TABLE OF DATA

Brass Cylinder: OD = 20mm, L = 100mm Brass Sphere: Diameter =

45mm
Recorded time, s Cylinder Sphere
T1, specimen T2, specimen T1, specimen T2, specimen
temperature (for temperature (for temperature (for temperature (for
heating), cooling), heating), cooling),

O
C O
C O
C O
C
0 26.1 63.9 25.1 63.5
30 51.1 44.3 42.5 50.5
60 60.5 35.0 54.2 41.2
90 62.8 31.5 59.3 35.7
120 63.5 29.7 61.6 32.7
150 63.8 29.0 62.7 31.0
180 63.9 28.5 63.3 29.9
210 63.9 28.2 63.5 29.1
240 63.9 28.1 63.5 28.7
270 63.9 28.1 63.5 28.3
300 63.9 28.1 63.5 28.3
330 63.9 28.1 63.5 28.3
Table 1: T1 and T2 values for both Cylinder and Sphere for Brass material

Stainless Steel diameter = 45 mm

Recorded time, Cylinder Sphere
s
T1, specimen T2, specimen T1, specimen T2, specimen
temperature (for temperature (for temperature (for temperature (for
heating), cooling), heating), cooling),

O
C O
C O
C O
C
0 24.1 62.6 24.3 63.6
30 40.3 49.4 31.8 57.7
60 53.2 38.6 45.7 47.2
90 58.2 33.8 53.8 40.3
120 60.1 31.5 58.1 36.0
150 61.1 30.2 60.4 33.4
180 61.6 29.5 61.8 31.6
210 62.0 29.2 62.6 30.5
240 62.2 28.9 63.1 29.7
270 62.5 28.7 63.4 29.2
300 62.6 28.6 63.4 28.9
330 62.6 28.6 63.4 28.9
Table 2: T1 and T2 values for both Cylinder and Sphere for Stainless Steel material
 I. Brass

Recorded Cylinder
time, s
T1, specimen Biot Number T2, specimen Biot Number
temperature (for temperature (for
heating), OC cooling), OC

0 26.1 - 63.9 -
30 51.1 0.6832 44.3 0.5003
60 60.5 1.5195 35.0 0.2123
90 62.8 2.2315 31.5 1.4853
120 63.5 2.8697 29.7 1.9083
150 63.8 3.7442 29.0 2.3238
180 63.9 - 28.5 2.8356
210 63.9 - 28.2 3.7107
240 63.9 - 28.1 -
270 63.9 - 28.1 -
300 63.9 - 28.1 -
330 63.9 - 28.1 -
Table 3: Biot number for T1 and T2 of Stainless Steel Cylinder

Recorded Sphere
time, s
T1, specimen Biot Number T2, specimen Biot Number
temperature (for temperature (for
heating), OC cooling), OC

0 25.1 0 63.5 -
30 42.5 0.2531 50.5 0.1933326
60 54.2 0.5947 41.2 0.42099456
90 59.3 0.9281 35.7 0.65410603
120 61.6 1.2609 32.7 0.87215711
150 62.7 1.6237 31.0 1.07955183
180 63.3 2.205 29.9 1.29953576
210 63.5 - 29.1 1.59094863
240 63.5 - 28.7 1.8823615
270 63.5 - 28.3 -
300 63.5 - 28.3 -
330 63.5 - 28.3 -
Table 4: Biot number for T1 and T2 of Stainless Steel Sphere
 II. Stainless Steel

Recorded Cylinder
time, s
T1, specimen Biot Number T2, specimen Biot Number
temperature (for temperature (for
heating), OC cooling), OC

0 24.1 - 62.6 -
30 40.3 3.27527552 49.4 2.94740688
60 53.2 8.45671207 38.6 7.34006673
90 58.2 13.009739 33.8 11.2622438
120 60.1 16.4004273 31.5 14.7646972
150 61.1 19.4643017 30.2 18.3316832
180 61.6 21.8962356 29.5 21.7826524
210 62.0 24.9601099 29.2 24.2145863
240 62.2 27.3920438 28.9 28.3720047
270 62.5 35.7068807 28.7 34.9613571
300 62.6 - 28.6 -
330 62.6 - 28.6 -
Table 4: Biot number for T1 and T2 of Brass of Cylinder

Recorded Sphere
time, s
T1, specimen Biot Number T2, specimen Biot Number
temperature (for temperature (for
heating), OC cooling), OC

0 24.3 - 63.6 -
30 31.8 0.851202349 57.7 0.744880481
60 45.7 3.167778682 47.2 2.557374482
90 53.8 5.613091583 40.3 4.449060676
120 58.1 7.987478344 36.0 6.341669624
150 60.4 10.26209537 33.4 8.164327995
180 61.8 12.77458473 31.6 10.2060497
210 62.6 15.54502846 30.5 12.29742305
240 63.1 19.46531022 29.7 15.06786678
270 63.4 - 29.2 18.98814854
300 63.4 - 28.9 -
330 63.4 - 28.9 -
Table 5: Biot number for T1 and T2 of Brass Sphere
SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS

(Example taken from Table 1, Specimen: OD 20mm Brass Cylinder at first 30 seconds for
T1):

For Brass Cylinder (d = 0.02 m)

Cp = 385 J/kg.K
k = 121 W/m.K
Density = 7.93 X103 kg/m3

A = 2ɳrl
=2ɳ (0.01) (0.1)
= 6.283 X10-3 m2

V = ɳr2l
= ɳ (0.01)2 (0.1)
= 3.142 X10-5 m3

For heating, at T=30s,

𝑇−𝑇∞
∅=
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞
51.1 – 63.9
=
26.1−63.9

= 0.3386
ℎ𝐴𝑠
ln ∅ = −
𝑝𝑉𝐶𝑝

ln ∅𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
ℎ𝑐 = −
𝐴𝑠

ln(0.3386)(7.93𝑥 103 )(3.142𝑥10−5 )(385)

=−
6.283𝑥10−3

= 16533.917 W/ (m2. K)

ℎ𝐿𝑐 𝑟
𝐵𝑖 = ; 𝐿𝑐 =
𝑘 2

16533.917 (0.01/2)
=
121
= 0.683

‫ ؞‬Biot number for brass cylinder is 0.683 > 0.1

(Example taken from Table 1, Specimen: OD 20mm Brass Sphere at first 30 seconds for T1):

For Brass Sphere (d = 0.02 m)

Cp = 385 J/kg.K
k = 121 W/m.K
Density = 7.93 X103 kg/m3

𝐴 = 4ɳ𝑟 2
= (4)(ɳ)(0.012 )
= 1.257 x 10^-3 m3
4
𝑉= ɳ𝑟 3
3
4
= (3)(ɳ)(0.013 )
= 4.1889 x10^-6 m2

For heating, at T=30s,

𝑇−𝑇∞
∅=
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞
42.5−63.5
=
25.1−63.5

= 0.5469
ℎ𝐴𝑠
ln ∅ = −
𝑝𝑉𝐶𝑝

ln ∅𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
ℎ𝑐 = −
𝐴𝑠

ln(0.5469)(7.93𝑥 103 )(4.1889 x10^−6 )(385)

=−
1.257 x 10^−3

= 6125.7499 W/ (m2. K)

ℎ𝐿𝑐 𝑟
𝐵𝑖 = ; 𝐿𝑐 =
𝑘 2

6125.7499 (0.01/2)
=
121
= 0.2531

‫ ؞‬Biot number for brass cylinder is 0.2531 > 0.1

 (Example taken from Table 2, Specimen: OD 20mm Stainless Steel Cylinder at first 30
seconds for T1):

For Stainless Steel Cylinder (d = 0.02 m)

Cp = 460 J/kg.K
k = 16.3 W/m.K
Density = 8.5 X103 kg/m3

A = 2ɳrl
=2ɳ (0.01) (0.1)
= 6.283 X10-3 m2

V = ɳr2l
= ɳ (0.01)2 (0.1)
= 3.142 X10-5 m3

For heating, at T=30s,

𝑇−𝑇∞
∅=
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞
40.3 – 62.6
=
24.1−62.6

= 0.5792

ℎ𝐴𝑠
ln ∅ = −
𝑝𝑉𝐶𝑝

ln ∅𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
ℎ𝑐 = −
𝐴𝑠

ln(0.5792)(8.5 X103 )(3.142𝑥10−5 )(460 )

=−
6.283𝑥10−3

= 10678.10 W/ (m2. K)

ℎ𝐿𝑐 𝑟
𝐵𝑖 = ; 𝐿𝑐 =
𝑘 2

10678.10 (0.01/2)
=
16.3
= 3.2755

‫ ؞‬Biot number for stainless steel is 3.2755 > 0.1

(Example taken from Table 2, Specimen: OD 20mm Stainless Steel Sphere at first 30 seconds
for T1):

For Stainless Steel Cylinder (d = 0.02 m)

Cp = 460 J/kg.K
k = 16.3 W/m.K
Density = 8.5 X103 kg/m3

𝐴 = 4ɳ𝑟 2
= (4)(ɳ)(0.012 )
= 1.257 x 10^-3 m3
4
𝑉= ɳ𝑟 3
3
4
= (3)(ɳ)(0.013 )
= 4.1889 x10^-6 m2

For heating, at T=30s,

𝑇−𝑇∞
∅=
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇∞
31.8−63.4
=
24.3−63.4

= 0.8082

ℎ𝐴𝑠
ln ∅ = −
𝑝𝑉𝐶𝑝

ln ∅𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
ℎ𝑐 = −
𝐴𝑠
ln(0.8082)(8.5 X103 )(4.1889 x10^−6 )(460 )
=−
1.257 x 10^−3

= 2774.92 W/ (m2. K)

ℎ𝐿𝑐 𝑟
𝐵𝑖 = ; 𝐿𝑐 =
𝑘 2

2774.92 (0.01/2)
=
16.3
= 0.851

‫ ؞‬Biot number for stainless steel is 0.851 > 0.1

ANALYSIS

(EXPERIMENT 1: HEATING)

Graph Temperature vs Time for Heating Up

70

60
Temperature (⁰C)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Time (s)

Brass Cylinder Brass Sphere Stainless Steel Cylinder Stainless Steel Sphere

Graph 1: Temperature vs Time for Heating Up

(EXPERIMENT 2: COOLING)

Graph Temperature vs Time for Cooling Down

70

60
Temperature (⁰C)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Time (s)

Brass Cylinder Brass Sphere Stainless Steel Cylinder Stainless Steel Sphere

Graph 2: Temperature vs Time for Cooling Down