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May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:41 PM Page 32

Valves

How to select the correct valve for wastewater


treatment applications By Jega Jeganathan

W
astewater treatment plant materials. In general, sizes available for require adequate clearance for the valve.
valves must be selected to butterfly valves range from 50 mm to 3. Knife Gate Valves: Knife gate
operate safely, efficiently, 1200 mm. valves are similar to gate valves; however,
and consistently to avoid The butterfly valve is considered to be the knife edge of the gate can cut through
unnecessary maintenance. In addition, se- a high recovery valve, since only the disc accumulated solids. Knife gate valves are
lection should focus on accuracy, repeata- impedes the valve flow path. The Cv is used in wastewater systems for handling
bility, and feedback requirements for comparatively high and pressure drop abrasive slurries or sludge applications.
automated control valves. The following across the valve is comparatively low. They are available from standard cast
criteria should always be considered: Although butterfly valves are econom- configurations as small as 50 mm to spe-
1. Purpose of the valve: Isolation, or ical, they tend to foul up when used on cially fabricated valves up to 1,800 mm.
throttling/modulating. sludges with solids/stringy materials and, Knife gates for sludge applications
2. Process parameters: Flow, pressure, therefore, do not handle slurry applica- should be specified with by-directional
and temperature. tions well. Especially vulnerable are the pressure rating, making them suitable for
3. Chemical compatibility: Concentra- cavities around the disc stem, which can unplugging the pipe lines in either direc-
tion, percentage of solids, media, and potentially entrap fluids and slurries. Due tion.
density. to this, unwanted contamination is possi- Knife gate valves can cut through
4. Process requirements: Frequency ble in slurry services. These valves are slurries, scale, and surface build ups.
of operation, allowable leakage rate, normally not rated as bubble-tight, al- Since they have an unobstructed flow
cleanliness, available space, and struc- though some high performance butterfly path, they provide high flow capacity
tural considerations. valves may meet ASME leakage ratings. (Cv). They also have small face-to-face
The common valve types used in 2. Gate Valves: Gate valves have a dimensions, which assists with weight re-
wastewater treatment facilities for various wedge or disc that travels up and down to duction of the valve and facilitates piping
services (isolation/throttling) are shown either block or allow the flow of water. design.
in Table 1. They are mainly used for isolation (shut Knife gate valves are not suitable for
1. Butterfly Valves: Butterfly valves off) for wastewater applications. The stem relatively low pressure applications. Two
have a circular disc mounted on a shaft in of a gate valve can be either rising or non- of the drawbacks are an inability to pro-
the centre of the valve. They are generally rising. Rising stem requires clearance vide bubble-tight shut-off, and cavity for-
used in wastewater treatment for air sup- above the valve to move up when the mation. Hence, they are not recommended
ply systems. Butterfly valves are an eco- valve is opening. This will provide a vi- for high purity applications.
nomical alternative for larger valve sizes sual indication of open/close position. If 4. Globe Valves: Globe valves have a
(>200 mm), because of the compact valve space is limited (e.g., underground appli- round body with two cavities separated
design, and lighter mass compared to cations) or in areas where safety is a con- by a circular opening that is smaller than
other valves. Furthermore, they have rel- cern, a non-rising stem can be used. the pipe size. In general, the sizes avail-
atively high coefficient of flow (Cv), In general, gate valves are less expen- able for globe valves are from 50 mm to
standard face-to-face dimensions, and sive for smaller size valves (<300 mm). 200 mm. Valve operation is a linear ris-
can be produced using chemical resistant However, larger valves can be costly and ing-stem, with a multi-turn hand-wheel.

Purpose Size Isolation Throttling


(mm) (most common) (most common)

Air Services ≤ 50 Ball Globe


Air Services > 50, 75 Ball, Gate Globe
Air Services ≥ 100 Butterfly Butterfly
Sludges with Solids/Stringy Materials ≤ 250 Plug or knife gate Plug
Sludges with Solids/Stringy Materials ≥ 350 Knife Gate Knife Gate
Water ≤ 50 Ball Globe
Water > 50, 75 Gate Globe
Water with No Stringy Materials ≥ 100 Butterfly Butterfly

Table 1: Valves for Various Services.

32 | May 2013 Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine


May2013_ES&E_5_2010 13-05-29 9:41 PM Page 33

Valves
Globe valves can be used for precise Some of the pertinent features of ball In some cases, plug valves are used for
throttling and control services in waste- valves are ease of operation, high pres- throttling purposes.
water treatment applications, since they sure and temperature capacities, high Summary
can easily be automated and are available flow capacity, and ability to handle severe Based on the application, selection of
with positioners, limit switches, and other chemicals. Ball valves are also consid- the correct type of valve should be car-
accessories. In general, control valve ered as high recovery valves (relatively ried out with the following in mind:
manufacturers provide the software for high Cv,), similar to butterfly valves. • Butterfly valves are high recovery
control valve sizing, since it is much Ball valves are not suitable for slurry valves but not rated as bubble tight.
more complex than isolation sizing. applications. As well, the weight of the • Gate valves are less expensive for
Globe valves are relatively low Cv, larger size ball valve is much higher than smaller size valves.
and are unable to handle slurries. They other similar size valve types. • Knife gate valves have the ability to cut
are relatively expensive. For these rea- 6. Plug Valves: Plug valves are simi- through slurries and have very low flow
sons, they are not usually specified for lar to ball valves. The moving part of a resistance. However, they are not suited
control in high purity services or slurry plug valve consists of a tapered plug in- for high purity applications.
services. Also, the low Cv causes a rela- stead of a ball. Plug valves are mainly • Globe valves are good for throttling
tively high pressure drop across the valve. used on pipes carrying raw sewage, purposes, but have relatively high head
5. Ball Valves: Ball valves have a sludge, and grit. They are also used for loss.
ball-shaped plug with a hole bored digester gas systems. • Ball valves allow quick, quarter turn on-
through its centre. They are normally Plug valves can seal well and they do off operation but have poor throttling
used in chemical applications, and for have tight shutoff. However, some plug characteristics.
isolation purposes for air and water at valves are made with a reduced port • Plug valves can seal well, and they do
smaller diameters (<50 mm). They are which means that the flow passageway have tight shutoff.
available from service type valves to high through the valve is smaller than the ad-
performance valves and readily obtain- joining pipe’s cross-sectional area. This Jega Jeganathan, Ph.D., P.Eng., is with
able in a wide variety of configurations, leads to higher pressure drop. Therefore, the Municipal Infrastructure Group
such as top entry, end entry, and three- look for full bore plug valves if you need Ltd. E-mail: jjeganathan@tmig.ca
piece. In general, the sizes available are them. Plug valves are heavy and require
from 25 mm to 300 mm. more space, but are reliable and durable.

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www.esemag.com May 2013 | 33

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