield the general solution. These properties apply only to the homogeneous equation (Equation C.2) and not to the general equa- tion (Equation C.1). Equations of the type C.2 are reducible through the substitution yaem (C.5) Now nyt re (c.6) Using these expressions for y' and y" in Equation C.2, we find an algebraic equa- tion called the auxiliary equation: P+ art+b=0 (C2 The solution of this quadratic in ris (C8) We first assume that the two roots, denoted by 7, and 7, are not identical and write the solution as poet om (C9)