‫» ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺯﻫﮑﺸﻲ«‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﭼﻤﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻫﻮﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺁﺏ‬

‫‪ ۱۲‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۱۴‬ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ‪۱۳۸۵‬‬

‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ)‪ (RS‬ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ) ‪ (GIS‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺁﺑﺨﻴﺰ ﺗﻨﮓ ﮐﻨﺸﺖ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲﺍﺻﻐﺮﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪E-mail: haasgharzade@yahoo.com‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺧﻮﺯﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲﻧﮋﺍﺩ‬
‫‪E-mail: sanaei_h@yahoo.co.uk‬‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‬

‫ﭼﮑﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺧﻴﺮﺍﹰ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻦﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻮﺍﺭﻩﺍﻱ ‪ ، Landsat 7 ETM+‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺭﮔﺮﻳﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻴﮑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﭗ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﭗ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ‪ ۰/۶‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﺍﺩ)‪ .(r۲=۰/۹۹۶‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻦﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎﹰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻮﺿﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪ :‬ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺟﺰ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺸﮏ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺧﺸﮏ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺸﮑﻲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﺮﻩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺧﺸﮑﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۹۴‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﮐﻞ ﺁﺏ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﺏ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺁﺏ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻼﻥ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﻳﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ) ﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪ .(۲۰۰۳ ،١‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ)ﮐﺎﺳﺘﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭﻣﻦ ‪ ،(۱۹۹۶ ،٢‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺑﻨﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ)ﻣﺎﻳﮑﻞ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻴﺎﻧﺴﻦ ‪ (۲۰۰۰ ،٣‬ﻭ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻼﻳﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ)ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺧﺸﮑﺴﺎﻟﻲ( ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ)ﺁﮔﺎﻭﺍ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪ .(۱۹۹۹ ،٤‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﺣﺘﻲﺍﻻﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱﻫﺎ)ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ( ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺿﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ)ﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻴﻮﻧﺰ ‪ ۲۰۰۲ ،٥‬؛ ﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻴﻮﻧﺰ‪.(۱۹۹۸ ،‬‬
‫ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎﹰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻲ)ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ( ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺁﻟﺒﻴﺪﻭ ﻭ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ)ﮐﺎﺳﺘﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭﻣﻦ‪.(۱۹۹۶ ،‬‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺁﺑﺨﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﺭﮔﺮﻳﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﮏ‬
‫‪٦‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﻮﺿﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺁﺑﺨﻴﺰ ﺗﻨﮓ ﻛﻨﺸﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺳﻌﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ١٤٣٤٨‬ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ "‪ ۴۵˚ ۱۵' ۱۷‬ﺗﺎ "‪ ۴۷˚ ۵' ۵۰‬ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ "‪ ۳۴˚ ۲۳' ۲‬ﺗﺎ "‪ ۳۴˚ ۳۰' ۲۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﭘﺴﺖﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ١٤٠٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٣٣٠٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞ)‪ (۱‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Li et al., 2003‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Kustas and Norman, 1996‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Michael and Bastiaanssen, 2000‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Ogawa et al, 1999‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪Li and Lyons, 2002‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪Pixels‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻨﮓﮐﻨﺸﺖ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ)‪ :(١‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﮐﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﭘﺘﻴﮏ‬
‫ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻗﻮﻣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ۱/۵۰۰۰۰‬ﻭ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻮﺍﺭﻩﺍﻱ ‪ Landsat 7‬ﺳﻨﺠﻨﺪﻩ ‪ ETM+‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺮﻣﺎﻩ ‪ ۱۳۸۰‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞ)‪ (۲‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﮐﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻴﭗ ‪ ۱‬ﺗﺎ ﺗﻴﭗ ‪ ۱۰‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ)‪ :(۲‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺗﻨﮓ ﮐﻨﺸﺖ‬

 ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪-‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﺭﮔﺮﻳﻮﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﻧﻮ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭ)‪ ١ (۱۹۹۷‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﺭﮔﺮﻳﻮﺯ‬
‫)‪ETR=0.0135*RS↓(Tmean+17.8‬‬ ‫)‪(۱‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ ETR‬ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪-‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ)ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯ( ‪ Tmean ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍ)ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ( ﻭ ↓‪ RS‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﻮﺝ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺻﺮﻑ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Rn= ET+ G + H‬‬ ‫)‪(۲‬‬
‫‪ Rn‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ET ،‬ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪-‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ‪ H ،‬ﺷﺪﺕ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ‪ G‬ﺷﺪﺕ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺻﺮﻑ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻴﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻫﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (۲‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻮﺍﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫↑‪Rn= RS↓- RS↑+ RL↓- RL‬‬ ‫)‪(۳‬‬
‫↑‪ RS‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﻮﺝ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﻭﻥ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪ RL↓ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ RL↑ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﻮﺝ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ)ﻣﻨﻌﮑﺲ ﺷﺪﻩ( ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫↓‪RS↑= α RS‬‬ ‫)‪(۴‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ α‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺁﻟﺒﻴﺪﻭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺁﻟﺒﻴﺪﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖﺗﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻮﺍﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻧﻠﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ)‪ ٣ (۲۰۰۲‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪ Landsat 7 ETM+‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ‬
‫‪α = 0.356 α 1 + 0.13 α 3 + 0.373 α 4 + 0.085 α 5 + 0.072 α 7 - 0.0018‬‬ ‫)‪(۵‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ α 5 ، α 4 ، α 3 ، α 1‬ﻭ ‪ α 7‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ‪ ۵ ،۴ ، ۳ ،۱‬ﻭ‪ ۷‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻮﺍﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪RL↓= ε a σ T4‬‬ ‫)‪(۶‬‬
‫‪ed‬‬
‫‪ε a =1.24( )1/7‬‬ ‫)‪(۷‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪ ε a‬ﭘﺨﺸﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻱ‪ σ ،‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﻥ‪ -‬ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﻦ)‪ T ،(5.67*10-8W/m2k4‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ)ﮐﻠﻮﻳﻦ( ﻭ ‪ ed‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ)ﻣﻴﻠﻲﺑﺎﺭ(‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪RL↑= ε S σ TS‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫)‪(۸‬‬
‫‪ = ε S‬ﭘﺨﺸﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪Stefano and Ferro(1997‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Albedo‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪Shunlin et al.(2002‬‬
‫ﭼﻦ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ)‪ ١ (۲۰۰۱‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ε S‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻔﺎﻟﺖ ﻭﺷﻦ ‪ ،۰/۹۶‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪ ۰/۹۷‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺁﺑﻲ ‪۰/۹۸‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺷﺰ ﻭ ﺗﺎﻧﺮ)‪ ٢ ( ۱۹۶۶‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ε S‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ‪، ۰/۹۸۵‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻮﻧﺠﻪ ‪ ۰/۹۸‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻨﺪﻡ ‪ ۰/۹۴‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﻧﻮ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭ)‪ (۱۹۹۷‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ε S‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ۰/۹۸‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ)‪ (Ts‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ)‪ (۲۰۰۱‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ‪ ۶‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺪﺕ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻙ)‪ (G‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻋﻤﻖ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﺕ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺟﻴﻨﺎﺗﻮ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ)‪ ٤ (۱۹۸۵‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﮎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫‪G=(0.1-0.042h)Rn‬‬ ‫)‪(۹‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ ،h :‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ)ﻣﺘﺮ( ﻭ ‪ ، Rn‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ)ﻭﺍﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ) ‪ (H‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪ρCp (Ts − T‬‬
‫=‪H‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۰‬‬
‫‪ra‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = ρCp‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ)ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ۱۲۰۰‬ﮊﻭﻝ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﮐﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‪ ra ،TS ،‬ﻭ ‪ T‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ)ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺁﻳﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﻲ)ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ( ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ)ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺁﻳﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﮊﺍﻧﮓ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ)‪ ٥ ( ۱۹۹۵‬ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Z−d ‬‬ ‫‪  Z − d ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ln ‬‬ ‫‪ − ψ sh  ln ‬‬ ‫‪ − ψ sm ‬‬
‫‪ Zoh ‬‬ ‫‪   Z om ‬‬
‫‪rah= ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۱‬‬
‫)‪k u ( z‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ Zoh‬ﻭ ‪ Zom‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺯﺑﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻣﻨﺘﻢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ)ﻣﺘﺮ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ k ، Z ، d‬ﻭ‪ u‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﻔﺮ)ﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ)ﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻥ‪ -‬ﮐﺎﺭﻣﻦ)‪ (۰/۴‬ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﺩ)ﻣﺘﺮﺑﺮﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ψ sh .‬ﻭ ‪ ψ sm‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻣﻨﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﮊﺍﻧﮓ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ)‪ (۱۹۹۵‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ d‬ﻭ ‪ Z oh‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪d = 0.63h‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۲‬‬
‫‪Zoh = 0.05h‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۳‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﻮﻕ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪Chen et al.(2001‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪Fuchs and Tanner(1966‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪USGS(2001‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫)‪Reginato et al.(1985‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫)‪Zhang et al.(1995‬‬
 ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻭ ﺑﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻼﹰ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻮﺍﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﺭﮔﺮﻳﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫‪ ETC ) ETC = K C × ETR‬ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ ETR ،‬ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻭ ‪ KC‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻴﮑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﭗ ﻳﮏ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﭗ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ‪ ١‬ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ )) ‪ (F (kc‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞ)‪ (۳‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ ۱۰‬ﺗﻴﭗ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ)‪ :(۳‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻩ ﺗﻴﭗ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ‬

‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ) ) ‪ ۰/۷ ، ۰/۶ ، ۰/۵ ، ۰/۴ ( F (kc‬ﻭ ‪ ۰/۸‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ‪ kC , F‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ‪ kC‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺧﻄﺎ)‪ (MSE‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑ (K‬‬ ‫‪ETH ,i − ETB,i ) Ai‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫= ‪MSE KC‬‬ ‫)‪(۱۴‬‬

‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪CF , i‬‬

‫‪∑A‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ kCF ,i :‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ) ‪ F (kc‬ﻫﺎ‪ ETH ,i ،‬ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﺭﮔﺮﻳﻮﺯ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ETB,i‬ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ‪ Ai‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﭗ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ) ‪ F (kc‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ (۴‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ‪ F (kc ) =۰/۶‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ F (kc ) =۰/۶‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﭗ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ)‪ (۲‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﻩ ﺗﻴﭗ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Cumulative Frequency Distribution‬‬
 ‫‪1800‬‬

‫‪1600‬‬

‫‪1400‬‬

‫‪1200‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺧﻄﺎ )‪(MSE‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬

‫‪800‬‬

‫‪600‬‬

‫‪400‬‬

‫‪200‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪0.6‬‬ ‫‪0.7‬‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ‪F(Kc)،‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪ - ۴‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪ - ۲‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺗﻨﮓ ﮐﻨﺸﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻴﭗ ‪۱۰‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﭗ ‪۹‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﭗ ‪۸‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﭗ ‪۷‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﭗ ‪۶‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﭗ ‪۵‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﭗ ‪۴‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﭗ ‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﭗ‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﭗ ‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

‫‪۱/۲۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۰/۹۷۸‬‬ ‫‪۰/۹۶۱‬‬ ‫‪۰/۸۸۳‬‬ ‫‪۰/۹۳۵‬‬ ‫‪۰/۷۸۶‬‬ ‫‪۰/۸۷۱‬‬ ‫‪۰/۸۱۴‬‬ ‫‪۰/۸۶‬‬ ‫‪۱/۰۳۲‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

‫ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮﺏ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ F (kc ) =۰/۶‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮ ﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ)ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ( ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ)ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻮﺍﺭﻩﺍﻱ( ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﺭﮔﺮﻳﻮﺯ)ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ( ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ)‪ .(r۲=۰/۹۹۶‬ﺷﮑﻞﻫﺎﻱ)‪-۵‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻭ )‪-۵‬ﺏ( ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ)‪ :(۵‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺗﻨﮓ ﮐﻨﺸﺖ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻒ ( ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﺭﮔﺮﻳﻮﺯ ﺏ ( ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ)ﻭﺍﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﮎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﻧﻮ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭ)‪(۱۹۹۷‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﺭﮔﺮﻳﻮﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ Landsat TM‬ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﮕﺮ)‪ ١ (۲۰۰۰‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻮﺍﺭﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫‪ Landsat TM‬ﻭ ‪ NOAA-AVHRR‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ Landsat TM‬ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ)ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ‪.(۰/۳‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﺎﻓﻴﻆ ﻭﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ)‪ ٢ (۲۰۰۲‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۳‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﭘﻨﻤﻦ‪ -‬ﻣﺎﻧﺘﻴﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺘﻚ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻴﮑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﮐﺎﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﮔﺮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﮔﺮﺯ)‪ ٣ (۲۰۰۰‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫‪)SEBAL‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ( ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻳﻨﻴﻮ)‪ ٤ (۲۰۰۳‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ)ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ( ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻣﺪﺕ)ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺯﻩ( ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺻﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺑﺮ ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮـ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮐﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻦﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎﹰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺭﮔﺮﻳﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻮﺍﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ)ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻲ(ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﮐﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﮑﺮ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺩﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺯﻫﮑﺸﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺖ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺧﻮﺯﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﺸﮑﺮ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬

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