Natural resources were generally used extensively by the construction sector and it has created

significant quantity of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes. C & D waste is the largest
volume of all solid wastes.

C&D Waste was generally described as a mixture of inert and non-inert materials produced by
construction, excavation, maintenance, refrigeration, demolition, road work and other
construction related activities. Inert materials can be composed of soft and extraordinary
materials such as soil, earth, slurry or hard rocks and broken concrete. Non-inert materials
include metals, wood, plastic and packaging waste.

The negative environmental effects of C&D debris started by dumping them into forests,
streams, ravines and empty land that has resulted and caused erosion; contaminates wells, water
tables and surface waters. They also attracted pests and had a potential to create fire.

In many countries all the large quantities of construction have mainly increased the failure to
increase waste strain landfill capacities and resulting in environmental concerns. It can also be
pointed out that in order to eliminate construction waste, the amount of materials such as
asbestos, heavy metals, persistent organic compounds and volatile organic compounds are very
difficult to eliminate such dangerous elements. These waste threatens human health and natural /
artificial environment with different effects. The overall effects of C and D waste do not only
affect environmental but also affect the economic stability of the country, because the fact is that
the construction sector was a foundation and a major variable that was related to other fields.The
interest in the management of construction and demolition wastes (C&D wastes) is due to the
increment of waste production the past decade. Since then, C&D management has emerged as a
basic environmental problem, not only because of its hazardous nature, but to implement the
treatments of those aerial traits, which are in an uncontrolled way. In this situation, the number
of illegal dumping places increases, the number of illegal dumping increases and creates social
opposition to environmental eradication due to the destruction process.
For this reason, in recent years, various models for C & D waste management are trying to
sustain sustainable development and destruction with economic development with sustainable
construction and demolition projects.In fact, the success of sustainable waste management was
found to be the most important and effective effect of health and safety. Indeed, environmental
activities must be expressed due to construction activities. Thus, in recent years, the concept
which is known as the extension producer responsibility is designed to create a wide range of
sustainable construction and improve the effectiveness of waste management.

Therefore, the availability of effective regulation and economic incentives determines the
amount of waste reutilized and reduces the level of C&D waste. Specifically, recent studies have
identified the main success factors for managing C&D waste: waste management regulations,
waste management systems, awareness of C&D waste management, low-waste building
technologies, fewer design charges, R&D in waste management, and vocational training in waste
management. Indeed, the existence of strong market demand for recycled C&D materials is
essential. The highest recovery rates are found in those regions with a strong demand and high
use of recycled products. All these factors can be implemented in an Environmental Management
System (EMS). An EMS is a system and database that provides execution and implementation of
personnel training, monitoring, summary, and reporting of specific environmental performance
information to the internal and external recipients. In an effective way, this system's development
can transform companies into new ways, especially in countries where C & D waste has low
recycling rates. If all the participants involved in the 3R process have successfully integrated the
EMS, a global environmental culture has been obtained in the treatment of C & D waste.

It has been estimated that there is more than ten times more waste in the construction phase in
the construction and maintenance operations. Classification of waste during these stages was
difficult because they were complicated. Factors such as design defects, erroneous designation
data, detail deficiencies, production preference defects, and lack of communication between
designers, lack of information during the design phase (management, preliminary works, pre-
designing, application/detail design) may all result in wastage during production, usage and
demolition stages.

During the construction phase, wastage is caused by many factors, including unused material,
waste material, surplus strips or nails, construction materials or packages of its components.
Additional concrete materials due to fracture or deformation due to construction materials and
components of the ingredients on unsafe storage or construction materials, necessary random
errors. Due to production errors, Inappropriate goods, Bad weather conditions, Disposal material
and erroneous measurements. Depending on the construction phase, waste level construction
system depends on the project and variety of construction materials and components. Due to
renovations and refurbishments for reasons such as deterioration, corruption, alteration of needs,
or fashion, many construction materials and components are changed and the old materials
become wastes.
References:

 Hakan Arslan, Nilay Coş gun and Burcu Salgın (2012). Construction and Demolition
Waste Management in Turkey, Waste Management - An Integrated Vision, Dr. Luis
Fernando Marmolejo Rebellon (Ed.), InTech, DOI: 10.5772/46110. Available from:
https://www.intechopen.com/books/waste-management-an-integrated-
vision/construction-and-demolition-waste-management-in-turkey
 Craven D.J, Okraglik H.M, Eilenberg I.M 1994 Construction Waste and a New Design
Methodology. In: Kibert, C.J. (Ed.), Sustainable Construction. Center for Construction
and Environment, Gainesville, FL, 8998

 Hao, J.L.; Hills, M.J.; Huang, T. A simulation model using system dynamic method for
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