9 - Earthquake PDF

GEODYNAMICS
Earthquake
TIM DOSEN : GASAL TA 2018/2019
Idwan Suhardi
Twin Hosea Widodo Kristyanto
Albert S. Tempessy
Parluhutan Manurung
PROGRAM STUDI S1 GEOLOGI & GEOFISIKA
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424
OUTLINE
⚫ THE EARTHQUAKE
⚫ EARTHQUAKE LOCATION AND MAGNITUDE
⚫ THE SEISMICITY OF THE PLATES
⚫ THE EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS
PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

2
2016
3
2016
EARTHQUAKE LOCATION AND MAGNITUDE
Why should we learn earthquake?

⚫ To improve efforts on disaster
reduction risks (pengurangan resiko
bencana – PRB)
⚫ Information about the Earth’s interior

4
2016
THE EARTHQUAKE
Elastic Rebound Theory
3 m offset
1906 San Francisco Earthquake

5
2016

6
2016
THE EARTHQUAKE

Elastic/Brittle Behavior
⚫ strain builds up until
elastic limit (strength)
of rock is exceeded
⚫ rock ruptures (fails),
snapping back toward
unstrained position
⚫ releases elastic energy
as seismic waves
radiating outward from
break

7
2016

8
2016
THE EARTHQUAKE

9
2016
THE EARTHQUAKE
Seismic Wave Types
Body Waves Surface Waves

10
2016
INTRODUCTION
Earthquake Focus and Epicenter

Focus (Hypocenter)
⚫ Location or origin of
initial failure from
which energy
released.
⚫ Epicenter
Location on Earth’s
surface directly above
focus (geographic
location)

11
2016
INTRODUCTION
Equation for Velocities

12
2016
Shear Modulus of Liquids

13
2016
14
2016
Locating and Measuring Earthquakes
⚫ Determining the Location of an

Earthquake
⚫ Measuring the Size of an Earthquake

15
2016
Vertical Component Seismometer

16
2016
Horizontal
Component
Seismometer

17
2016
First Arriva; - Seismograph Records

18
2016
Distance – Time Relations

19
2016
Distance – Time Relations

20
2016
Finding Distance to Epicenter and Magnitude
1. Measure the distance between the first P wave and
the first S wave. In this case, the first P and S waves
are 24 seconds apart.
2. Find the point for 24 seconds on the left side of the
chart below and mark that point. According to the
chart, this earthquake's epicenter was 215 kilometers
away (Jarak Seismograph ke Epicenter).
3. Measure the amplitude of the strongest wave. The
amplitude is the height (on paper) of the strongest
wave. On this seismogram, the amplitude is 23
millimeters. Find 23 millimeters on the right side of the
chart and mark that point.
4. Place a ruler (or straight edge) on the chart between
the points you marked for the distance to the
epicenter and the amplitude. The point where your
ruler crosses the middle line on the chart marks the
magnitude of the earthquake. This earthquake had a
magnitude of 5.0.
Source: http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/locating.html

21
2016
Epicentre Location 1. Gambarkan pada petahasil

pengukuran seismograph,
perhatikan skala, sebuah
lingkaran dengan pusat
lingkaran lokasi
seismograf dan radius
sesuai jarak seismograph
terhadap epicenter
2. Gambarkan hal yang sama
masing-masing untuk hasil
seismograph ke dua dan ke
tiga
3. Lokasi epicenter adalah
perpotongan minimal dari 3
lingkaran

22
2016
P vs S Wave Travel Time

Curves

23
2016
Measuring Earthquake
⚫ Three distinct methods to measure earthquakes. Two of
them are based on energy and one based on intensity.
⚫ Richter Magnitude Scale: defines magnitude as the
logarithmic scale of the ratio of the amplitude of the
seismic waves to an arbitrary, minor amplitude. Small
earthquakes may yield negative values. Tends to be
inaccurate at >7 magnitudes.
⚫ Moment Magnitude Scale: measurement of the amount of
work done during the earthquake. Based on rock strength,
area of rupture, and displacement during event.
⚫ Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale: based on the damage
associated with a particular event at a particular location.
Ranges from I (less damage) to XII (more damage).

24
2016
Measuring Earthquake - RMS
http://www.sms-tsunami-warning.com/

25
2016
Measuring Earthquake - MMS

26
2016
Measuring Earthquake - MMIS

27
2016
Measuring Earthquake - MMIS

28
2016
Earthquake First Motion Records

29
2016
Focal Mechanism

30
2016
EARTHQUAKE LOCATION AND
MAGNITUDE
Focal Mechanism

31
2016
32
2016
THE SEISMICITY OF THE PLATES
⚫ Earthquakes at Plate Boundaries

⚫ Earthquake Prediction

33
2016
Dfferent types of structures are associated with each boundary type:
⚫ divergent/rifting: extensional (normal faulting)
⚫ convergent/collisional: compressional (thrust faulting)
⚫ transform/transcurrent: shear-dominated (strike-slip faulting)

34
2016
Earthquake Distribution

35
2016
Relative Plate Motions and Boundaries

36
2016
most subduction zones are in the “Ring of Fire” (so-called

because of volcanism) of the Pacific
from: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270
37
2016
Convergent Boundary Earthquakes

38
2016
location of downgoing slab as it dives into mantle

is defined by seismicity…
earthquakes occur along an inclined belt:
the Wadati-Benioff zone
…reaches maximum depth of ~670 km
deep intermediate shallow
from: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270

39
2016
seismicity along subduction zones:
earthquakes are shallow, intermediate, and deep, but have systematic location…
…related to subducting slab…
note: shallow adjacent to trench and deep farthest away

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~
40
crlb/COURSES/270 2016

41
In Mc.Neil, 2014 2016

42
2016
Divergent Boundary Earthquakes

43
2016
Divergent Boundary
Earthquakes
earthquakes along
mid-ocean ridge are
shallower than those
along subduction zone
from: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/coax/coax.html

44
2016
Transform Boundary Earthquakes

45
2016
Transform Boundary
Earthquakes
the western US is
somewhat anomalous
note absence of
deep earthquakes
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/coax/coax.html

46
2016
San Andreas Fault System
San Andreas Fault System

is composed of several Distinct
segments, which may rupture
independently.
N. California segment ruptured

in 1906 San Francisco (>8 M) and
1989 Loma Prieta (>7 M) events.
S. California segment ruptured in

1857 Fort Tejon (>7 M) and 1992
Landers/Big Bear (>7 M) events.
Central segment near Parkfield is

creeping and generates frequent,
Small events.

47
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/coax/coax.html 2016
Plate Boundary Characteristics

48
2016
Historical Earthquake
Magnitudes

49
2016

50
2016
US National Seismic Hazard Map

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM USGS NEHRP 51
2016
Indonesian Seismic Hazard Map

52
2016
53
2016
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
⚫ Ground Shaking
⚫ Fire
⚫ Land Movement
⚫ Tsunami

54
2016
Ground Shaking
• Causes most
damage and loss
of life
• Building on
bedrock move
as unit with
ground and
suffer lower
damage

55
2016
Ground Shaking
Worst damage to buildings on poorly consolidated material
or water-saturated sediment

56
2016
Ground Shaking
Amount of structural damage depends on:

• Earthquake magnitude
• Intensity and duration of vibration
• Underlying geology
• Design of the structure (material and type of
construction)

57
2016
Ground Shaking
Earthquakes don’t kill people -
buildings do!

58
2016
Fire
Great Lisbon Earthquake

59
2016
Fire
Padang Earthquake in
Memoriam

60
2016
Land Movements
Padang Earthquake in Memoriam

61
2016
Land Movements
Cikangkareng
Earthquake
Induced
Rockfall

62
2016
Tsunami
Seismic sea wave [inappropriately tidal wave]

→ Result from sudden motion of sea floor [submarine
landslides, earthquakes, submarine volcanic eruption]
63
2016
Tsunami Generation

64
2016
Tsunami Wave Propagation Times

65
2016
Earthquake and Tsunami in Sunda Trench

66
2016
Earthquake and Tsunami in Sunda Trench

67
2016
Historical Earthquakes Sumatran fault
Click to edit Master title style 1822
1964 1892 (7.7)
1967
⚫ Click to edit Master1990
text styles 1893
1900
⚫ Second level 1997
1936 1908
⚫ Third level 1921 1909 (7.6)
1916
▪ Fourth level 1984 1916
1987 1921 ( >7)
▪ Fifth level
1892
1926 (~7)
1822
1926 1933 (7.5)
1943
1936 (7.2)
1909
1995 1942 (7.3)
1952
1942 1943 (7.3)
1900
1952 (6.8)
1893
1933 1964 (6.5)
1994 1967 (6.1)
1908
1979 (6.6)
1984 (6.4)
1987 (6.6)
1990 (6.5)
1994 (6.9)
68
1997 (6.5) 1995 (7.0) 2016
SUMATRA TSUNAMI: The Worst Tsunami in modern history
R Bilham
M Ortiz
K. Sieh
D. Natawidjaja

69
2016
Sumatra
Tsunami
Modelling

70
2016
71
2016

72
2016
Tsunami Field Surveys around Bengal Bay
Myanmar
<3m
Andaman Is.
< 5m
Thailand
5－15m
Sri Lanka
5－15m
Indonesia
Band Aceh
max 30 m
Japanese Survey Teams

73
2016
Tsunami Heights along Andaman Sea
Japanese survey teams

74
2016
How about the North?
India-Burma
rotation pole is
nearby, hence the
relative motion is
more strike-slip in
the north, unlikely
to cause a giant
earthquake
Stein and Okal, 2005

75
2016
Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS)
Architecture
Satellite in Satellite in Satellite in Pacific

Indian Ocean ASEAN System
Warning Centre
Bay Station
Seismograph
Bay Station Accelerometer
Buoy Tide gauge
Bottom GPS
OBS pressure gauge
Indian Ocean Plate

InaTEWS:ARCHICTECTURE
Open Architecture to support Integration
of Additional Components
SENSOR SENSOR
SENSOR
SENSOR
SENSOR SENSOR SENSOR
Sensor SENSOR
SystemX SYSTEM
SeisComP3 CGPS Tide Gauges OBU / PACT GPS-Bouys
SENSOR
SYSTEM
INTEGRATION
SITUATION ASSESSMENTAND DECISION SUPPORT DISSEMINATION

SYSTEMS
BMKG 5in1 / 6in1
ITB System
Additional Simulation 2wcom FM-RDS

Tsunami System Risk- & Vulnerability Geospatial System
Scenarios Modelling Data Repository
DISSEMINATION
SYSTEM Y
Additional Analysis / Processing Capabilities, additional Data Sources
77
2016
Tidegauge for Tsunami Monitoring
Radar gauge: direct measure to sea surface, data sampling
17 values in 40 seconds. The recorded value is the average
of data in one minute interval, the remaining 20 seconds
is time lag.
Digital float gauge: data sampling of 1 second, the

recorded value is the average of data in one minute
interval
Pressure gauge: 1 second data sampling, the recorded

value is the average of data in one minute interval

78
2016
Indonesia Tide Gauge

79
2016
80
2016
QUIZ
1. Jelaskan garis besar bagaimana menentukan

jarak seismograf ke epicenter, magnitude
dan lokasi pusat epicentre?
2. Terdapat 3 metoda mengukur gempa yang
didasarkan pada besaran energi dan
intensitas. Jelaskan ke-3 metode tersebut
dan perbedaan masing-masing.

81
2016
Thank You
PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI

82
2016

9 - Earthquake PDF

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

9 - Earthquake PDF

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

GEODYNAMICS

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Why should we learn earthquake?

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Elastic Rebound Theory

1906 San Francisco Earthquake

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Elastic Rebound Theory

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Seismic Wave Types

Body Waves Surface Waves

Earthquake Focus and Epicenter

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Equation for Velocities

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Locating and Measuring Earthquakes

⚫ Determining the Location of an

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Vertical Component Seismometer

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

First Arriva; - Seismograph Records

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Distance – Time Relations

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Distance – Time Relations

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Epicentre Location 1. Gambarkan pada petahasil

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

P vs S Wave Travel Time

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Measuring Earthquake - MMIS

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

⚫ Earthquakes at Plate Boundaries

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

⚫ convergent/collisional: compressional (thrust faulting)

⚫ transform/transcurrent: shear-dominated (strike-slip faulting)

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Relative Plate Motions and Boundaries

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

most subduction zones are in the “Ring of Fire” (so-called

Convergent Boundary Earthquakes

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

location of downgoing slab as it dives into mantle

deep intermediate shallow

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

note: shallow adjacent to trench and deep farthest away

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA

Divergent Boundary Earthquakes

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA GEOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA