1 Bacteria can be grown on nutrient agar in Petri dishes.

The main nutrients in the agar are glucose and

amino acids. The bacteria reproduce asexually to form colonies. Each colony is formed from one
bacterium.

(a) (i) Explain why glucose and amino acids are included in the agar medium.

glucose ..............................................................................................................................

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amino acids .......................................................................................................................

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(ii) Describe how bacteria reproduce asexually.

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A microbiologist collected bacteria from a kitchen which was suspected to be responsible for an
outbreak of food poisoning.

The microbiologist spread the bacteria on nutrient agar and let them reproduce to form colonies. The
bacterial colonies were transferred onto new nutrient agar that contained high concentrations of
antibiotics S or T, as shown in the flow diagram in Fig. 5.1
(b) Explain the appearance of agar plates 3 and 4.

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(c) Explain why many bacterial colonies were found on agar plates 5 and 6.

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(d) Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by the bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Many strains of this bacterium cannot be treated by common antibiotics.

Explain how strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are formed and then spread.

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[Total: 13]

2 Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide inside cells. Red blood cells contain
catalase.

Some dogs have an inherited condition in which catalase is not produced. This condition is known as
acatalasia and it is caused by a mutation in the gene for catalase.

(a) Define the terms gene and gene mutation.

gene...................................................................................................................................

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gene mutation....................................................................................................................

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[2]

(b) A geneticist was asked to investigate the inheritance of acatalasia in dogs.

The normal allele is represented by B and the mutant allele is represented by b.

The geneticist made the diagram in Fig. 3.1 to show the inheritance of acatalasia in a family of dogs. The
shaded symbols indicate the dogs with acatalasia.

(i) State the genotypes of the dogs identified as 1, 2 and 3 in Fig. 3.1.

1 .............................................................................................................................

2 .............................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................. [3]

3 Anthocyanin is a red pigment found in carnation flowers. Some carnation plants have a gene for
making anthocyanin.

(a) (i) A flower grower bred red carnations.

Describe how growers selectively breed plants.

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(ii) Explain the disadvantages of using sexual reproduction to breed red carnations.

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(b) Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction of carnation plants.

Define the term meiosis.

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(c) Carnation plants show co-dominance for the anthocyanin gene. There are two alleles:

• A F– allele for anthocyanin pigment (red flowers)

• N F– allele for no anthocyanin pigment (white flowers)

(i) State the genotype of a carnation plant that is heterozygous for this gene.

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(ii) Describe the phenotype of a heterozygous carnation plant for this gene.

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iii. The breeder crossed a FAFN carnation plant with a FAFA carnation plant. Predict, using a genetic
diagram, the proportion of pure breeding carnation plants in the offspring
4 The menstrual cycle is coordinated by hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and hormones
secreted by the ovaries.

Fig. 3.1 shows some of the events that occur during the menstrual cycle.
(b) (i) Describe what happens at ovulation.

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(ii) Name the cell produced at fertilisation by the fusion of two gametes.

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(c) If an embryo implants in the uterus, the embryo secretes a hormone known as hCG that stimulates
the reproductive organs of the woman to continue to secrete progesterone.

Describe what happens after fertilisation until the time that the embryo secretes hCG.

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(d) State two places where progesterone is produced during pregnancy.

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(e) (i) Fertility drugs are taken to increase the chance that a woman may become pregnant.

Describe and explain how these drugs improve the chances of becoming pregnant.

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(ii) Outline two social implications of using fertility drugs.

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[Total: 17]