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*A few SCR drives that are large in relation to the power system.
For instance, if there are one or two drives whose loads amount
to about 40% of the transforTner KVA f eeding them the commutating
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::8Esdrives that draw tnore load. than the other equipmenc on the
satne low-voltage line.
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Spikes can be reduced by the correct amount of . inductance or by
shunt suppressors (choppers) near the sensitive equipment. Should
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An interesting phenomenon `is that, in actual practice, the
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consequences .
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Using other capacitor kvAR/transformer kvA ratios, the following
frequencies are obtained:
30% ratio. f = 400 to 450 Hz
40% ratio. f = 350 to 400 Hz
The resonant frequency of electrical systems is likely to
decrease as solidscate rectif ication devices become more
economical and proliferate on smaller, weaker systems. It is
important f or the electrical consultant to be alert against
harmonics when small 240/480 V and 240/208 V .transforTner feed SCR
loads .
The second criterion needed foi a harmonic problem to exist is
having an excitation frequency. matching the circuit's natural
fre.quency. And, not only is the rate of .excitation important., but
also t.he amplitude, which must be large enough to exceed circuit
losses. To deterTnine an electrical system`s high frequency
excitation, an investigation should be made of the loads,
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noted that usually the 5th. 7th. llth and 13tb harTnonics
affected. These harmonies have frequencies of 300, 420, 660
720 Hz respectively and are the primary problem frequencies.
9th harmonic is absorbed by delta connected equipment. In
experience, there is little chance of harmonic problems if
sy-st.em resonates at 660 liz (llth harmonic) or higher.
With oversimplif ication, the rectif ier will create square waves
of current on the 60Hz system. The amplitude of each harmonic is
related to the inverse of the frequency ( i.e. the 5th is
greatest. 7th less, and so on up through even higher values than
those mentioned, but those values are ln such small degree that
they are usually negligible) .
If the generated harmonies coincide with any resonances in the
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units should be considered as a current generator for the
harmonics' ) .
CAPACITOR LEVEL
The electrical consultant has some options if he f inds conditions
are favorable for oscillations. One-the most direct-is to limit
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is to start with a minimum amount of capacitors to avoid circuit
resonance ( see Fig. 3 ) and then gradually increase the amount
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amount of capacitance. This may be practical if a system is
static-but in a changing system, to-day's solution may not be
tomorrow ' s .
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loads and switched on and of f the line 'with them.
ioRTCI.USIOH
Resonance and spikes may become more common as reccif ication
loads increase in use. .The effects of spikes can be mitigated as
discussed. Resonance problems can be overcome by judicious
::i:E:i°:9a:£str£:::i:t:?r Capacitors and traps. Costs must be
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