Reading: Chap7
HISTORY
In 1827 the English botanist Robert Brown noticed that pollen
grains suspended in water jiggled about under the lens of the
microscope, following a zigzag path. Even more remarkable was
the fact that pollen grains that had been stored for a century moved
in the same way. Magic?
http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109N/more_stuff/Applets/brownian/enbrownian.html
http://www.geocities.com/piratord/browni/Difus.html
Q: Observation?
• Definition:
– Brownian motion: irregular wiggling motion of a
particle caused by random bombardment of gas
molecules against the particle
– Diffusion: the net transport of particles from a region
of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration
• The primary transport mechanism for small particles (<
0.1 µm); Important when transport distance is small: e.g.
filter, airway in human lung, loss in sampling path
∂n ∂ 2n ∂ 2 n ∂ 2 n
= D∇ 2 n = D 2 + 2 + 2
∂t ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z
A’
A
B B’
δJ δ x
Jx − x
δx 2
D D’
C C’
1/16
Solution:
n (x , t ) =
n0 x − x2
πDt ∫0
exp dp
4 Dt
Q: What if dp is larger?
2005/1/18 Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 9
Deposition Rate
• Concentration gradient at the surface
dn n0
= for x = 0
dx πDt General form of the concentration
profile near a wall
• Using Fick’s First Law
D
J = n0
πt
• Integrating over time
N (t ) t D
= ∫ n0 dt
Area 0 π t
Dt
= 2 n0
π
• Deposition velocity
J
Vdep =
n0
2005/1/18 Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 10
Q: Which mechanism (diffusion and gravitation settling) is
more important to deposit particles?
Penetration
• Dimensionless deposition parameter
4DL DL Q: How does P change if the tube
µ= = Tube
πd t U
2
Q diameter doubles while the volume
DLW flow rate remains the same? Why?
µ=
Qh Rectangular channel
• Penetration
nout
P= = 1 − 5 .5µ 2 / 3 + 3 .77 µ for µ < 0 .009
nin tube
P = 0. 819 exp( − 11.5 µ ) + 0 .0975 exp( −70. 1µ )
+ 0. 0325 exp( − 179 µ ) for µ > 0. 009
n out
P= = 1 − 2 .96 µ 2 / 3 + 0. 4 µ for µ < 0 .005
nin rectangular
P = 0.91 exp( − 7. 54µ ) + 0. 0531exp( −85.7 µ ) channel
+ 0.0153 exp( −249µ ) for µ > 0.005
2005/1/18 Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 12
Penetration versus deposition parameter for circular
tubes and rectangular cross-section channels
100
Rctangular channel
80
Penetration (%)
Tube
60
40
20
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Deposition parameter, µ
2005/1/18 Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 13
πDL (d1 + d 2 )
µ= (if d 2 -d1 << d1 )
Q (d1 − d 2 )
Aerosol Measurement, Ed. Willeke, K. & Baron, P. A., 1993.
• Diffusion Dryer
2005/1/18 Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 17
Summary
• Brownian motion and diffusion
• Fick’s first and second laws
• Stokes’ Einstein equation for diffusivity
• Diffusion deposition, penetration,
• Device: diffusion battery, denuder, dryer