RESEARCH

Independent Study Class, 2015

Prepared By Parussaya Kiatkheeree

WHAT IS RESEARCH?
 Research is what we do when we have a
question or a problem we want to resolve
 We may already think we know the
answer to our question already
 We may think the answer is obvious,
common sense even
 But until we have subjected our problem
to rigorous scientific scrutiny, our
'knowledge' remains little more than
guesswork or at best, intuition.
Cont’
 First
priority is to formulate your
question

 Then
figure out how you are going to
answer it
 How have others answered it?
 How does your proposal fit in with what
others have done?
 How will you know when you have answered
it?

 Then you can present your answer

AIMS OF RESEARCH

The general aims of research are:

 Observe and Describe
 Predict
 Determination of the Causes
 Explain
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
 Quantitative research
It is numerical, non-descriptive, applies
statistics or mathematics and uses numbers.
 Qualitative research

It is non-numerical, descriptive, applies

reasoning and uses words.
 Mixed-method research
STRUCTURE OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH PROCESS
 Identifying research problems
 Searching the existing literature base

 Critical appraisal of the literature

 Developing the questions/ and or hypothesis

 Theoretical base

 Sampling strategies

 Data collection techniques

 Approaches to qualitative and quantitative

data analysis
 Interpretation of results
 Dissemination of research
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH

1) Introduction
- Statement of the problem
- Review of related literature
- Statement of the hypothesis
2) Method
- Subjects - Instruments
- Research design - Procedure(s)
3. Data Analysis
4. Discussion and Conclusion
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 1. For beginning researchers most difficult
 2. Identify a general problem area (brain
storm)
 3. Narrow general problem to specific sub
problem that is:
• Of interest • Manageable
• Information Available
• Reasonable time frame
REVIEW OF THE RELATED
LITERATURE
 Typically viewed as necessary evil.
 Systematic identification, location, and
analysis of documents containing related
information.
 What has been done provides rationale for
your research.
 Avoid trying to include everything. More is not
better.
 Synthesize findings.
HYPOTHESIS

A hypothesis makes a prediction of the

expected outcome in a given situation.
METHOD
Research Subjects
- A human subject is a living individual
about whom a research investigator
(whether a professional or a student)
obtains data through intervention or
interaction with the individual or from
individually identifiable information.
INSTRUMENTS
 These are the fact finding strategies. They
are tools to collect data.
 Generally, research instruments include:

1. Questionnaire
2. Interview
3. Observation
4. Reading of Documents
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Generating primary data

2. Analysing existing data

TYPES OF RESEARCH
 Action research
 Explanatory research
 Exploratory research
 Comparative research
 Ethnographic research
 Historical research
 Correlational research
 Descriptive research
REFERENCES
http://www.chssc.salford.ac.uk/healthSci/rem99/resmeth/planning.
htm
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/strucres.php
http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/LearningInnovation/
Documents/Learning%20Portal/Master%20Trainer%20(MT)/FP
DP/Academic%20Supervision/Components%20of%20a%20Rese
arch%20Proposal.pdf
https://explorable.com/what-is-research
http://www.utexas.edu/research/rsc/humansubjects/whatis.html
http://campus.educadium.com/newmediart/file.php/1/giilmadstore/
UgradResearch/ThesisWrit4all/files/notes/resInstr.pdf
file:///C:/Users/Admin/Downloads/Research_and_Design_I.pdf
http://www.slideshare.net/vaisalik/types-of-research
http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0601009.pdf