TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS....................................................................................4

1.1 Agriculture............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 Environmental observation.................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Forestry.................................................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Geology..................................................................................................................................5
2.0 ADVANTAGES OF EARTH OBSERVATION.........................................................................5
3.0 SATELLITES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................................7
3.1 Satellites.................................................................................................................................7
3.2.1 LANDSAT 7 ETM+........................................................................................................9
3.2.2 LANDSAT 8 OLI............................................................................................................9
3.2.3 SPOT 6/7.......................................................................................................................10
3.2.4 WORLDVIEW..............................................................................................................10
3.2.5 PLEIADES....................................................................................................................10
3.2.6 MODIS..........................................................................................................................11
3.2.7 NOAA AVHRR............................................................................................................. 11
3.2.8 SENTINEL-2/SENTINEL-3.........................................................................................12
4.0 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................... 12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Landsat 7 ETM+ Satellite................................................................................................9

Figure 2:Landsat 8 OLI Satellite.....................................................................................................9
Figure 3: Spot 6/7 Satellite............................................................................................................10
Figure 4: Worldview Satellite........................................................................................................10
Figure 5:Pleiades Satellite.............................................................................................................10
Figure 6: MODIS Satellite.............................................................................................................11
Figure 7: NOAA AVHRR Satellite................................................................................................11
Figure 8: Sentinel Satellite............................................................................................................ 12
1.0 REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS

1.1 Agriculture
In agriculture, the important of using remote sensing is to monitor the health of the crop. The
remote sensing penetrates the crop and determines exactly how much of a given crop has been
damaged and the progress of the remaining crop in the farm. Next, by using remote sensing, the
crop field area can be measure without making any physical contact with the crop. Besides, this
can help farmers to predict the expected crop yield from a given field by estimating the quality of
the crop. This is used then to determine the overall expected yield of the crop. Furthermore,
remote sensing can help to provide soil moisture estimation by determine the quality of moisture
in the soil. Moreover, it can help farmer to monitoring the climate change and keep track of the
climatic conditions (Grind GIS, 2018).

1.2 Environmental observation

Remote sensing is used to study cloud motion and predict rains. The satellite can detect the cloud
moving and help the researcher to investigate and predict the weather warning. Besides, with
satellite data also can help researcher to find out the possible of water discharge from various
industries to find out dispersion and harmful effects. Remote sensing can help to detect the
hazard for area that have been study for a long time and help to extract the effect in the future.

1.3 Forestry
Remote sensing becomes one of the most important methods in forestry monitoring. Remote
sensing provides a large scale of spatial data. The satellite image is use to monitor the forest
changes by using temporal resolution. Next, by using the remote sensing, the explorations in
system ranging from tropical forest to temperate forest Europe become much easier and
compatible. The LiDAR provide a very high resolution which is within 1 meter and the data can
be describe and modelling in three dimension. The vertical and horizontal distribution of foliage
across forested landscape is model based on LiDAR data. Moreover, remote sensing can help to
investigate the patterns of forest species composition and diversity as well as conservation
condition. Current technology of remote sensing involves the using of hyperspectral data
segmented to individual tree canopies to detect changes in foliar chemistry along environmental
gradients which may help in prediction of future changes in forest dynamics ( (University of
Cambridge, 2017).

1.4 Geology
In geology, the remote sensing is use to study the solid of the earth. By using remote sensing
technology, geologists can investigate, explore and evaluation the mineral beneath the earth for
evaluation for environmental geology and geotechnical engineering. Besides, this technology is
important in understanding the important natural hazards that will face in geology such as
earthquake, floods, landslides. tsunamis, volcanoes and river channel migration. Next, remote
sensing can help geologist in exploration at the in searching for oil and gas. LiDAR and digital
elevation models are some tool that will be use in geology exploration. This tool can make
geology to discover the earth beyond our visual capability and the transact the temporal and
spatial limitations of earth observations.

2.0 ADVANTAGES OF EARTH OBSERVATION

Satellites of earth observation that have the capabilities to revisit the same area have a high
temporal resolution. Temporal resolution is refers to the amount of time the satellite takes for a
sensor to return to a previously recorded location. It defines as how often a sensor obtains
imagery of the same area. This resolution is necessary to conduct a study and analysis of
continues imagery and to detect changes especially in land use changes detection. A satellite with
high temporal resolution has the capability to give an image of same area but in vary period of
times such as 16 days, several years and etc ( (Lambin & Strahler, 1994).

Besides, spectral resolution refers to the number and size of the bands which can be recorded by
a sensor. This is also means that the ability of the sensor to detect and record different
wavelength such as visible light (RGB) and near infrared (NIR). A satellite that has sensor with
good spectral resolution can increase the interpretability of the image. RGB can help to
distinguish between land use such as urban area with white in color while vegetation in green
color. The NIR band is important in order to analyze the condition of vegetation. Healthy
vegetation has darker red color and vice versa where unhealthy and stress vegetation will appear
light red in color. Analysis such as NDVI can be done with a good spectral resolution ( (Small,
Okujeni, Linden, & Waske, 2018).
3.0 SATELLITES AND APPLICATIONS

3.1 Satellites
Satellite Sensor Type Spatial Resolution Spectral Range Temporal Swath
Resolution
Landsat 7 Optp-mchanical 30m Band 1 – Blue (0.45-0.52) 16 days 183 km
(ETM+) Thermal: w60m Band 2 – Green (0.52-0.60)
Pan: 15-m Band 3 – Red (0.63-0.69)
Band 4 - (NIR) (0.77-0.90)
Band 5 - (SWIR) 1 (1.55-1.75)
Band 6 – Thermal (10.40-12.50)
Band 7 - (SWIR) 2 (2.09-2.35)
Band 8 – Panchromatic (0.52-.90)
Landsat 8 Operational Land 15-30 meter Band 1 (0.433–0.453) 16 days 185 kilometer
Imager (OLI) Band 2 (0.450–0.515) (115 mile)
Band 3 (0.525–0.600) wide
Band 4 (0.630–0.680)
Band 5 (0.845–0.885)
Band 6 (1.560–1.660)
Band 7 (2.100–2.300)
Band 8 (0.500–0.680)
Band 9 (1.360–1.390)
Band 10 (10.6-11.2)
Band 11 (11.5-12.5)
Spot 6/7 2 x NAOMI Pan: 2 m, Blue (0.455 – 0.525) 1 (45º) to 5 60 km (2
MS: 8 m Green (0.530 – 0.590) days (30º) imager)
Red (0.625 – 0.695) 120 km with
Near-Infrared (0.760– 0.890) single pass
mosaic
TM
Worldview (SpaceView 11 Panchromatic nadir = 0.31 Panchromatic = 450 - 800 nm
 0) m Multispectral (4 bands)
(blue) 450 - 510 nm
Multispectral nadir= 1.24 (green) 510 - 580 nm
m (red) 655 - 690 nm
(NIR) 780 – 920nm
Pleiades HiRI (High- 0.7 m for Pan, 2.8 m for Pan: 480-820 nm;
Resolution MS bands TDI is only used for Pan data
Imager) MS bands in nm
B0= 450-530 (blue),
B1= 510-590 (green),
B2= 620-700 (red),
B3= 775-915 (NIR)
Modis modis 250 m (bands 1-2), 500 m 0.4 to 14.4 µm.
(sensor) (bands 3-7), 1000 m
(bands 8-36)
Noaa avhrr AVHRR sensors Local Area Coverage 1.1 1 (0.580-0.680)
km 2 (0.725-1.11)
Global Area Coverage 3 (3.550-3.930)
(GAC) 4 (10.300 - 11.3)
4 km 5 (11.500-12.500)
Sentinel- MSI 10m Band 1 – Coastal aerosol (442.7)
2/sentinel-3 (Multispectral 20m Band 2 – Blue (492.4)
Imager (Sentinel- 60m Band 3 – Green(559.8)
2)) Band 4 – Red(664.6)
Band 5 – Vegetation red edge (704.1)
Band 6 – Vegetation red edge (740.5)
Band 7 – Vegetation red edge (782.8)
Band 8 – NIR (832.8)
Band 8A – Narrow NIR (864.7)
Band 9 – Water vapor (945.1)
Band 10 – SWIR – Cirrus (1373.5)
Band 11 – SWIR (1613.7)
Band 12 – SWIR (2202.4)
3.2 Applications

3.2.1 LANDSAT 7 ETM+

Figure 1: Landsat 7 ETM+ Satellite

The data is used to support a wide range of applications in such areas as global change research,
agriculture, forestry, mining, land cover and change detection. The types of changes that can be
identified include agricultural development, deforestation, desertification, natural disasters,
mineral exploration and classification, urbanization, and the development and degradation of
water resources.

3.2.2 LANDSAT 8 OLI

Figure 2:Landsat 8 OLI Satellite

There are many application of Landsat 8 OLI; one of the applications is classifying land uses.
Next application is, for mapping purpose, for example mapping major geologies features. It also
can be used to distinguish features of the land use such as urban center, agriculture and water
bodies. Landsat 8 also can be used to track how land and water being used as the temporal
resolution is daily.
3.2.3 SPOT 6/7

Figure 3: Spot 6/7 Satellite

For this sensor are important to cover wide areas in record time, making national maps regular
updating as well as thematic map creation possible. For example, if any studies are needed the
large area of the data image, it will be use this sensor to fulfil the data image needed.

3.2.4 WORLDVIEW

Figure 4: Worldview Satellite

For this sensor, it was worldwide used. One the sensor was WorldView-3 Satellite Sensor
(0.31m). This sensor is relate to the application of mining, engineering and construction, defence
and security and environment monitoring, and lastly was land cover change detection.

3.2.5 PLEIADES

Figure 5:Pleiades Satellite

There are several applications of Pleiades such as land planning of detection and identification of
small features, agriculture of land management and crop yields, location of crop diseases, tree
count, hydrology to determine topography and drainage basin gradient studies and 3D modeling.

3.2.6 MODIS

Figure 6: MODIS Satellite

The application of this sensor is to record the frequency and distribution of cloud cover, MODIS
measures the properties of clouds such as the distribution and size of cloud droplets in both
liquid water and ice clouds. MODIS also measures the properties of aerosols and helps scientists
determine the amount of water vapor in a column of the atmosphere and the vertical distribution
of temperature and water vapor monitoring in large-scale.

3.2.7 NOAA AVHRR

Figure 7: NOAA AVHRR Satellite

Application of the NOAA AVHRR was to monitoring clouds. Besides that, this sensor also can
measure the thermal emission of the Earth. So that, this sensor very important if any project or
studies of needed the cloud and thermal data.
3.2.8 SENTINEL-2/SENTINEL-3

Figure 8: Sentinel Satellite

There are several application of the Sentinel sensor such as monitoring land cover change for
environmental monitoring, flood mapping & management (risk analysis, loss assessment, and
disaster management during floods), agricultural applications, such as crop, Inland water
monitoring ( (Satellite Imagine Corporation, 2017)

4.0 CONCLUSION

To conclude, remote sensing is widely use in various application and can help study of the earth
surface. By using specific sensor for specific purpose, the data obtain will be high
interpretability and can be analyze with suitable applications. Remote sensing is the primary
sources of data for any other study such as geographic information system. Students can
REFERENCES

Grind GIS. (2018, February 11). Remote Sensing Applications in Agriculture. Retrieved 12 14,
2018, from https://grindgis.com/remote-sensing/remote-sensing-applications-in-
agriculture

Lambin, E. F., & Strahler, A. H. (1994). Change-Vector Analysis in Multitemporal Space: A Tool
To Detect and Categorize Land-Cover Change Processes Using High Temporal-
Resolution Satellite Data. Remote Sensing Environment, 48: 231-244.

Satellite Imagine Corporation. (2017). Retrieved December 14, 2018, from Satellites:
https://www.satimagingcorp.com/search/?q=spot

Small, C., Okujeni, A., Linden, S. V., & Waske, B. (2018). Remote Sensing of Urban
Environment. United States and Germany: Elsevier.

University of Cambridge. (2017). Department of Plant Sciences. Retrieved December 14, 2018,
from Appications of Remote Sensing Technologies to Forest Monitioring:
https://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/research/davidcoomes/publications/themed/theme1/them
e1a