Reinforced Concrete Design III- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Example 3.1

A prestressed simply supported uniformly loaded beam has the

following mid-span moments:- 𝑀 = 172.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 , 𝑀 (𝑀 + 𝑀ℓ ) =
515.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 . The following design data is given: -

span = 12.19 𝑚 , 𝑓 = 16.56 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 (comp.), 𝑓 = 1.31 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

(tension), 𝑓 = 15.53 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 (comp.) , 𝑓 = 2.93 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 (tension),
losses = 20% (𝑖. 𝑒 𝑅 = 0.8) , variable eccentricity, initial permissible
tensile stress of reinforcement = 1207 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 ( use 12.7𝑚𝑚 7 wire
stands, area = 92.9 𝑚𝑚 ). Determine the required concrete
dimension, magnitude of prestress force, and eccentricity of the steel
centroid.

Solution:
(1 − 𝑅) 𝑀 + 𝑀 + 𝑀ℓ (1 − 0.8)172.8 × 10 + 515.6 × 10
𝑆 ≥ =
𝑅𝑓 −𝑓 0.8 × 1.31 − (−15.53)
= 33.19 × 10 𝑚𝑚

(1 − 𝑅) 𝑀 + 𝑀 + 𝑀 (1 − 0.8)172.8 × 10 + 515.6 × 10
𝑆 ≥ =
𝑓 − 𝑅𝑓 2.93 − 0.8(−16.56)
= 34.01 × 10 𝑚𝑚
Say we choose a rectangular section with 𝑏 = 510𝑚𝑚
𝑏ℎ
𝑏ℎ 510 × ℎ
𝑆 = 𝑆 = 34.01 × 10 = 12 = = ∴ ℎ = 633𝑚𝑚
ℎ 6 6
2
A more practical value could be used for h (say 640𝑚𝑚). However, use
ℎ = 633𝑚𝑚 (for sake of comparsion)
𝑦 1
𝑓 . =𝑓 − (𝑓 − 𝑓 ) = 1.31 − (1.31 − (−16.56))
ℎ 2
𝑓 . = −7.625 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

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Reinforced Concrete Design III- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

510 × 633
𝑃 = 𝐴 × |𝑓 .| = × |−7.625| = 2460 𝑘𝑁
1000
𝑓 = 1207 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝑃 2460 × 1000
𝐴 ( ) = = = 2038 𝑚𝑚
𝑓 1207
2038
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 = = 21.98 [𝑢𝑠𝑒 22 − 12.7𝑚𝑚 7 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠]
92.9
Based on top fiber requirement
𝑆 𝑀
𝑒 = 𝑒 = (𝑓 − 𝑓 .) +
𝑃 𝑃
34.01 × 10 172.8 × 10
𝑒 = [1.31 − (−7.625)] + = 193.77 𝑚𝑚
2.46 × 10 2.46 × 10
Based on bott. Fiber requirement
𝑆 𝑀
𝑒 = 𝑒 = (𝑓 . −𝑓 ) +
𝑃 𝑃
34.01 × 10 172.8 × 10
𝑒 = [−7.625 − (−16.56)] + = 193.77 𝑚𝑚
2.46 × 10 2.46 × 10
𝒂

Concrete centroid 633/2

150 150
150 150
633/2
𝒂
12.19𝑚

510𝑚𝑚

Concrete centroid
630𝑚𝑚
𝑒 = 193.77 𝑚𝑚

steel centroid
Section a-a

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Reinforced Concrete Design III- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Example 3.2

Design the beam given in the previous example using the strands at
constant eccentricity throughout the simple span.

𝑀 + 𝑀 + 𝑀ℓ 172.8 × 10 + 515.6 × 10
𝑆 ≥ = = 41.52 × 10 𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑓 −𝑓 0.8 × 1.31 − (−15.53)

𝑀 + 𝑀 + 𝑀ℓ 172.8 × 10 + 515.6 × 10
𝑆 ≥ = = 42.55 × 10 𝑚𝑚
𝑓 − 𝑅𝑓 2.93 − 0.8(−16.56)

Say we choose a rectangular section with 𝑏 = 510𝑚𝑚

𝑏ℎ 510 × ℎ
𝑆 = 𝑆 = 42.55 × 10 = = ∴ ℎ = 708𝑚𝑚
6 6

A more practical value could be used for h (say 640𝑚𝑚). However, use
ℎ = 633𝑚𝑚 (for sake of comparsion)

𝑦 1
𝑓 . =𝑓 − (𝑓 − 𝑓 ) = 1.31 − (1.31 − (−16.56))
ℎ 2
𝑓 . = −7.625 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

510 × 708
𝑃 = 𝐴 × |𝑓 .| = × |−7.625| = 2753 𝑘𝑁
1000
2753 × 10
𝐴 = = 2281 𝑚𝑚
1207
2281
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 = = 24.55 [𝑢𝑠𝑒 25 − 12.7𝑚𝑚 7 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠]
92.9

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Reinforced Concrete Design III- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Based on top fiber requirement

𝑆 42.55 × 10
𝑒 = (𝑓 − 𝑓 .) = (1.31 + 7.625) = 137.48 𝑚𝑚
𝑃 2.753 × 10

Based on bott. Fiber requirement

𝑆 42.55 × 10
𝑒 = (𝑓 . −𝑓 ) = (−7.625 + 16.56) = 137.48 𝑚𝑚
𝑃 2.753 × 10

𝒃
708/2

708/2
𝒃
12.9 𝑚

510𝑚𝑚

Concrete centroid
708𝑚𝑚
𝑒 = 134.48 𝑚𝑚

steel centroid

Section b-b

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Reinforced Concrete Design III- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

3.7 Prestressing Methods

a) Pretensioning:

In Pre-tension, the tendons are tensioned against some abutments

before the concrete is place. After the concrete hardened, the
tension force is released. The tendon tries to shrink back to the initial
length but the concrete resists it through the bond between them,
thus, compression force is induced in concrete. Pretension is usually
done with precast members
Steel
End
abutment Applying tension to tendons
Jack

Casting of concrete

Cutting of tendon
Transferring of prestress

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Reinforced Concrete Design III- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

b) Post tensioning:

In post tension, the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has
hardened. Plastic ducts with unstressed tendons inside (or later
inserted) are located in the form and the concrete is placed. After
the concrete hardened and had enough strength, the tendons are
stretched and mechanically attached to the end anchorage devices to
keep the tendons in their stretched positions. Grout may be injected
into the duct later. This can be done either as precast or cast-in-
place.

1) Install duct and tendons

Dead end Stressing
Hollow Duct tendons
Anchor Anchor

2) Cast concrete

3) Stress tendons

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Reinforced Concrete Design III- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

Stressing
Anchor

Dead end
Anchor

Post tensioning
Hollow Duct

Jack

Post
tensioning

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Reinforced Concrete Design III- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

3.8 Shape selection

To improve material economy, several common shapes such as I, T or

Box section are usually used.

Double T Single T I-Girder

A flat surface is provided, It is more appropriate for It is more widely used for
1.2-2.4m wide, span up to longer spans, up to 36m, bridges and roof girders
18m is usually used and heavier loads up to about 36m

Channel Slab Box Girder Inverted T

It is suitable for floor in It is usually used for It is providing a bearing

the intermediate span bridges of intermediate ledge to carry the ends of
range and major spans precast members

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Reinforced Concrete Design III- Fourth Year-Civil Engineering

3.9 Losses of prestress

a) Immediate losses

1- Slip at the anchorages: The transfer of load to the anchorage

device in the post-tensioned construction causes a slight inward
movement of tendon. The stress loss will be larger for short tendons.

2- Elastic shortening of the concrete: In a pretensioned beam, the

elastic compression strain which takes place in concrete tends to
reduce the stress in the bonded prestressing steel.

3- Frictional losses: Losses due to friction, as the tendon is stressed

in post-tensioned members, are the curvature friction due to
intentional bends in the tendon profile and the wobble friction due to
the unintentional variation of the tendons

b) Long term losses

1- Creep of concrete: It is the decrease in the member length due to

the shorting of concrete under sustained loads.

2- Shrinkage of concrete: It is the decrease in the length of the

member due to the shrinkage of concrete.

3- Relaxation of steel: Loss in stress due to relaxation, which is the

stress loss under constant strain, depends upon stress level in the
steel.

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