PIPING

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Objectives
Piping
Introduction
Codes and Standards
Components of Piping System
Pipes
Classification of Pipes
Methods of Joining Pipes
Valves
Classification Based on Mechanical Motion
Selected Types of Valves
Fittings
Purpose of a Pipe Fitting
Types of pipe fittings
Piping Design
Introduction
Design of Piping Systems
Parts of Piping Layout
Principle in Piping Design
Fluids
Properties and Behaviour
Materials of Construction
Pipe
Sizing
Pipe Strength
Nominal Pipe Diameter
Valves, Fittings and Fasteners
Friction Losses
Fanning Equation
Pumps and Compressors
Pump Selection
Power Requirement
Pump Efficiency
Measuring Equipment
Flow
Temperature
Sample Design for Piping System
OBJECTIVES
General
To design a piping system for a given set of conditions
Specific
 To determine the codes and standards use for piping system

 To enumerate and describe the components of piping systems

such as pipe, valves and fittings
 To identify and briefly discuss the parts of a piping system
 To determine design consideration of an engineer in an piping

system
 To enumerate and identify several underlying principles in an

piping system through its parts
 To design a water and steam piping system

PIPING
Introduction
Piping systems are like arteries and

veins as they carry the lifeblood of
modern civilization. In a modern city, they
transport water from the sources of water
supply to the points of distribution;
convey waste from residential and
commercial buildings and other civic
facilities to the treatment facility or the point of discharge. Similarly,
pipelines carry crude oil from oil wells to tank farms for storage or to
refineries for processing. The natural gas transportation and
distribution lines convey natural gas from the source and storage tank
forms to points of utilization, such as power plants, industrial facilities,
and commercial and residential communities. In chemical plants, paper
mills, food processing plants, and other similar industrial
establishments, the piping systems are utilized to carry liquids,
chemicals, mixtures, gases, vapors, and solids from one location to
another.
The fire protection piping networks in residential, commercial,

industrial, and other buildings carry fire suppression fluids, such as
water, gases, and chemicals to provide protection of life and property.
The piping systems in thermal power plants convey high-pressure and
high-temperature steam to generate electricity. Other piping systems
in a power plant transport high- and low-pressure water, chemicals,
low-pressure steam, and condensate. Sophisticated piping systems are
used to process and carry hazardous and toxic substances. The storm
and wastewater piping systems transport large quantities of water

away from towns, cities, and industrial and similar establishments to
safeguard life, property, and essential facilities.
The design, construction, operation, and maintenance of various

piping systems involve understanding of piping fundamentals,
materials, generic and specific design considerations, fabrication and
installation, examinations, and testing and inspection requirements, in
addition to the local, state and federal regulations.
Piping includes pipe, flanges, fittings, bolting, gaskets, valves,

and the pressure containing portions of other piping components. It
also includes pipe hangers and supports and other items necessary to
prevent overpressurization and overstressing of the pressure-
containing components. It is evident that pipe is one element or a part
of piping. Therefore, pipe sections when joined with fittings, valves,
and other mechanical equipment and properly supported by hangers
and supports, are called piping.
Piping System Layout
There are certain general principles that should be adhered to in

the design of piping systems as well as the selection and application of
fittings. Some of the following are:
 Wherever possible, pipe lines should be run in straight lines with

right-angled turns. It is undesirable to run a pipe lines at odd
angles even though it shortens the line and reduces the number
of fittings.
 When a pipe makes a right-angled turn, it is good practice to use

a tee with one opening closed by a pipe plug or cap or a cross
with two closed openings rather than an elbow. This will permit
subsequent connections without breaking a number of joints and
will facilitate cleaning.
 For connections that are not feasible with the right-angles turns,
the use of two 45° elbows is suggested for most cases.
 For screwed fittings, pipe should be carefully cut to the proper

length and the interior edge burred or reamed to prevent
constriction and sharp edges.
 Special fabricated fittings such as expansion bends and coiled

piping must be carefully specified so that they will fit properly.
 In all piping systems, valves should be installed in such a

manner that they may be repacked, if necessary, without closing
the line. Valves should not be used to brace a pipe or carry the
weight of the line, since distortion of the valve may result in
inefficient operation and require an excessive amount of
maintenance.
Pipes vs. Tubes

Before further discussion of piping systems, it is important to
identify the difference between pipes and tubes. The table below
presents the difference between the two.
PIPES TUBES
Pipe Size Specified in

Tubes size are specified in
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) or
Size millimeter or in inches by
Nominal Bore (NB) or
outside diameter
Diameter Nominal (DN)
Wall thickness is expressed
Thickne Wall thickness is expressed in millimeter, or inches, or
ss in schedule number BWG (Birmingham wire
gauge)
The outside diameter of pipe
Outside diameter of tubes is
Diamet up to size 12” are
numerically equal to the
er numerically larger than
corresponding size.
corresponding pipe size
Use transport liquid or gas structural purposes
Color Coding of Pipeline and Piping Identification
Oil and gas industries and other process industries are complex
installation. Piping systems are used in these plants to transport
various fluids. These pipelines transport various industrial materials
such as gases such as air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen etc., liquids such
as water, acids, hydrocarbon, toxic materials etc.
Without proper pipe color code, it is extremely difficult to identify

the material pipeline transporting. To reduces the safety hazard,
reduce the possibility of mistakes in identification and accidents
associated with wrong identification of pipeline during the emergency
situation, systematic color coding of pipeline and piping system is
essential. Uniformity of color marking promotes greater safety, lessens
the chances of error and reduces hazards involved in the handling of
material inside the pipelines.
One of the standards used for uniform color coding in industries

is the ASME A13.1 – Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems.
The purpose of ASME/ANSI A13.1 Standard is to establish a common
system that assists in the identification of hazardous materials
conveyed in piping systems and their hazards when released into the
environment.
ASME A13.1 – 2015 edition has six fixed colors and 4 users define
colors that can be used to identify the hazardous material. In this
standard, following category are used:
1) Flammable – fluids or a vapor or produce vapors that can be
ignited and continue to burn in air.
2) Combustible – fluids that can burn, but are not flammable.
3) Oxidizing – oxidizing fluid is any gas or liquid that may, generally
by providing oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of
other material more than air does.
4) Toxic and Corrosive – fluids that are corrosive or toxic, or will
produce corrosive or toxic substances when released.
5) Fire Quenching – fluid Such as water, foam, and CO2 used in
sprinkler systems and firefighting piping systems.
Codes and Standards
Units: Pipe and Tubing Sizes and Ratings

Pipe and tubing sizes are generally quoted in units of inches. To
convert inches to millimeters, multiply by 25.4. Ratings are given in
pounds. To convert pounds to kilograms, multiply by 0.454.
Pressure-Piping Codes
The code for pressure piping (ASME B31) consists of a number of
sections which collectively constitute the code. Table 10-18 of Perry's
Chemical Engineers' Handbook shows the status of the B31 code as of
July 2005. The sections are published as separate documents for
simplicity and convenience. The sections differ extensively.
The ASME B31 code prescribes minimum requirements for

materials, design, fabrication, assembly, support, erection,
examination, inspection, and testing of piping systems subject to
pressure or vacuum. The scope of the piping covered by B31.3 is
illustrated in Fig. 10-127.
The code also excludes piping systems designed for internal

gauge pressures at or above zero but less than 0.105 MPa (15 lbf/in 2)
provided the fluid handled is nonflammable, nontoxic, and not
damaging to human tissues, and its design temperature is from −29°C
(−20°F) through 186°C (366°F). Refer to the code for definitions of
nonflammable and nontoxic.
Some of the more significant requirements of ASME B31.3 (2004
edition) have been summarized and incorporated in this section of the
Handbook. For a more comprehensive treatment of code requirements
engineers are referred to the B31.3 code and the standards referenced
therein.
National Standards
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the
American Petroleum Institute (API) have established dimensional
standards for the most widely used piping components. Lists of these
standards as well as specifications for pipe and fitting materials and
testing methods of the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM), American Welding Society (AWS) specifications, and standards
of the Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings
Industry (MSS) can be found in the ASME B31 code sections. Many of
these standards contain pressure-temperature ratings which will be of
assistance to engineers in their design function.
However, the use of published standards does not eliminate the

need for engineering judgment. For example, although the code
calculation formulas recognize the need to provide an allowance for
corrosion, the standard rating tables for valves, flanges, fittings, etc.,
do not incorporate a corresponding allowance. Judgments regarding
the suitability of these components are left to the designer.
International Regulations
ASME piping codes have been widely used throughout the world
for the design of facilities falling within their defined scopes. Although
the use of ASME codes is widely acceptable in areas outside the United
States, it is essential to identify additional local or national codes or
standards that may apply. Such documents may require qualified third-
party review and approval of project specifications, facility design,
fabrication, material documentation, inspection, and testing. For
example, within the European Community, such requirements are
imposed by the Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC (also known as
the PED). These requirements must be recognized early in the project
to avoid costly error.
Components of Piping System

The piping system consists of three (3) major components such

as the pipe, valves and fittings.
A. Pipes
A.1 Classification of Pipes
Pipes are divided into two main categories: seamless and

welded. Both have advantages and disadvantages in terms of
economy and function. Specifications governing the production of
these products dictate the permissible mechanical and dimensional
variations, and code design calculations account for these variations.
 Seamless Pipe
Seamless pipe may be formed by
various methods. A common technique
involves piercing solid round forgings,
followed by rolling and drawing. Since
seamless products have no weld joints, there
is no reduction of strength due to weld joint efficiency. Standard
seamless pipes are more commonly used than welded pipes and
they tend to be more pressure resistant. Because of their lighter
weight and thin walls, they are used in liquid transportation.
Advantages
 Seamless steel pipes have increased ability to
withstand pressure.
 Seamless steel pipe is a continuous extrusion of the
alloy, meaning that it will have a round cross section
that you can count on, which is helpful when you’re
installing pipes or adding fittings.
 Seamless pipes can perform well in harsh conditions,

which means that they can be used in extremely cold
or hot environments.
 Welded Pipe
These products are typically made by forming
strips or plate into cylinders and seam-welding by
various methods. Manufacturing by welding permits
the production of larger diameter pipe than is possible with
seamless manufacturing methods, as well as larger diameter/wall
thickness ratios. Welded pipes are not typically used in high-
pressure projects and are heavier than seamless pipes. They
transport gas more often than liquid.
Advantages
 Welded pipes are typically more cost effective than
their seamless equivalents.
 Welded pipes are usually more readily available than
seamless.
 The wall thickness of welded pipes is generally more
consistent than that of seamless pipes.
 The internal surface of welded tubes can be checked
before manufacturing, which isn’t possible with
seamless.
A.2 Methods of Joining Pipes

Piping joints must be reliably leak-tight and provide adequate
mechanical strength to resist external loads due to thermal expansion,
weight, wind, seismic activity, and other factors. Joints for pipe buried
in soil may be subjected to unique external loads resulting from
thermal expansion and contraction, settlement, and other factors. Joint
designs that permit rotation about an axis perpendicular to the

longitudinal axis of the pipe may be advantageous in certain situations.
Disassembly frequency and ease should be considered when
selecting joining methods. Ideally the method for joining piping system
components provides:
 minimum installed cost
 maintains its integrity throughout the lifetime of the facility
 provides restraint against axial thrust due to internal pressure
 provides strength against external loads equal to that of the

pipe
 permits unrestricted flow with minimum pressure drop
 free from crevices that may be detrimental to the product or

contribute to corrosion or erosion problems.
There are three (3) methods in joining pipes discussed. These are:
welded joints, branched connections and threaded joints.
 Welded Joints
The most widely used joint in
piping systems is the butt-weld
joint. In all ductile pipe metals
which can be welded, pipe, elbows,
tees, laterals, reducers, caps,
valves, flanges, and V-clamp joints
are available in all sizes and wall
thicknesses with ends prepared for butt welding. Joint strength
equal to the original pipe (except for work-hardened pipes which

are annealed by the welding), unimpaired flow pattern, and
generally unimpaired corrosion resistance more than compensate
for the necessary careful alignment, skilled labor, and equipment
required.
Socket-welded joints are not as

resistant to externally applied bending
moments as are butt-welded joints, are not
easily examined by volumetric nondestructive
examination methods such as radiography
and ultrasonic, and should not be used where
crevice corrosion has been determined to be of concern. However,
they are widely used in sizes 2 in and smaller and are quite
satisfactory for most applications when used within the limits
established by code restrictions and good engineering judgment.
 Branch Connections
Branch connections may be made with
manufactured tees, fabricated reinforced and
non-reinforced branch connections or
manufactured integrally reinforced branch
connections. Butt-welded fittings offer the
best opportunity for nondestructive examination; however, branch
connections are commonly specified for branches smaller than the
header, and often best satisfy the design and economic
requirements.
 Threaded joints
Principal use of threaded joints

is in sizes 2 in. and smaller, in metals
for which the most economically
produced walls are thick enough to
withstand pressure and corrosion
after reduction in thickness due to
threading. For threaded joints over 2
in, assembly difficulty and cost of tools increase rapidly. Careful
alignment, required at the start of assembly and during rotation of
the components, as well as variation in length produced by
diametral tolerances in the threads, severely limits preassembly of
the components. Threading is not a precise machining operation,
and filler materials known as “pipe dope” are necessary to block
the spiral leakage path.
B. Valves
Valves are an essential part of any piping system which serve the
functions of allowing, stopping, regulating, and controlling the flow, to
fulfill the intended objectives of the system. When fluid pressure builds
up beyond a set limit, the valves relieve the overpressure to safeguard
the integrity of the piping system or a component. Valves help in
maintaining or breaking a vacuum. Valves also assist in maintaining
the pressure or temperature of the flow medium within the desired
range or limit.
B.1 Classification Based on Mechanical Motion

Based on the mechanical or cyclical motion of the valve closure
member, valves are classified as follows:
 Linear Motion Valves
The valves in which the closure member, as in gate, globe,
diaphragm, pinch, and lift check valves, moves in a straight line
to allow, stop, or throttle the flow.
(L-R) gate valve, globe valve, diaphragm valve, pinch valve and lift check
valves
 Rotary Motion Valves
When the valve-closure member travels along an angular or
circular path, as in butterfly, ball, plug, eccentric- and swing check
valves, the valves are called rotary motion valves.
(L-R) butterfly valve, ball valve, plug valve and swing check valves
 Quarter Turn Valves

Some rotary motion valves require approximately a quarter
turn, 0 through 90º, motion of the stem to go to fully open from a
fully closed position or vice versa.
The table provided summarizes the classification of valves based

on the motion of fluid.
Taken from the 7th ed. of Piping Handbook by Mohinder L. Nayyar
B.2 Selected Types of Valves

 Gate Valve
Gate valves are primarily designed
to serve as isolation valves. In service,
these valves generally are either fully
open or fully closed. When fully open,
the fluid or gas flows through the valve
in a straight line with very little
resistance. Gate valves should not be used in the regulation or
throttling of flow because accurate control is not possible. Furthermore,
high-flow velocity in partially opened valves may cause erosion of the
discs and seating surfaces. Vibration may also result in chattering of
the partially opened valve disc.
Advantages
 Gate valves have good shutoff characteristics.
 Gate valves are bidirectional (can be used in two directions)
 The pressure loss through the valve is minimal
Disadvantages
 Gate valves are not quick opening or closing valves. Full-stem

travel to open or close a gate valve requires many turns of its
handwheel or an actuator.
 Gate valves require large space envelope for installation,
operation, and maintenance.
 The slow movement of the disc near the full-closed position
results in high-fluid velocities, causing scoring of seating
surfaces, referred to as wire drawing. It also causes galling of
sliding parts.
 In systems experiencing high-temperature fluctuations,
wedge-gate valves may have excessive leakage past the
seats due to changes in the angular relationship between the
wedge and the valve seats caused by piping loads on the
valve ends.
 Repair or machining of valve seats in place is difficult.
Typical Applications
Socket or butt-welding end-gate valves in air, fuel gas, feed
water, steam, lube oil, and other systems are typical applications.
Threaded-end gate valves may be used in air, gaseous, or liquid
systems. Concern for leakage from threaded connection can be
addressed by seal welding the threaded connection or by using
thread sealants, as appropriate. In low-pressure and low-
temperature systems such as fire protection systems’ water piping
or water distribution pipelines, flanged gate valves are commonly
used.
 Globe Valve
Conventional globe valves may be used for

isolation and throttling services. Although these
valves exhibit slightly higher pressure drops
than straight-through valves (e.g., gate, plug,
ball, etc.), they may be used where the
pressure drop through the valve is not a controlling factor.
Advantages
 Good shutoff capability

 Moderate to good throttling capability
 Shorter stroke (compared to a gate valve)
 Available in tee, wye, and angle patterns, each offering
unique capabilities
 Easy to machine or resurface the seats
 With disc not attached to the stem, valve can be used as a
stop-check valve.
Disadvantages
 Higher pressure drop (compared to a gate valve)

 Requires greater force or a larger actuator to seat the valve
(with pressure under the seat)
 Throttling flow under the seat and shutoff flow over the seat
1. Cooling water systems where flow needs to be regulated
2. Fuel oil system where flow is regulated and leak tightness is
of importance.
3. High-point vents and low-point drains when leak tightness
and safety are major considerations.
4. Feed water, chemical feed, condenser air extraction, and
extraction drain systems.
5. Boiler vents and drains, main steam vents and drains, and
heater drains.
 Ball Valves
The ball valve is a quarter-turn valve

suitable for clean gas, compressed air, and
liquid service. They also can be used for
slurry service, but provisions for
prevention of crud build-up must be made.
The use of soft-seat materials such as
nylon, delrin, synthetic rubbers, and fluorinated polymers imparts
excellent sealing ability. With fluorinated polymer seats, ball valves can
be used for service temperatures ranging from 450 to 500ºF (270º to
260ºC); with graphite seats, service temperatures to 1000ºF (538ºC) or
even higher are possible. Also, with metal-backing seats, the valves
can be used in fire-safe services. Ball valves are nonbinding and
provide leak-tight closure. The valves exhibit negligible resistance to
flow because of their smooth body and port.
Advantages
 Provides bubble-tight service

 Quick to open and close
 Smaller in size than a gate valve
 Lighter in weight than a gate valve.
 Can be used in clean and slurry applications.
 High-quality ball valves provide reliable service in high-
pressure and high-temperature applications.
Disadvantages
 They are not suitable for sustained throttling applications

 In slurry or other applications, the suspended particles can
settle and become trapped in body cavities causing wear,
leakage, or valve failure
1. Air, gaseous, and liquid applications requiring bubble-tight
service
2. Low-point drains and high-point vents in liquid, gaseous, and
other fluid services
3. Instrument root valves
4. Cooling water, feed water and steam systems
 Plug Valve
Plug valves, also called cocks, generally are

used for the same full-flow service as gate valves,
where quick shutoff is required. Plug valves are not
generally designed for the regulation of flow.
Nevertheless, in some applications, specially
designed plugs are used for this purpose,
particularly for gas-flow throttling.
Plug valves generally can be readily repaired or cleaned without

necessitating removal of the body from the piping system. They are
available for pressure service from vacuum to 10000 psi (69000 kPa)
and temperatures from 50 to 1500ºF (46 to 816ºC). Also, plug valves
are available with a wide variety of linings suitable for many chemical
service applications.
Advantages
 Simple design with few parts
 Quick to open or close.
 Can be serviced in place.
 Offers minimal resistance to flow.
 Provides reliable leak-tight service. Seal can be maintained
by injection of sealant or by replacement of sleeve, in
addition to utilizing the wedging action of a tapered plug.
 Multiple port design helps reduce number of valves needed

and permits change in flow direction.
Disadvantages
 Requires greater force to actuate, due to high friction
 NPS 4 (DN 100) and larger valves require use of actuators
 Reduced port, due to tapered plug
 Typically, plug valves may cost more than ball valves
Typical applications
As indicated earlier, the plug valves can be and have been
used in many different fluid services. They perform well in slurry
applications. They are primarily used in bubble-tight services as
on-off stop valves. The wiping-off action of a plug does not permit
suspended particles to accumulate and form crud. The following
are some typical applications of plug valves:
1. Air, gaseous, and vapor services
2. Natural gas piping systems
3. Coal slurries, mineral ores, mud, and sewage applications
4. Oil piping systems 5. Vacuum to high-pressure applications
 Diaphragm Valves
These valves consist of a rigid body formed with a weir placed in the
flow path, a flexible diaphragm which forms the upper pressure
boundary of the valve, a compressor which is used to force the
diaphragm against the weir, and the bonnet and hand-wheel which
secure the diaphragm to the body and actuate the compressor.
Diaphragm valves are available in a wide choice of body,

diaphragm, and lining materials that are suitable for service with a
wide variety of chemicals. For severe corrosive applications, diaphragm
valves are made of stainless steel or PVC plastics, or they are lined
with glass, rubber, lead, plastics, titanium, or still other materials.
Some of the common materials used for diaphragms are listed in table
given.
Adjustable travel stops are used to prevent excessive compression

of the diaphragm. The adjustable travel stop can be enclosed in a
temper-proof housing. The temper-proof housing prevents inadvertent
mishandling after the travel length is set. It requires a special tool to
open the housing and to make an adjustment in the travel length.
Typical Materials Used for Diaphragms
Advantages
 Can be used as on-off and throttling service valves
 Offer good chemical resistance due to variety of linings
available
 Stem leakage is eliminated
 Provides bubble-tight service
 Does not have pockets to trap solids, slurries, and other
impurities. It is suitable for slurries and viscous fluids
 These valves are particularly suitable for hazardous
chemicals and radioactive fluids
 These valves do not permit contamination of flow medium,
thus they are used extensively in food processing,
pharmaceutical, brewing, and other applications which

cannot tolerate any contamination.
Disadvantages
 The weir may prevent full drainage of piping\
 Working temperatures and pressures are limited by the
diaphragm material. Generally, the pressures are limited to
200 psi (1380 kPa) and temperatures up to 400ºF (204ºC)
 The diaphragm may also limit the hydrostatic pressure.
 The diaphragm may experience erosion when used
extensively in severe throttling service containing impurities
 Diaphragm valves are available in limited sizes, usually NPS

¹⁄₂ to 12 (DN 15 to 300).
1. Clean or dirty water and air service applications

2. Demineralized water systems
3. Corrosive applications
4. Radwaste systems in nuclear facilities
5. Vacuum service
6. Food processing, pharmaceutical, and brewing systems
 Butterfly Valves
Butterfly valves are used to control and regulate or

throttle the flow. They are characterized by fast
operation and low-pressure drop. They require only a
quarter-turn from closed to full-open position. A
butterfly valve has a short circular body, a round disc,
shaft, metal-to-metal or soft seats, top and bottom shaft bearings, and
the stuffing box. Sometimes butterfly valves are manufactured in
rectangular or square configurations.
Advantages
 The compact design requires considerably less space,

compared to gate, globe, or other valves
 Light in weight
 Quick acting; as a quarter-turn valve, it requires less time to
open or close
 It is available in large sizes, ranging from NPS 1¹⁄₂ (DN 40) to
over NPS 200 (DN 5000)
 They have low-pressure drop and high-pressure recovery
 Provide bubble-tight service.
Disadvantages
 Throttling service is limited to low differential pressure
 Throttling is restricted to a 30- to 80-degree disc opening.
Location of valve, pipe routing, free, and closed discharge
are to be considered while using a butterfly valve in a
throttling application
 Cavitation and choked flow are two potential concerns
 The disc movement is unguided and affected by flow
turbulence
Concentric or low-pressure and low-temperature butterfly
valves, the high-performance butterfly valves, cover a wide range
of applications. These applications include:
1. Cooling water, air, gases, and other similar applications,
such as fire protection, circulating water, etc.
2. Corrosive services requiring lined valves
3. Food processing, chemical, and pharmaceutical services
4. Slurry and similar services
5. High-pressure and high-temperature water and steam

services
6. Vacuum service
 Check Valves
Check valves are designed to pass flow in one direction with

minimum resistance and to prevent reverse or backflow with minimal
leakage. Check valves are available in sizes from NPS ¹⁄₄ (DN 6)
through NPS 72 (DN 1800). Other sizes may be made available to meet
specific size requirements. Depending upon the design requirements of
a piping system, a check valve may have butt welding, socket welding,
threaded, or flanged ends.
Advantages
 Check valves are self-actuated

 Check valves require no external means to actuate the valve
either to open or close.
 Check valves are fast acting
Disadvantages
 Since all moving parts are enclosed, it is difficult to
determine whether the valve is open or closed. Furthermore,
the condition of internal parts cannot be assessed.
 Each type of check valve has limitations on its installation

configurations
 Valve disc can stick in open position.

C. Fittings
Directional changes in piping systems are typically made with
bends or welded fittings. Bends are made as either hot bends or cold
bends. Cold bending is done at temperatures below the material
transformation temperature. Depending on the material and the
amount of strain involved, annealing or stress relief may be required
after bending.
Pipe fittings are either male fittings or female fittings. In
threaded pipe fittings, female threads are on the inside while male
threads are on the outside. Pipe fittings that have one female end and
one male end are called street fittings. Pipe fittings are used to connect
pipes or tubes in two ways:
 By threading: Threaded pipes screw together to connect or join.

Generally metal pipes are threaded and they have threaded
fittings.
 By slip fit: Slip fit pipes use sleeves that slip into one another.
The plastic pipes are either threaded or slip fit.
C.1 Purpose of a Pipe Fitting

The basic purposes of any pipe fitting are as follows:
 Connecting the bores of two or more pipes or tubes.
 Connecting pipe sections.
 Connecting a pipe to a different apparatus.
 Changing the direction of fluid/liquid flow.
 Maintaining or regulating the flow.

 Closing and sealing a pipe.
C.2 Types of pipe fittings

 Pipe fittings to extend or terminate pipe runs and connect
pipes
Couplings
Adapters
Unions
Caps and Plugs
Flanges
 Fittings to change a pipe's direction

45º elbow
90º elbow
 Pipe fittings to split the fluid flow
Tees
Cross
Wyes
 Pipe fittings to change pipe size
Reducers
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
The following items should be considered by the engineer when

developing the design for a piping system:
1. Choice of materials and sizes

2. Effects of temperature level and temperature changes
a. Insulation
b. Thermal expansion
c. Freezing
3. Flexibility of the system for physical or thermal shocks
4. Adequate support and anchorage
5. Alterations in the system and the service
6. Maintenance and inspection
7. Ease of installation
8. Auxiliary or stand-by pumps and lines
9. Safety
a. Design factors
b. Relief valves and flare systems
PARTS OF PIPING LAYOUT
Identification of parts needed for design will generally give you

an outlook on what you are about to design. This will incorporate
chemical engineering principles in line with what is required as a
standard. Determining this will also set your focus on what parameter
must be firstly acquired.
This image shows a picture of several component of one part in a

piping system. But in general, fluid, pipe, valves, fittings, fasteners,
measuring devices and pump are the basic and most important parts
of piping system. This will determine what are needed in your design.
7
5 3
6
4
2
PARTS DESCRIPTION
1. Fluid Material that is being transported
Material where the fluid is being
2. Pipe
transported
3. Fittings Provides connections and turns for pipes
4. Fasteners Holds the pipes in place
5. Valves Used to control the flow
6. Pumps Apply pressure difference for fluid flow
7. Measuring Used for measuring the parameters
Devices needed
PRINCIPLES IN PIPING DESIGN
After knowing and identifying the parts, we must know

underlying principles and the method of designing the piping system.
FLUIDS
Properties and Behavior
Transportation and the storage of fluids (gases and liquids)

involve the understanding of the properties and behavior of fluids.
Flows can be classified into two major categories: (a) incompressible
and (b) compressible flow. Most liquids fall into the incompressible flow
category, while most gases are compressible in nature. A perfect fluid
can be defined as a fluid that is nonviscous and nonconducting. Fluid
flow, compressible or incompressible, can be classified by the ratio of
the inertial forces to the viscous forces. This ratio is represented by the
Reynolds number (NRe).
Dνρ
N ℜ=
μ
where, ρ is the density of the fluid, V the velocity, D the

diameter, and μ the viscosity of the fluid. At a low Reynolds number,
the flow is considered to be laminar, and at high Reynolds numbers,
the flow is considered to be turbulent.
Materials of Construction
Materials of construction will determine the required property of

the pipe that will not allow any damage in terms of corrosion, thermal
expansion and even internal and external stress.
Standards allow designers and users of materials to work with

confidence that the materials supplied will have the expected
minimum properties. A few of the organizations which generate
standards of major importance to the chemical-process industries in
the United States are listed below.
1. American National Standards Institute (ANSI), formerly

American Standards Association (ASA). ANSI promulgates the
piping codes used in the chemical-process industries.
2. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). This

society generates the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes.
3. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). This

society generates specifications for most of the materials used in
the ANSI Piping Codes and the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Codes.
4. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This

organization is engaged in generating standards for worldwide
use. It has 80 member nations.
Tables for consideration in choosing the material of construction:

PIPE
Sizing
The design engineer must specify the diameter of pipe that will
be used in given piping system, and economic factors must be
considered in determining the optimum pipe diameter.
For turbulent flow (NRe > 2100) in steel pipes
0.36 0.18
D i ,opt =3.9 qf ρ
For viscous flow (NRe < 2100) in steel pipes

0.36 0.18
D i ,opt =3.9 qf μc
where, Di.opt = optimum inside pipe diameter, in.
qf = fluid flow rate, ft3/s

ρ = fluid density, lb/ft3
μc= fluid viscosity, centipoises
Pipe Strength
Iron and steel pipes were originally classified on the basis of wall
thickness as standard, extra-strong, and double-extra-strong. Modem
industrial demands for more exact specifications have made these
three classifications obsolete. Pipes are now specified according to wall
thickness by a standard formula for schedule number as designated by
the American Standards Association.
The bursting pressure of a thin-walled cylinder may be estimated

from the following equation:
2 ST tm
Pb =
Dm
where, Pb = bursting pressures (difference between internal and external

pressures),psi
ST = tensile strength, psi
tm= minimum wall thickness, in.
Dm = mean diameter, in.
Nominal Pipe Diameter
Pipe sizes are based on the approximate diameter and are

reported as nominal pipe sizes. Although the wall thickness varies
depending on the schedule number, the outside diameter of any pipe
having a given nominal size is constant and independent of the
schedule number. This permits the use of standard fittings and
threading tools on pipes of different schedule numbers.
VALVES, FITTINGS AND FASTENERS

Valves are mechanical devices that control the flow and pressure
within a system or process. They are essential components of a piping
system that conveys liquids, gases, vapours, slurries etc. Some valves
are self-operated while others manually or with an actuator or
pneumatic or hydraulic is operated. Its functions were to slow down or
stop the flow of a fluid, to reduce or increase the flow rate of a fluid, to
control the direction of a flow and to regulate process pressure.
Pipe fittings are widely demanded for any piping and plumbing
systems used in industrial and commercial applications. Fittings allow
pipes to be joined or installed in the appropriate place and terminated
or closed where necessary. Fittings are available in various shapes and
sizes. They can be expensive, require time, and different materials and
tools to install. They are an essential part of piping and plumbing
systems. There are thousands of specialized fittings manufactured.
Each type of pipe or tube requires its own type of fitting, but usually all
pipe fittings share some common features. Pipe fittings are available
everywhere where plumbing materials are sold.
A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes

two or more objects together. In general, fasteners are used to create
non-permanent joints; that is, joints that can be removed or dismantled
without damaging the joining components. There are three major steel
fasteners used in industries: stainless steel, carbon steel, and alloy
steel. The major grade used in stainless steel fasteners: 200 series,
300 series, and 400 series. Titanium, aluminum, and various alloys are
also common materials of construction for metal fasteners. In many
cases, special coatings or plating may be applied to metal fasteners to
improve their performance characteristics by, for example, enhancing
corrosion resistance. Common coatings/platings include zinc, chrome,

and hot dip galvanizing.
Frictional Loss
Frictional effects are extremely important in flow processes. In

many cases friction may be the main cause for resistance to the flow of
a fluid through given system. Consider the common example of water
passing through a pipe. If no frictional effects were present, pipes of
very small diameters could be used for all flow rates.
Approximate equations showing the relationship between the

friction factor and the Reynolds number in the turbulent-flow region
have been developed. Two of these equations follow:
For smooth pipe or tubes,
0.046
f =
(N Re )0.2
For new iron or steel pipe,

0.04
f =
(N Re )0.16
Fanning Equation
If the linear velocity, density, and viscosity of the flowing fluid

remain constant and the pipe diameter is uniform over a total pipe
length L, the equation will give:
-Dp f 2 fV 2 L
F= =
r gc D
PUMPS/COMPRESSORS
Pump Selection
Pumps are used to transfer fluids from one location to another.

The pump accomplishes this transfer by increasing the pressure of the
fluid and, thereby, supplying the driving force necessary for flow. The
different types of pumps commonly employed in industrial operations
can be classified as
1. Reciprocating or positive-displacement pumps with valve action:

piston pumps, diaphragm pumps, plunger pumps
2. Rotary positive-displacement pumps with no valve action: gear

pumps, lobe pumps, screw pumps, eccentric-cam pumps, metering
pumps
3. Rotary centrifugal pumps with no valve action: open impeller, closed

impeller, volute pumps, turbine pumps
4. Air-displacement systems: air lifts, acid eggs or blow cases, jet

pumps, barometric legs
Many different factors can influence the final choice of a pump

for a particular operation. The following list indicates the major factors
that govern pump selection:
1. The amount of fluid that must be pumped. This factor determines

the size of pump (or pumps) necessary.
2. The properties of the fluid. The density and the viscosity of the fluid
influence the power requirement for a given set of operating
conditions; corrosive properties of the fluid determine the acceptable
materials of construction. If solid particles are suspended in the fluid,
this factor dictates the amount of clearance necessary and may
eliminate the possibility of using certain types of pumps.
3. The increase in pressure of the fluid due to the work input of the
pumps. The head change across the pump is influenced by the inlet
and downstream-reservoir pressures, the change in vertical height of

the delivery line, and frictional effects. This factor is a major item in
determining the power requirements.
4. Type of flow distribution. If nonpulsating flow is required, certain

types of pumps, such as simplex reciprocating pumps, may be
unsatisfactory. Similarly, if operation is intermittent, a self-priming
pump may be desirable, and corrosion difficulties may be increased.
5. Type of power supply. Rotary positive-displacement pumps and

centrifugal pumps are readily adaptable for use with electric-motor
or internal-combustion-engine drives; reciprocating pumps can be
used with steam or gas drives.
6. Cost and mechanical efficiency of the pump.
Power Requirements
A major factor involved in the design of pumping and piping

systems is the amount of power that is required for the particular
operation. Mechanical power must be supplied by the pump to

overcome frictional resistance, changes in elevation, changes in
internal energy, and other resistances set up in the flow system. The
various forms of energy can be related by the total energy balance or
the total mechanical-energy balance.
In differential form,
g V dV
dZ + vdP + i i = SWs - d F
gc gc
where, g = local gravitational acceleration, usually taken as 32.17 ft/s 2

gc = conversion factor in Newton’s law of motion, 32.17 ft * lbm mass/(s2 )(lbf)
Z = vertical distance above an arbitrarily chosen datum plane, ft
v = specific volume of the fluid ft3/lbm
p = absolute pressure, Ibf/ft*
I = instantaneous or point velocity, ft/s
u = internal energy, ft *Ibf/lbm
Q = heat energy imparted as such to the fluid system from an outside source, ft
*Ibf/lbm
W = shaft work, gross work input to the fluid system from an outside source, ft *Ibf/lbm
W, = mechanical work imparted to the fluid system from an outside source,* ft *lbf/lbm
F = mechanical-energy loss due to friction, ft. Ibf/lbm
To cause liquid to flow, work must be expended. A pump may

raise the liquid to a higher elevation, force it into a vessel at higher
pressure, provide the head to overcome pipe friction, or perform any
combination of these. Regardless of the service required of a pump, all
energy imparted to the liquid in performing this service must be
accounted for; consistent units for all quantities must be employed in
arriving at the work or power performed.
kW = HQρ/3.670 × 105
where kW is the pump power output, kW; H = total dynamic head, N⋅m/kg (column
of liquid); Q = capacity, m3/h; and ρ = liquid density, kg/m3.
When the total dynamic head H is expressed in pascals, then

kW = HQ/3.599 × 106
In U.S. customary units,
hp = HQs/3.960 × 103
where hp is the pump-power output, hp; H = total dynamic head, lbf⋅ft/lbm (column
of liquid); Q = capacity, U.S. gal/min; and s = liquid specific gravity.
When the total dynamic head H is expressed in pounds-force per

square inch, then
hp = HQ/1.714 × 103
The power input to a pump is greater than the power output because
of internal losses resulting from friction, leakage, etc. The efficiency of
a pump is therefore defined as
Pump efficiency = (power output)/(power input)
For Compressors:
Expressions for the theoretical power requirements of gas

compressors can be obtained from the basic equations of
thermodynamics. For an ideal gas undergoing an isothermal
compression (pv = constant), the theoretical power requirement for
any number of stages can be expressed as follows:
p2
Power = p1v1 ln
p1 or
p2
hp = 3.03 x10-5 p1q fm ln
1 p1
where, power = power requirement, ft . lbf/lbm

p1 = intake pressure, lbf/ft*
v1 = specific volume of gas at intake conditions, ft3/lbm
p2 = final delivery pressure, lbf/ft*
qfml = cubic feet of gas per minute at intake conditions
Similarly, for an ideal gas undergoing an isentropic compression

(pvk = constant), the following equations apply:
For multistage compressor, assuming equal division of work between

cylinders and intercooling of gas to original intake temperature,
MEASURING EQUIPMENT
Flow
Orifice meters, venturi meters, rotameters, and displacement

meters are used extensively in industrial operations for measuring the
rate of fluid flow. Other flow-measuring devices, such as weirs, pitot
tubes, anemometers, and wet-test meters, are also useful in industrial

operations.
where qf = flow rate, ft”/s

Cd= coefficient of discharge
Sc = cross-sectional flow area at point of minimum cross-sectional flow area,
ft’
S1= cross-sectional flow area in upstream section of duct before constriction,
ft2
gc = gravitational constant in Newton’s law of motion, 32.17 ft *Ibm/WsXlbf)
g = local gravitational acceleration, ft/(s2)
v = average specific volume of fluid, ft3/lb
p1 = static pressure in upstream section of duct before constriction, psf
pc = static pressure at point of minimum cross-sectional flow area, psf
VP = volume of plummet, ft3
SP = maximum cross-sectional area of plummet, ft2
p, = density of plummet, lb/ft3
Temperature
For most points requiring temperature monitoring, either

thermocouples or resistive thermal detectors (RTDs) can be used. Each
type of temperature transducer has its own advantages and
disadvantages, and both should be considered when temperature is to
be measured. Since there is considerable confusion in this area, a short
discussion of the two types of transducers is necessary.
Thermocouples
The various types of thermocouples provide transducers

suitable for measuring temperatures from −330 to 5000°F (−201
to 2760°C). Thermocouples function by producing a voltage

proportional to the temperature differences between two
junctions of dissimilar metals. By measuring this voltage, the
temperature difference can be determined. It is assumed that the
temperature is known at one of the junctions; therefore, the
temperature at the other junction can be determined. Since the
thermocouples produce a voltage, no external power supply is
required to the test junction.
Resistive Thermal Detectors (RTDs)
RTDs determine temperature by measuring the change in

resistance of an element due to temperature. Platinum is
generally utilized in RTDs because it remains mechanically and
electrically stable, resists contaminations, and can be highly
refined. The useful range of platinum RTDs is −454–1832°F
(−270−1000°C). Since the temperature is determined by the
resistance in the element, any type of electrical conductor can be
utilized to connect the RTD to the indicator.
DESIGN PROCEDURE
Establish the location of the pipelines: its source and destination,

required bends, the terrain over which it will pass.
1. Determine the total length of straight pipeline and all the fittings
required.
2. Establish the characteristics of the fluid to be carried, including its
density, viscosity, and amount.
3. From the piping design equations given by Peters and
Timmerhaus, calculate the time of transport
4. Calculate the pipe dimensions, of which the diameter and wall
thickness is inclusive of
5. Calculate the total head, including friction losses, potential,
kinetic, and pressure heads
6. Calculate for the net positive suction head (NPSH)
7. Calculate for the power requirement of the pump
SAMPLE PIPING DESIGN
DESIGN PROBLEM
Isopropanol amounting to 1243.52 kg/batch needs to be
transported to the leaching tank to be used as the solvent in the
process. Design a piping system of optimal aspects and dimensions.
DESIGN DESCRIPTION
Isopropanol from the isopropanol storage tank is conveyed using

a piping system to the leaching tank to be used as the solvent in the
process. A centrifugal pump provides the required head to transport
the fluid to the next process
DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS
1. The system is ideal; thus, fluid flow is incompressible and

isothermal
2. The piping system includes four (4) standard elbows, one (1)
globe valve, and one (1) centrifugal pump
3. The mass flow rate of isopropanol is 1243.52 kg/batch (Basis:
Material Balance)
4. The density of isopropanol is 785.05 kg/m3 (MSDS: Isopropanol)
5. The viscosity of isopropanol is 2.1 cp (MSDS: Isopropanol)
6. The vapor pressure of isopropanol is 4.4 kPa (MSDS: Isopropanol)
7. The total straight pipe length 49.75m (163.2215 ft)
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
1. The material of construction of pipeline is carbon steel.
(Chemical Compatibility Chart by Graco)
2. The fluid velocity recommended for water-like fluids ranges from
1.0 to 3.0 m/s. Fluid velocity of 1.0 m/s is considered (Plant
Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers by Peters and
Timmerhaus 5th Ed., Table 12-3, p.501)
3. The efficiency of centrifugal pumps is 45% at 100 gpm, 70% at
500 gpm, 80% at 10,000 gpm (Chemical Process Equipment by
Couper, p. xviii)
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
1. Time of Transport a. Friction Losses
2. Pipe Dimensions b. Potential Head
3. Total Head c. Kinetic Head
d. Pressure Head 5. Power Requirement

4. Net Positive Suction Head
(NPSH)
Chemical Engineering Department
Piping Layout
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
1. Time of Transport
In computing for the piping time, the optimum diameter equation for
turbulent flow by Timmerhaus (Chemical Engineering Design 5 th Ed.,
Equation 12-15 p. 501) and the fluid velocity formula is used. The
optimum diameter formula is,
0.45 0.13
Di ,opt =0.363 Q ρ (1)
where
Di,opt = optimum diameter
Q = volumetric flowrate
ρ = the fluid density
The fluid velocity formula is,

Q
v= (2)
A
where
v = fluid velocity
A = cross-sectional area of pipe
Q = volumetric flowrate
Elaborating equation (2),
m
ρt
v= (3)
π
A D i ,opt 2
4
By relating equations (1) and (3), the diameter variable is eliminated

and the time variable can be isolated, giving,
0.10 10
t=(9.6627 m
vρ
0.36 ) ( 4)
Subtituting know values to equation (4)

9.6627 (1243.52 kg)0.10 10
t=
1.0
m
s ((
785.05 3
min
kg
m
0.36
)( ) )
t=334.2007 s ×
60 s
t=5.5700 min
Use = 6 mins
2. Pipe Diameter
The volumetric flowrate is first calculated as,
V
Q=
t
1243.52 kg
Q=
(kg
785.05 3
m
)
334.2007 s
m3
Q=0.0047
s
Substituting know and calculated values to equation (1),
0.45 0.13
D i ,opt =0.363 Q ρ
CHE 513 – Equipment Design (Lec)

PIPING, BELT & CHAIN DRIVES AND HANDLING EQUIPMENT & MECHANICAL FRAMES 244
R.C. Macasil | M.D. Mendoza | K.J.O. Raymundo | D.J.S. Saya
3 0.45 0.13
(
D i ,opt =0.363 0.0047
m
s ) ( 785.05
kg
m
3 )
39.37∈ ¿
m
D i ,opt =0.0774 ×¿
D i ,opt =3.0472∈¿
Use: 3.5 in, Sch. 40
From Appendix A.5 of Principles of Transport Processes and Unit Operation

by Geankoplis (p.892), the standard dimensions of 3.5 in nominal pipe
are,
Inner Outer Cross-

Nominal Thickne
Diamete Diamete Sectional
Pipe Size ss (in)
r (in) r (in) Area (ft2)
3.5 in. (Sch
3.548 4.000 0.226 0.06870
40)
3. Total Head
The total head is calculated using the mechanical energy balance:
∆ v2 g ∆P
−W s=lw f + +∆ z +
2 gc gc ρ
a. Friction Losses (lwf)
To solve for the friction loss, the friction loss formula by Brown is used
(Unit Operations, Equation 63, p.136):
2
fL v
lw f =
2 gc D
where
lwf = friction losses
f = friction factor
L = equivalent length of pipe
V = fluid velocity
D = internal diameter of pipe

The friction factor is calculated using the Colebrook-White Equation:

1 ε 2.52
√f
=−2 log
(
3.7 D
+
N ℜ √f )
where
f = friction factor
ε = roughness (0.00015m for commercial steel pipes)
NRe = Reynold’s number
D = pipe diameter
Calculating for the Reynold’s number (Principles of Transport Processes

and Unit Operations by Geankoplis, Equation 2.5-1, p.49),
Dvρ
N ℜ=
μ
39.37∈¿
1m
3.548∈× ¿
¿
m kg
( 1.00
s )( 785.05 3
m )
¿
N ℜ=¿
N ℜ=33689.6283
Substituting know values to the Colebrook-White Equation,

m
3.548∈×
39.37∈¿
0.00015 m
¿
¿ + 2.52
(¿ )
3.7 (33689.6283) √ f
¿
1
=−2 log ¿
√f
f =0.027
The equivalent length (L) of the piping system is calculated using

Figure 127 of Unit Operations by Brown (p. 141)
3.28084 ft
L=Lstraight pipe + L globe valve + 4 Lstd .elbow (
L= 49.75 m×
m )
+100 ft+ 4 (10 ft )
L=303.2218 ft
Substituting known and calculated values to the friction loss formula,

2
fL v
lw f =
2 gc D
12∈¿
1 ft
3.548∈× ¿
¿
lb−ft
(
2 32.2
lb f −s 2
¿
) 2
m 1 ft
lw f =
( 0.027 )( 303.2218 ft ) 1.0 ( ×
s 0.3048 m )
¿
ft−lb f
lw f =4.6273
lb m
b. Potential Head

The potential head is calculated using the elevation in the piping

system,
ft
32.2
g 1 ft s2
∆ z = 2.00 m×
gc (0.3048 m
×
32.2
lb−ft)
lbf −s 2
g ft−lb f
∆z =6.5617
gc lb m
c. Kinetic Head
The kinetic head is calculated as follows,
2
m 1 ft
∆ v2
=
( 1.00 ×
s 0.3048 m ) −0
2 gc lb−ft
2× 32.2
lbf −s 2
∆ v2 ft−lb f
=0.1671
2 gc lb m
d. Pressure Head
Since the inlet and outlet of the piping system are both at atmospheric
pressure,
∆P
=0
ρ
Substituting the calculated values in the Mechanical Energy Balance,
∆ v2 g ∆P ft −lb f
−W s=lwf + +∆ z + −W s=(4.6273+ 6.5617+0.1671+0)
2 gc gc ρ lbm
ft −lb f 1J 2.2046 lb m J
−W s=11.3561 × × −W s=18.4653
lbm 1.35582 ft −lb f kg kg
4. Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

The net head at the suction of the pump must exceed a certain value
in order to prevent formation of vapor and resulting to the cavitation of
the metal. The minimum head is called the net positive suction head
and is calculated using equation 7.13 from Walas (Chemical Process
Equipment, pp. 133)
NPSH= ρ ( W s ) −P vapor
where
Ws = total head
Pvapor = vapor pressure of liquid
Substituting the known values,

kg J 1 Nm 1 Pa
(
NPSH= 785.05 3 18.4653 ×
m )(
kg 1J
×
1N
)
−( 4,400 Pa )
m2
m3
NPSH=10,096.1838 Pa× =12.8606 J /kg
785.05 kg
Use: 13 J/kg
5. Power Requirement
The theoretical power requirement is calculated based on the mass
flowrate and the total head:
Ptheoretical =ḿW s
Ptheoretical = ( 1243.52 kg
334.2007 s )( J
18.4653 )
kg
Ptheoretical =68.7071W
Considering a pump efficiency of 45%,

Ptheoretical
Pactual =
0.45
68.7071 W
Pactual =
0.45
hp
Pactual =152.6825W ×
745.7 W

Pactual =0.2048 hp
Use = 0.25 hp
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
PIPING SYSTEM 1
OPERATING DATA
Piping Connection Isopropanol Storage Tank to Leaching Tank
Function Feeds isopropanol to the leaching tank
Materials Handled Isopropanol
Conveying Time 6 minutes
PIPE DATA
Material of
Carbon Steel
Construction:
Nominal Diameter 3.5 in., Sch 40
Outside Diameter 4.000 in
Inside Diameter 3.548 in
Wall Thickness 0.226 in.
Total Head 18.50 J/kg
NPSH 13 J/kg
Power Requirement 0.25 hp
AUXILIARIES
4 standard elbow, 1 globe valve, 1 centrifugal pump


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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

University of the City of Manila

Codes and Standards

Components of Piping System

Methods of Joining Pipes

Classification Based on Mechanical Motion

Selected Types of Valves

Purpose of a Pipe Fitting

Types of pipe fittings

Design of Piping Systems

Parts of Piping Layout

Principle in Piping Design

Nominal Pipe Diameter

Valves, Fittings and Fasteners

Pumps and Compressors

Sample Design for Piping System

To design a piping system for a given set of conditions

 To determine the codes and standards use for piping system

 To enumerate and describe the components of piping systems

 To identify and briefly discuss the parts of a piping system

 To determine design consideration of an engineer in an piping

 To enumerate and identify several underlying principles in an

 To design a water and steam piping system

Piping systems are like arteries and

The fire protection piping networks in residential, commercial,

and wastewater piping systems transport large quantities of water

The design, construction, operation, and maintenance of various

Piping includes pipe, flanges, fittings, bolting, gaskets, valves,

Piping System Layout

There are certain general principles that should be adhered to in

 Wherever possible, pipe lines should be run in straight lines with

 When a pipe makes a right-angled turn, it is good practice to use

 For screwed fittings, pipe should be carefully cut to the proper

 Special fabricated fittings such as expansion bends and coiled

 In all piping systems, valves should be installed in such a

Pipes vs. Tubes

Pipe Size Specified in

Color Coding of Pipeline and Piping Identification

Without proper pipe color code, it is extremely difficult to identify

One of the standards used for uniform color coding in industries

Codes and Standards

Units: Pipe and Tubing Sizes and Ratings

The ASME B31 code prescribes minimum requirements for

The code also excludes piping systems designed for internal

However, the use of published standards does not eliminate the

Components of Piping System

The piping system consists of three (3) major components such

Pipes are divided into two main categories: seamless and

 Seamless pipes can perform well in harsh conditions,

A.2 Methods of Joining Pipes

designs that permit rotation about an axis perpendicular to the

 minimum installed cost

 maintains its integrity throughout the lifetime of the facility

 provides restraint against axial thrust due to internal pressure

 provides strength against external loads equal to that of the

 permits unrestricted flow with minimum pressure drop

 free from crevices that may be detrimental to the product or

equal to the original pipe (except for work-hardened pipes which

Socket-welded joints are not as

Principal use of threaded joints

B.1 Classification Based on Mechanical Motion

 Quarter Turn Valves

The table provided summarizes the classification of valves based