Anda di halaman 1dari 7

Theory of Machines

Unit 1
Mechanisms-A mechanism is a combination of rigid or restraining bodies so shaped and connected that
they move upon each other with a definite relative motion. A simple example of this is the slider crank
mechanism used in an internal combustion or reciprocating air compressor.

Machine-A machine is a mechanism or a collection of mechanisms which transmits force from the source
of power to the resistance to be overcome,and thus perform a mechanical work.

Inversions of mechanism: A mechanism is one in which one of the links of a kinematic chain is fixed.
Different mechanisms can be obtained by fixing different links of the same kinematic chain.

Velocity
VB = VA+ VB/A

VC= VB+ VC/B

Acceleration

aB= aA+atB/A+anB/A

aC= aB+atC/B+anC/B
Unit 2
Cam-A cam is a mechanical device used to transmit motion to a follower by direct contact.

Gears

Gears are used to transmit motion from one shaft to another or between a shaft and slide. It is a
higher pair mechanism. Gear use to intermediate link or connector and transmit the motion by
direct contact.

Circular Pitch (p):

Module

Velocity Ratio
Number of teeth within the arc

(p = circular pitch)

Angle of action δp = arc of contact

Train value
Unit 3
Mechanical Efficiency

The ratio of energy out to energy in is known as the Mechanical Efficiency of the machine.

D’Alembert’s principle

The principle of virtual work states that the sum of the incremental virtual works done by all
external forces Fi acting in conjunction with virtual displacements δsi of the point on which the
associated force is acting is zero:

δW = X i Fi · δsi = 0

Piston effort (FP) = FQ sin (θ + Φ)

Thrust in connecting rod (FQ) = FQ cos (θ + Φ)

Tangential force on crank shaft (FT) = Fg – F1 + FF + WR

Radial force along crank shaft (FR) = FP / cos Φ

Turning Moment Diagram

The turning moment diagram (also known as crank-effort diagram) is the graphical
representation of the turning moment or crank-effort for various positions of the crank. It is
plotted on cartesian co-ordinates, in which the turning moment is taken as the ordinate and crank
angle as abscissa
Unit 4
Unbalancing

In the system of rotating masses, the rotating masses have eccentricity due to limited accuracy in
manufacturing, fitting tolerances, etc.

Governors

The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there are variations in the
load e.g. when the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases, therefore it becomes necessary to
increase the supply of working fluid

Terms Used in Governors

Height of a governor. It is the vertical distance from the centre of the ball to a point where the axes of
the arms (or arms produced) intersect on the spindle axis. It is usually denoted by h.

Equilibrium speed. It is the speed at which the governor balls, arms etc., are in complete equilibrium and
the sleeve does not tend to move upwards or downwards.

Mean equilibrium speed. It is the speed at the mean position of the balls or the sleeve.

Maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds. The speeds at the maximum and minimum radius of
rotation of the balls, without tending to move either way are known as maximum and minimum
equilibrium speeds respectively.

Sleeve lift. It is the vertical distance which the sleeve travels due to change in equilibrium speed.
Unit 5
A dynamometer is a device used for measuring the torque and brake power required to operate a
driven machine.

Power Absorption Dynamometers: Power Absorption dynamometers measure and absorb the power output
of the engine to which they are coupled. The power absorbed is usually dissipated as heat by some means.

Power Transmission Dynamometers: In power transmission dynamometers the power is transmitted to the
load coupled to the engine after it is indicated on some scale

Brakes

A brake is a device by means of which artificial resistance is applied on to a moving machine member in
order to retard or stop the motion of the member or machine

Types of Brakes

Different types of brakes are used in different applications. Based on the working principle used brakes
can be classified as

Mechanical brakes,

Hydraulic brakes,

Electrical (eddy current) magnetic and

Electro-magnetic types.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai