ABSTRACT

This report is a 6 weeks industrial training report, submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement
for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering as per norms of GURU
JAMBHESHWAR UNIVERSITY, HISAR. I visited the site for construction of Building. In
my training period, I attained technical knowledge during the course, after which I was able to
compile this report. The report consists of brief study and description of materials, equipment
and procedures used at the site for construction of building.

I put my best to elaborate the actual site conditions, and problems faced at site and tactics used to
deal with them.

The main objective of this report is to present a systematic text on the execution of construction
of the buildings based on the Indian Standard Codes. The report also covers the fundamental
aspects of practical requirement of safety, feasibility and economy at the site. In this report the
main objective was to introduce, whenever necessary, material which embodies the most recent
methodologies.

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report will be incomplete without a proper acknowledgment of the debt to many
persons, who made it possible. It is my great pleasure to acknowledge those whose active help
and support make this report possible in the present form.

I would like to thank , Head of Civil Engineering Department , Asst. Prof. Mr. Manik Goyal
and to all my teachers who had taught me in CH. DEVI LAL STATE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, PANIWALA MOTA (SIRSA, HARYANA) for their kind support and sharing their
knowledge.

I am deeply indebted to all technical and non-technical staff for insisting in me the drive to
work hard and for inculcating in me the discipline to think clearly. Definitely the knowledge, I
received during this training session was a lifetime experience and it will serve as a foundation
for my career. I want to thank my colleagues for their indebted help & support in my project
work . Last, but not least, I wish to express my gratitude towards my parents for the love,
support and encouragment.

Somesh

Civil,7th sem

2015-2019

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 CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Demand of House
1.3 Classification Of Building Based On Occupancy

Chapter 2: Material & Equipment

2.1 Materials

2.1.1 Cement

2.1.2 Coarse aggregate

2.1.3 Fine aggregate

2.1.4 Reinforcement Bar

2.1.5 Water

2.1.6 Admixtures

2.2 Equipment

2.2.1 Dumpy Level

2.2.2 Roller Mixer

2.2.3 Shuttering Plates

2.2.4 Vibrator

2.2.5 Nozzle

2.2.6 Electrical Power Supply Generator

Chapter 3: Structural Component

3.1 Sub Structure

3.1.1 Foundation

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 3.1.2 Preparing Base

3.1.2.1 Excavation

3.1.2.2 Fixing the Shuttering and Framework

3.1.2.3 P.C.C. Laying

3.1.3 Reinforcement Work

3.1.3.1 Footing and Column Reinforcement

3.1.3.2 Pedestal and Starter Work

3.1.3.3 Shuttering and Framework for Columns

3.1.3.4 Concreting

3.1.3.5 Curing

Chapter 4: Test and Results

4.1 Test for Aggregates

4.1.1 Test for Coarse Aggregate

4.1.2 Test for Fine Aggregate

4.2 Test for Concrete

4.2.1 Compressive Strength

4.2.2 Slump Test

Chapter 5: Construction Management

5.1 Basic Concept

5.2 Choice of technology & method

5.3 Work task

5.4 Relationship among activities

4
 Status of Construction Management

 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY

 SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY

 RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

5.5 DRAWING

5
 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times immemorial
man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has
been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a
basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his
pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and
convenient location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and
kept in view.

• A Peaceful environment.

• Safety from all natural source & climate conditions

• General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws,
environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration,
ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.

1.2 DEMAND OF HOUSES

The house is the first unit of the society and it is the primary unit of human habitation. The house is
built to grant the protection against wind, weathers, and to give insurance against physical
insecurity of all kinds.

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The special features of the demand for housing consists of in its unique nature and depend on the
following factors.
• Availability of cheap finance.
• Availability of skilled labours.
• Availability of transport facility.
• Cost of labours material of construction.
• Predictions of future demand.
• Rate of interest on investment e. g., low rates of interest with facilities of long term
payment may facilities investment in housing.
• Rate of population growth and urbanization.
• Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.
• Taxation policy on real estates
• Town planning & environmental conditions.

1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON OCCUPANCY

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: These building include any building in which sleeping

accommodation provide for normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining
facilities. It includes single or multi-family dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming
houses, restaurants, hostels, dormitories and residential hostels.

EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS: These include any building used for school, college or
day-care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not
covered by assembly buildings.

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS: These buildings are used for different purposes, such
as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness,
diseases or infirmity, care of infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention in
which the liberty of the inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping
accommodation for the occupants.

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ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS: These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather
for amusement, recreation, social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition
halls, museums, places of work ship, etc.

BUSINESS BUILDINGS: These buildings are used for transaction of business, for
keeping of accounts and records and for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional
establishments, courts houses, libraries. The principal function of these buildings is transaction
of public business and keeping of books and records.

MERCANTILE BUILDINGS: These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for
display an sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail, office, shops, storage service facilities
incidental to the sale of merchandise and located in the same building.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS: These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds
and properties are fabrication, assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plant,
laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries etc.

STORAGE BUILDINGS: These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering
of goods, wares or merchandise vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage, garages,
trucks.

HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS: These buildings are used for the storage, handling,
manufacture or processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or products which are
liable to burn with extreme rapidly and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage
handling, acids or other liquids or chemicals producing flames, fumes and ex plosive, poisonous,
irritant or corrosive gases processing of any material producing explosive

8
 Chapter 2
MATERIAL & EQUIPMENT
2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Cement

Portland Cement is composed of Calcium silicates, aluminates and alumina-ferrite. It is obtaimed

by blending predetermined proportions limestone clay and other minerals in small quantities
which is pulverized and heated at high temperature- around 1500 centigrade to produce
‘Clinker’.

The Clinker is then ground with small quantities of gypsum to produce a fine powder called,
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). When mixed with water, sand ans stone, it combines slowly
with the water to form a hard mass called Concrete. Cement is a hygroscopic material meaning
that is absorbs moisture. In presence of moisture it undergoes chemical reaction termed as
hydration. Therefore, Cement remains in good condition as long as it does not come in contact
with moisture.

If the cement is three month old, then it should be tested for its strength before being taken into
use.

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three different grades. The
classification is mainly based on the compressive strength of cement-sand motar cubes of face
area of 50cm composed of 1 part of cement to 3 parts of standard sand by weight with a water-
cement ratio arrived at by a specified procedure.

The grades are

a. 33grade
b. 43grade
c. 53grade

The grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement-sand motar in N/mm
at 28 days, as tested by above mentioned procedure. Now a days, good quality fly ash is
available from Thermal Power Plants, which are processed and used in manufacturing of PPC.

2.1.2 Coarse Aggregate

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Coarse aggregates for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone. It should be hard,
strong, dense, durable, clean and free from clay or loamy admixtures or quarry to refuse or
vegetable matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical or rounded shaped and should have
granular or crystalline or smooth (but not glassy), non powdery surfaces. Aggregates should be
properly screened and if necessary washed clean before use. Coarse aggregates containing flat
elongated or flasky pieces or mica should be rejected. The grading of coarse aggregates should
be as per specifications of IS: 383-1970.

After 24 hours of immersion in water, a previously dried sample of the coarse aggregates should
not gain in weight more than 5%. Aggregates should be stored in such a way as to prevent
segregation of sizes and avoid contamination with fines.

2.1.3 Fine Aggregate

Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 mm IS Sieve is termed as fine aggregates. Fine
aggregates is added to concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformly in mixture. Usually,
the natural river sand is used as fine aggregate. Important thing to be considered is that fine
aggregates should be free from coagulated lumps.Grading of natural sand or crushed stone i.e.
fine aggregates shall be such that not more than 5% shall exceed 5 mm in size, not more than
10% shall IS Sieve no. 150 mm, not less than 45% or more than 85% shall pass IS Sieve no. 1.18
mm and not less than 25% or more -than 60% shall pass IS Sieve no. 600 .

Table 2.1: Limits of Fineness modulus in aggregate

Maximum size of Aggregates Fineness Modulus

Maximum Minimum
Fine aggregate 2.0 3.5
Coarse aggregate 20mm 6.0 6.9
40mm 6.9 7.5
75mm 7.5 8.0
150mm 8.0 8.5
Mixed aggregate 20mm 4.7 5.1
25mm 5.0 5.5
40mm 5.4 5.9
75mm 5.8 6.3
150mm 6.5 7.0

2.1.4 Reinforcement Bars

Steel Reinforcements are used, generally, in the forms of bars of circular cross section in
concrete structure. They are like a skeleton in concrete body. Plain concrete without steel or any
other reinforcement is strong in compression, but weak in tension. Steel is one of the best forms
10
of reinforcements, to take care of those stress and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of
loads.

Mild steel bars conforming to IS: 432(Part-1) and Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars
conforming to IS: 1786(grade Fe 415 and grade Fe 500), where 415 & 500 indicates yield stress
415 N/mm and 500 N/mm respectively are commonly used. Grade Fe 415 is being used most
commonly used. Grade Fe 415 is being used most commonly nowadays. This has limited the use
of plain mild steel bars because of higher yield stress and bond strength resulting in saving of
steel quantity. Some companies have brought thermo mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosion
resistant steel (CRS) bars with added features.

Bars range in diameter from 6 to 50 mm. Cold- worked steel high strength deformed bars start
from 8 mm diameter. For general house construction, bars of diameter 6 to 20 mm are used.

Transverse reinforcements are very important. They not only take care of structural requirements
but also help main reinforcements to remain in desired position. They play a very significant role
while abrupt changes or reversal of stresses like earthquake. They should be closely spaced as
per the drawing and properly tied to the main/longitudinal reinforcement.

Steel has an expansion coefficient nearly equal to that of modern concrete. If this were not so, it
would cause problems through additional longitudinal and perpendicular stresses at temperatures
different than the temperature of the settings. Although Re. Bar has ribs that bid it mechanically
to the concrete, it can be the still be pulled out of the concrete under higher stresses, an
occurrence that often precedes a larger scale collapse of the structure. To prevent such a failure,
Re. Bar is either deeply embedded into adjacent structural members (60-80 times the diameter),
or bent and hooked at the ends to lock it around the concrete and other Re. Bar. The first
approaches increases the friction locking the bar into place; while the second makes use of the
high compressive strength of the concrete. Common Re. Bar is made of unfinished tempered
steel, making it susceptible to rusting.

2.1.5 Water
Water is one of the most important elements in construction, but people still ignore quality aspect
of this element. The water is required for preparation of motar, mixing of cement concrete and
for curing work etc. during construction work. The quality and quantity of water has much effect
on the strength of motar and cement concrete in construction work. It has been observed that
certain common impurities in water affects the quality of motar or concrete. Many times in spite
of using best material i.e. cement, coarse sand, coarse aggregates etc. in cement concrete,
required results are not achieved. Most of Engineers/Contractors think that there is something
wrong in cement, but they donot consider quality of water being used.

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 1. Some bad effects of water containing impurities are following: Presence of
salts in water such as Calcium chloride, Iron salts, Inorganic salts and
sodium etc. are so dangerous that they reduce initial strength of concrete and in some
cases no strength can be achieved. There is rusting problem in steel provided in RCC.
2. Presence of acid, alkali, industrial waste, sanitary sewage, water with sugar also reduce
the strength of concrete.
3. Presence of silt or suspended particle in water has adverse effect on strength of concrete.
4. Presence of such as linseed oil, vegetable oil or mineral oil in water above 2% reduces
the strength of concrete up to 25%.
5. Presence of alge/vegetable growth in water for mixing in cement concrete reduces the
strength of concrete considerably and also reduces the bond between cement paste and
aggregate.

It has been observed at various places that cement concrete start falling down in pieces after
rusting mild steel from RCC slab which is due to use of bad quality/salty water in RCC slab. All
this is due to negligence or ignorance which creates great problems and also bears a heavy loss.
It is advisable that the water must be tested before using in construction work.

Table 2.2 Limits of Solids

Organic 200 mg/lt.

Inorganic 1000 mg/lt.
Sulphate 400 mg/lt.
Chloride 500 mg/lt. for RCC work and
2000 mg/lt. for PCC work
Suspended Matter 2000 mg/lt.

Main disadvantage of mixing too much water in motar & concrete

 The water occupies space in sand and it evaporates to create voids. Moreover, the water
voids will be more and this will reduce the density, strength and durability of motar or
concrete.
 When more water is used in concrete excess water brings a mixture of excess cement
paste with water floating on the surface. This material forms a thin layer of chalky
material on the surface which reduces proper bonding with the second layer of cement
concrete in case of water tank and dams etc. This will affect the strength of concrete.
 When more water is used, the cement slurry starts coming out from cement concrete mix.
The excess slurry formed by water and cement comes out through shuttering joints. This
makes concrete of less cement and reduces the strength of concrete.
 When more water is used, proper compaction is not achieved and there is bleeding, large
voids, and more shrinkage, less durability and less strength.

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  When more water is mixed in cement concrete, the problem of segregation of material is
faced at the time of laying the mix. As a result coarse aggregates and cement paste
separate from each other.

Hence, strict control should be kept on water cement ratio for preparing the motar or concrete for
qualitative finish/strength.

2.1.6 Admixtures

Water reducing Admixtures

The water reducer admixture improves workability of concrete/motar for the same water-cement
ratio. The determination of workability is an important factor in testing concrete admixture.
Rapid loss of workability occurs during first few minutes after mixing concrete and gradual loss
of workability takes place over a period from 15 to 60 minutes after mixing. Thus, relative
advantage of water reducing admixture decreases with time after mixing. These admixture
increase setting time by about 2 to 6 hours during which concrete can be vibrated. This is
particularly important in hot weather conditions or where the nature of construction demands a
time gap betwwen the placements of successive layers of concrete.

Advantages
 It can reduce 10% of water consumption.
 It can improve mixture of cement concrete for workability.

Compressive strength improves by more than 15%.

 It can reduce initial stage of cement heat hydration by large margin.

 It has no function of corrosion reinforcement bars.
 It increases workability, density and strength without increasing the quantity of cement.

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2.2 Equipments
2.2.1 Dumpy Level

A Dumpy Level is an optical instrument used to establish or check points in the same horizontal
plane. It is used in surveying and building to transfer, measure, or set horizontal levels.

The level instrument is set up on a tripod stand, depending on the type, either roughly or
accurately set to a leveled condition using foot screws (leveling screws). The operator looks
through the eyepiece of the telescope while an assistant holds a tape measure or graduated staff
vertical at the point under measurement. This instrument and staff are used to gather and/or
transfer elevations (Levels) during site surveys or building construction. Measurement generally
starts from a benchmark with known height determined by a previous survey, or an arbitrary
point with an assumed height.

2.2.2 Roller Mixer

A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogenously
combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical
concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works
portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site,
giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to machine is
mixing concrete or cement by hand.

2.2.3 Shuttering Plates

The shuttering plates are also the important part of the equipment group. These plates are
available in different sizes and shapes. These are plates, which enable the base PCC concrete to

14
retain its size, before gaining the initial compactness and also these plates are used for supporting
the column length. Also for pedestal work, these plates are used to be fixed in short dimensions.

2.2.4 Vibrator

The vibrator is used at the time of filling of concrete mixer to structures like footings, columns &
beams. The concept of using vibrator is that to remove or reduce voids from the concrete filling
inside the structural frame.

The vibrator is a mechanical device, which is available in two types most commonly.

1. Electro-mechanical Vibrator. 2. Fuel Operated Vibrator

2.2.5 Nozzle
The nozzle is also the part of vibrator mechanism, but, it is considered a separate part of it.
Because, to enable of handling & portability of vibrator unit.

The cleaning of the nozzle/pipe is very necessary for the better life of unit.

Miscellaneous

2.2.6 Electrical Power Supply Generator

As, Electrical power supply generator is not a construction equipment. This is not necessary to
maintain power generator in range of construction components. But, in case of power supply
failure, to have a source of electrical energy, this unit is so important in actual practice. In caseof
regulating water motor, lighting and operating system network of official needs, this unit is also
required

15
 Chapter 3
STRUCTURAL COMPONENT
3.1 Sub Structure
3.1.1 Foundation

Footing is to be provided under the foundation level, may be of independent or combined type as
per requirement.

Independent Footing

As, footing required below base have a large unique surround area and no other base slab or
footing is to be provided, then only one independent footing is to be provided with a larger base
and if in a small area, two or more columns have to be provided, then, this area requires same no.
of independent footings with smaller base.

Combined Footing

As independent footing is required for only one column, but combined footing is required for
more than one column. The two columns may be of a smaller or large area, as required for two or
more columns. The columns may or may not be of same shape and size in one combined footing.

3.1.2 Preparing Base

3.1.2.1 Excavation

At below foundation level, the pit shall be excavated to the dimensions provided working space
all around the column-footing area. Proper side slope or shoring shall be provided depending
upon the suitability of the soil found on the area.

3.1.2.2 Fixing the shuttering and framework

After excavation the proper shuttering is fixed with supporting form work, according to drawing
and maintain the size of footing base.

3.1.2.3 P.C.C. Laying

16
After leveling the bottom surface, the pit shall be watered to keep the soil moist, concrete mix to
be used as a P.C.C. concrete shall be well mixed through roller mixer. Then, it is to be directly
fed by chute & shall be spread, leveled manually to 150 mm thickness.

3.1.3 Reinforcement Work

3.1.3.1 Footing & Column Reinforcement

The reinforcement bars shall be cut in proper lengthand bend according to bar bending schedule
and proper shape is to be given as per column type. A cross-net of bar 10 mm diameter is to be
provided in the base for footing both sides. The bars shall be provided with inhibitor treatment
by applying inhibitor solution mixed with cement with a ratio of 600 ml: 1Kg of cement and
stacked for drying under shed for 24 hours.

The reinforcement bar is fixed in proper location according to drawing over the P.C.C. and tied
with 1 mm Galvanized Iron binding wire. 75 mm clear cover is provided at bottom both sides
and upper face of Re. Bar cage. The vertical reinforcement of column is also tied with base bar-
net both sides.

Refer drawing for Dimension details of Columns and Footings.

3.1.3.2 Pedestal & Starter Work

After footing and column reinforcement, the filling material is to be laid over the footing base,
up to required level. Then, for providing column shuttering further, a pedestal is required to be
framed & filled over upper footing level of sizes as required. The pedestal may be of different
sizes as per footing sizes.

After pedestal work, a starter is to be provided over pedestal top, for further column base.

3.1.3.3 Shuttering and Framework for columns

For shuttering and framework of columns, proper frames & shuttering is fixed for supporting the
columns in their proper alignment, up to the height as required in drawing.

17
3.1.3.4 Concreting

Completion of shuttering concreting would be started with the help of concrete pump. Before
pouring concrete, we check the slump. The range of slump is 100-120 mm. The drop height of
concrete should not be more than 1.5 m. At one time, concrete can be done max. 2 m and
compacted by needle vibrator 60 mm full of concreting should be done continuously one pour.
The max. range of concrete temperature is 40 C

3.1.3.5 Curing

Curing is the process of preventing the loss of moisture from concrete while maintaining a
specified temperature regime. The prevention of moisture loss from concrete is particularly
important, if the water cement ratio is low. If the cement has a high rate of strength development,
the concrete contains granulated blast furnace slag or pulverized fuel ash. The rate of strength
development at early ages of concrete made with super sulphated cement is significantly at lower
temperatures.

Curing of footing & Column concrete is done with the help of wet jute bags for minimum 7 days.

18
 Chapter 4
TEST & RESULT
4.1 Test for Aggregates
4.1.1 Test for Coarse Aggregates

Physical Properties

20mm 10mm
 Specific Gravity 2.65 2.64
 Impact Value 23% ----
 Abrasion Value 21.0% ----
 Bulk Density (Compacted) 1.64 gm/cc 1.53gm/cc
 Water Absorption 0.77% 0.83%
 Free Surface Moisture Nil Nil

4.1.2 Test for Fine Aggregates

Fine Aggregates Gradation (Sieve Analysis)

 Specific Gravity : 2.63

 Bulk Density : 1.83gm/cc
 Free Surface Moisture : 0.20%
 Fineness Modulus : 2.41
 Silt content : 0.80%

19
4.2 Test for Concrete
Mix Design (M20)

Target Avg. Compressive Strength (fck) : IS 10262-1982 Clause 2.2

The target average compressive strength required to be achieved by the designed mix in the
laboratory.

Fck = fck + t x s = ______ N/mmsq.

Where,

Fck = Total average compressive strength at 28 days (N/mmsq.) fck = Characteristic

average compressive strength at 28 days (N/mmsq.)

t = Statistical factor depending upon no. of tests and acceptable low results.

S = Standard deviation

Fig: Cubes for Testing

20
4.2.1 Compressive Strength Test
Following table shows the results of concrete cube after 28 days:

Table 4.6 Compressive Strength test results

Sr Particulars Unit Test No.1 Test No.2 Test No.3

No.
1 Wt. of Specimen Kg. 8.383 8.268 8.397
2 Length of Specimen Cm 1.5 1.5 1.5
3 Breadth of Specimen Cm 1.5 1.5 1.5
4 Height of Specimen Cm 1.5 1.5 1.5
5 Cross-sectional area of Cubic cm 225 225 225
Specimen
6 Crushing Load Kg 81000 80000 85000
7 Compressive Strength Kg/cm sq. 360 355.55 354.75

Average compressive strength of concrete = 356.76 Kg/cmsq.

Comments of laboratory Incharge = Satisfactory

Fig: Compressive Strength Testing Machine

21
 4.3.2 Slump Test
Sr Particulars Units Test No.1 Test No.2 Test No.3
No.
1. Wt. of Cement Kg. 488 488 488
2. Wt. of Aggregate Kg. 1332.24 1332.24 1332.24
3. Wt. of Coarse Ratio Kg. 66% 66% 66%
4. Water/Cement Ratio --- 0.367 0.367 0.367
5. Wt. of Water Kg. 179.10 179.10 179.10
6. Slump mm 115 120 117

Average slump of concrete = 117.33mm

Comments of Laboratory Incharge = Satisfactory

o Different Grades of Concrete

These various Kinds of concrete grades were used for concrete work at site.

Following shows the properties and these mix gradients.

Table 4.8: Constituents of different grades of concrete

Mix Water W/C Aggregate Sand Cement Slump Admixture

(kg/m3) Ratio (kg/m3) (mm)
20mm 10mm
M45 179.10 0.367% 732.00 599.00 414.0 488 105 1%
M40 174.84 0.367% 632.15 632.15 465.3 470 105 1%
M35(Cap) 174.40 0.400% 571.16 571.16 601.6 436 70 1%
M35(Pile) 179.01 0.405% 565.76 565.76 596.7 442 130
M30 172.00 0.430% 730.00 487.00 450.0 400 90
M25 169.73 0.465% 627.80 627.80 580.3 365 82
M20 189.70 0.542% 579.25 579.25 630.0 350 44
M15 169.88 0.548% 627.75 627.75 626.2 310 66

22
 Chapter 5
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Construction Planning
5.1 Basic concept in the development of construction plan

Construction Planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the management and

execution of construction projects.

It invoIves

 The choice of technology

 The definition of work tasks
 The estimation of the required resources
 Duration for individual tasks
 Identification of any interaction among different work tasks.

A good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the schedule for work.

Some projects are primarily divided into expense categories with associated costs. In these cases,
construction planning is cost or expense oriented.

5.2 Choice of Technology and Construction Method

In selecting among alternatives methods and technologies, it may be necessary to formulate a

number of construction plans based on alternative methods or assumptions.

Once the full plan is available, then the cost, time and reliability impacts of the alternative
approaches can be reviewed.

5.3 Work Tasks

The definition of appropriate work tasks can be a laborious and tedious process, yet it represents
the necessary information for application of formal scheduling procedures. Since construction
projects can also be expensive and time consuming.

Fortunately, many tasks may be repeated in different parts of the facility or past facility,
construction plans can be used as general models for new projects.

23
5.4 Defining Precedence Relationships among Activities

Once work activities have been defined, the relationship among the activities can be specified.
Present relations between activities signify that the activities must take place in a particular
sequence. Numerous natural sequences exit for construction activities due to requirements for
structural integrity, regulation, and other technical requirements.

 Status of Construction Management

The paragraphs and definitions above means that the execution of work, according
to the construction management plan is easier than performing an open task work,
on site.

 This is not so, if there is no manage tasks, work execution can’t be started.

In real, my thinking is that work execution can be started without managing the
tasks, but can’t reach to the end till perfect completion of task.

 Sometimes, it is seen that workers don’t wish to have any guidance to them
from officers/engineer.

Is really not needed, when labours/workers already know what to do

No, this is always necessary to first check and observe the work, What is going on
site… & then to guide them regularly, even when, labours/workers already know
the task.

24
BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS

• Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.

• Open spaces around residential building.
• Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.
• Provisions for lighting and ventilation.
• Provisions for safety from explosion.
• Provisions for means of access.
• Provisions for drainage and sanitation.
• Provisions for safety of works against hazards.
• Requirements for off-street parking spaces.
• Requirements for landscaping.
• Special requirements for low income housing.
• Size of structural elements.

ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS

LIVING ROOM: This is the area is for general use. Hence the living & drawing room should
be planned near the entrance south east aspects. During colder day the sun is towards the south &
will receive sunshine which is a welcoming feature. During summer sunshine ti the northern side
& entry of sunrays from southern or south – east aspects do not arise.

KITCHEN: Eastern aspects to admit morning sun to refresh & purity the air.

READING ROOM/ CLASS ROOM: North aspects this makes more suitable since there will
be no sun from north side for most part of the year.

BED ROOM: Bed may also be provided with attached toilets, there size depends upon the
number of beds, they should be located so as to give privacy & should accommodate beds, chair,
cupboard, etc., and they should have north or – west south – west aspect.

BATH & W.C: Bath and w.c are usually combined in one room & attached to the bed room and
should be well finished. This should be filled with bath tub, shower, wash-hand basin, w.c,
shelves, towels, racks brackets, etc., all of white glazed tiles. Floor should be mosaic or white
glazed files. Instead of providing all bed room with attached bath and W.C separated baths &
latrines may also be provided

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VERANDAH: There should verandah in the front as well as in the rear. The front verandah
serves setting place for male members & weighting place for visitors. The back verandah serve a
ladies apartment for there sitting, working controlling, kitchen works etc., verandah project the
room against direct sun, rain & weather effect. They used as sleeping place during the summer
and rainy season & are used to keep various things verandah also give appearance to the
building. The area of a building may vary from 10% to 20% of the buildining.
heat, the building should receive maximum solar radiation in winter and minimum in summer.
For evaluation of solar radiation, it is essential to know the duration of sunshine and hourly solar
intensity on exposed surfaces.

• Long wall of the building should face north south, short wall should face.
• East and west because if the long walls are provided in east facing, the wall.
• Absorb more heat of sun which causes discomfort during night.
• A verandah or balcony can be provided to wards east & west to keep the rooms cool.
• To prevent sun’s rays & rain from entering a room through external doors & windows
sunshades are required in all directions.

Requirement for residential accommodation are different for different classes of people &
depends on the income &status of the individual a highly rich family with require a luxurious
building, while a poor man we satisfied with a single room house for even poor class family.
A standard residential building of bungalow type with has drawing room, dining room office
room, guest room, kitchen room, store, pantry, dressing room, bath room, front verandah,
stair etc., for other house the number of rooms may be reduced according to the requirements
of many available.

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STAIR CASE: This should be located in a easily accessible to all members of the family, when
this is intended for visitors it should be in the front, may be on one side of verandah. It meant for
family use only, the staircase should be placed the rear. The stairs case should be well ventilated
& lighted the middle to make it easy & comfortable to climb. Rises & threads should be uniform
through to keep rhythm while climbing or descending.
Some helpful points regarding the orientation of a building are as follows:-
• Long wall of the building should face north south, short wall should face.
• East and west because if the long walls are provided in east facing, the wall.
• Absorb more heat of sun which causes discomfort during night.
• A verandah or balcony can be provided to wards east & west to keep the rooms cool.
• To prevent sun’s rays & rain from entering a room through external doors & windows
sunshades are required in all directions.

ORIENTATION: After having selected the site, the next step is proper orientation of building.
Orientation means proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain, topography and
outlook and at the same time providing a convenient access both to the street and back yard.
The factors that affect orientation most are as follows.

• Solar heat
• Wind direction
• Humidity
• Rain fall
• Intensity of wind site condition
• Lightings and ventilation

SOLAR HEAT: Solar heat means sun’s heat, the building should receive maximum solar
radiation in winter and minimum in summer. For evaluation of solar radiation, it is essential to
know the duration of sunshine and hourly solar intensity on exposed surfaces.

WIND DIRECTION: The winds in winter are avoided and are in summer, they are accepted in
the house to the maximum extent.

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HUMIDITY: High humidity which is common phenomenon is in coastal areas, causes
perspiration, which is very uncomfortable condition from the human body and causes more
discomfort.

RAIN FALL: Direction and intensity of rainfall effects the drainage of the site and building and
hence, it is very important from orientation point of view.

INTENSITY OF WIND: Intensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window
openings of comparatively small size are recommended in such regions.

SITE CONDITIONS: Location of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas also effects
orientation, sometimes to achieve maximum benefits, the building has to be oriented in a
particular direction.

LIGHTING: Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary aims. The first is to
promote the work or other activities carried on within the building.

The second is to promote the safety of people using the buildings. The third is to create, in
conjunction to interest and of well beings.

VENTILATION: Ventilation may be defined as the system of supplying or removing air by

natural or mechanical mean or from any enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable
conditions. Operation of building and location to windows helps in providing proper ventilation.
A sensation of comfort, reduction in humidity, removal of heat, supply of oxygen are the basic
requirements in ventilation apart from reduction of dust.

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON OCCUPANCY

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: These building include any building in which sleeping

accommodation provide for normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining
facilities. It includes single or multi-family dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming
houses, restaurants, hostels, dormitories and residential hostels.

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EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS: These include any building used for school, college or day-
care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not
covered by assembly buildings.

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS: These buildings are used for different purposes, such as
medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases
or infirmity, care of infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention in which the
liberty of the inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping
accommodation for the occupants.

ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS: These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for
amusement, recreation, social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition
halls, museums, places of work ship, etc.

BUSINESS BUILDINGS: These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of
accounts and records and for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional establishments, courts
houses, libraries. The principal function of these buildings is transaction of public business and
keeping of books and records.

MERCANTILE BUILDINGS: These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display an
sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail, office, shops, storage service facilities incidental
to the sale of merchandise and located in the same building.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS: These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and
properties are fabrication, assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plant,
laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries etc.

STORAGE BUILDINGS: These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of
goods, wares or merchandise vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.

HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS: These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture
or processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn
with extreme rapidly and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage handling, acids
or other liquids or chemicals producing flames, fumes and ex plosive, poisonous, irritant or
corrosive gases processing of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in
the division of matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous ignition.

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SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY

Selection of plot is very important for buildings a house. Site should be in good place where
there community but service is convenient but not so closed that becomes a source of
inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is important not only because of present
need but for retention of property value in future closely related to are transportation, shopping,
facilities also necessary. One should observe the road condition whether there is indication of
future development or not in case of un developed area.
The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:-

• Access to park & play ground.

• Agriculture polytonality of the land.
• Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage disposal.
• Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land .
• Distance from places of work.
• Ease of drainage.
• Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.
• Nature of use of adjacent area.
• Transport facilities.
• Wind velocity and direction.

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Requirement for residential accommodation are different for different classes of people &
depends on the income &status of the individual a highly rich family with require a luxurious
building, while a poor man we satisfied with a single room house for even poor class family.
A standard residential building of bungalow type with has drawing room, dining room office
room, guest room, kitchen room, store, pantry, dressing room, bath room, front verandah,
stair etc., for other house the number of rooms may be reduced according to the requirements
of many available.

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