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Chapter 0: Introduction to Combustion

What is Combustion?
-Rapid oxidation generating energy
High temperature exothermic reaction between a fuel and oxidant, involving the production
of energy (transform energy stored in chemical bonds to heat that can be utilized in a variety
of ways)
Exothermic reaction: bond to break (energy released, temperature increase)
Endothermic reaction: bond to form (energy absorbed, temperature decrease)
Thermochemistry: Chemical aspect of combustion. Study of the heat release or absorb as a
result of chemical reactions. It is the fundamental knowledge to study the thermodynamic
properties of different combustion properties.
Example: matches
Match head: contains potassium, chlorate, powered glass, sulphur and binder
Striking surface: contains red phosphorus, powered glass and binder
When a match is struck, the friction heats the head to a temperature at which the chemicals
react and generate more heat than can escape into the air, and they burn with a flame.
If a wind blows away the heat or the chemicals are moist and friction does not raise the
temperature sufficiently, the match goes out.
Properly ignited, the heat from the flame raises the temperature of a nearby layer of the
matchstick and of oxygen in the air adjacent to it, and the wood and oxygen react in a
combustion reaction.
When the equilibrium between the total heat energies of the reactants and the total heat
energies of the products (including the light and heat generated) is reached, combustion stops.
Red phosphorus -----------------------------------------------------> White phosphorus
Nonreactive with air at room temperature Volatile and spontaneously burn in air
Chemical Kinetics: Physical aspect of combustion. Study of chemical processes and the rate of
reactions. This include understanding the reaction mechanism, transition states and forming
mathematical models to predict and describe a chemical reaction.
Thermal decomposition: 2K(ClO3)  2KCl +3O2
Combustion: S + O2  SO2
Fuel Oxidant Product + Energy
Chapter 1: Introduction to Combustion
1.2 Physical and Chemical Aspect of Combustion
Chemical Reaction
Combustion is a complex chemical process involving many steps that depends on the properties of the
combustible substances.

Ignition Propagation Extinction

Initiated by external factors The combustion spread from Combustion terminates when

such as heat, light or sparks. ignition source to adjacent layer. thermal equilibrium is achieved.

From the chemical reaction of combustion process itself, we can determine:

a) Rate of Reaction – the consumption rate of reactant


- the formation rate of products

b) Rate of flame propagation

c) Rate of heat generation

d) Combustion Characteristics – Ignition temperature

- Fuel/gas mixture properties

- Burning velocity

Physical Process
a) Diffusion: Important combustion reactions to study the thermal conductivity and the kinetic theory of
gaseous combustion.

b) Convection: Convection transport of mass and energy may be accounted for by buoyant forces,
external forces and turbulent. Main responsible for mixing of gases.

c) Sublimation: Direct evaporation of solid without intermediate liquid stage. The method of
transforming solid or liquid into gases, greatly contribute to their ease of combustion.

Better understanding of physical and chemical process in gaseous combustion can lead to better estimation of:

a) Heat and mass transport – fuel conversion and power generation efficiency
b) Reactor design – spark-ignition engine & diesel engine
c) Emissions – Understand the emission properties such as light emission and flame properties,
environment pollutions.

Chemical thermodynamic only tells us the end states of a possible chemical reactions, but we need to know how

fast that reactions occur.

Chemical Reaction + Heat & Mass Transfer = COMBUSTION

Chemical reaction leads to gradient in temperature, pressure and species concentration, results in transport of

mass and energy.

Combustion is the study of the coupling between thermodynamics, chemical reactions and transport

processes.
1.3 Type of Combustion

Flaming Combustion Non-flame Combustion


Rapid oxidation of fuel Detonation and explosives
Convert chemical bond to sensible energy Smoldering

Chemical reaction + heat& mass transfer = Combustion


Flaming Combustion

Premixed Flame Non- Premixed Flame


Reactant (fuel and oxidizer) are mixed at Reactant are initially separated, and the
molecular level prior combustion is initiate reaction occurs only at the interface
between fuel and oxidant
High temperature and blue flame Low temperature and orange flame
Bunsen flame, gas appliance stoves, spark- Candle, forest fire, diesel, internal
ignition engine, etc. combustion engine

1.4 Review of Property Relation and Thermodynamic

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