Homeworks W3: The Structure of Crystalline Solids

Hafid Suharyadi, M.Sc.

May 15, 2019

1 Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order

Answer the following questions:

a. What is a crystalline material?

b. What is a single crystal?

c. State any two applications in which single crystals are used.

d. What is a polycrystalline material?

e. What is a liquid crystal material?

f. What is an amorphous material?

g. Why do some materials assume an amorphous structure?

h. Explain how it is possible for a substance to exhibit short-range, but not long-range order.

i. Can an alloy exist in both crystalline and amorphous forms?

j. Approximately how many grains are shown in Figure 3-2(b) (See Askeland)?

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2 Lattice, Unit Cells, Basis, and Crystal Structures

Answer the following questions:

a. Define the terms lattice, unit cell, basis, and crystal structure.

b. List the seven different crystal systems and the types of Bravais lattices that are associated
with their groups.

c. Explain why there is no face-centered tetragonal Bravais lattice.

d. Calculate the atomic radius in cm for the following:

• BCC metal with a0 = 0.3294 nm; and

• FCC metal with a0 = 4.0862 Å.

3 Lattice, Unit Cells, Basis, and Crystal Structures

Calculate the atomic packing fraction for the following structure:

a. FCC.
r
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b. HCP with c = a. Remember that the base of the unit cell is a parallelogram.
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4 Points, Directions, and Planes in the Unit Cell

Answer the following questions:

a. Explain the significance of crystallographic directions using an example of an application.

b. Determine the Miller indices of the directions for the following points:

• from (1, 0, 2) to (2, 4, 1);

• from (2, 1, 3) to (5, 4, 2); and

• from (3, 1, 3) to (9, 1, 5).

c. Indicate the directions [111], [025], and [414] within a unit cell.

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d. Determine the Miller indices for the directions in the cubic unit cell shown in Figure 3-37
(see Askeland).

e. Determine the indices for the directions in the cubic unit cell shown in Figure 3-38 (see
Askeland).

f. Indicate the planes (100), (134), and (101) within a unit cell.

g. Determine the indices for the planes in the cubic unit cell shown in Figure 3-39 (see Aske-
land).

h. Determine the indices for the planes in the cubic unit cell shown in Figure 3-40 (see Aske-
land).

i. Sketch the following planes and directions within a cubic unit cell:

• [101]

• [01̄0]

• [122̄]

• [301]

• [2̄01]

• [21̄3]

• (01̄1̄)

• (102)

• (002)

• (13̄0)

• (2̄12)

• (31̄2̄)

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5 Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis

Figure 3-45 shows the results of an x-ray diffraction experiment in the form of the intensity of
the diffracted peak versus the 2θ diffraction angle. If x-rays with a wavelength of 0.15418 nm are
used, determine

a. the crystal structure of the metal;

b. the indices of the planes that produce each of the peaks; and

c. the lattice parameter of the metal.

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