CLASS 10

CHP-1 DEVELOPMENT

Very short answer questions (1 mark)

1. Define development.
 Development is defined as a progress from where we are to where we want to go. It is
a process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more
advanced. So development can be defined as process of growth.

2. Define economic development. What is the most common method of measuring

economic development of a country?
 The sustained increase in real per capita income that promotes economic welfare by
reducing poverty, unemployment and inequalities in distribution of income.
 Per capita income which is calculated on the basis of national income and population
is the most common method to measure economic development.

3. Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations.

i. To compare the performance of the students
ii. Measurement of average rainfall
iii. Comparing the performance of cricket.

4. Why is greater income to be considered as one of the important national goal of

development?
i. Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income.
ii. More income means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever people want
and should have, they will be able to get with greater income.

5. Why do we think average income is important criterion for development?

OR
Why average income is useful for comparison despite its limitations?
i. Since countries have different populations comparing total income does not tell us
what an average person is likely to earn. Hence we compare the average income
which is the total income of the country divided by its total population.

ii. Average income reflects what an average person is likely to get in a given economy or
country.
iii. It is also called per capita income.

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6. Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in
comparing two or more societies?
 The size of income in itself is not enough to describe the level of development. The
distribution of income is also important, since it reflects how balanced the
development is.
 Where is the income being utilized? What type of goods and services are being
produced.

7. Define the following terms.

a) Infant mortality rate: It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one
year as a proportion of 1000 live birth in that particular year.

b) Literacy rate: It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age
group.

c) Net attendance ratio: It is the total number of children of age group 6 -10years,
attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

d) Life expectancy of a person denotes average number of years a person is expected to

live calculated from his birth.

e) Gross enrollment ratio: It means the enrollment ratio for the primary, secondary and
senior secondary school.

f) Per capita income: It is obtained by dividing the national income by the population of
the country.

g) National income: It is the total value of all final goods and services produced by the
residents of the country in one accounting year.

8. Why is per capita income calculated in dollars for all countries?

i. Per capita income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared.
ii. It is also done so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services
in any country. This is called as purchasing power parity.

9. What does pre-fixing human to development indicate?

 Human development indicates the quality of life of people, their well-being and their
health is the most important aspect of development.

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 Long answer questions(3/4marks)
10. What are the problems associated with the use of National Income as an indicator of
development?
i. National income is the total income earned by all the people of the country. The
countries with higher income are considered to be more developed than the countries
with less income.
ii. However, for comparison between countries, total income or national income is not a
useful measure. Since countries have different population, comparing total income will
not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
iii. National income ignores the distribution of income aspect of development.
iv. National income doesn’t reflect on the inequalities and disparities in income
distribution.
v. There are certain social indicators of development which determine quality of life. These
are not taken into consideration while calculating national income.

11. Why do different people have different notions of development?

i. This is because people are different and the life situations of different people are
different.
ii. People have different notions of development depending on what things they seek.
iii. Sometimes two persons or groups of people may seek things which are conflicting.

For e.g.

a) To get more electricity, industrialist may want more dams. But this may submerge the
land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced such as the tribal. They might
resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate the land.
b) Developmental goals of a landless rural labourer are more days of work, better wages
and to be able to provide them with education. But a prosperous farmer’s
developmental goals are to educate their children abroad and earn more and more
income through hard working and cheap workers.

12. For development, people look at a mix of goals. Explain with an example.
i. All people desire regular work, better wages and a decent price for their crops or other
products they produce. That is, everybody wants more income.
ii. Apart from income, people also desire things like equal treatment, freedom, security,
self-respect etc.
iii. Life depends on both material and non-material things. Non- material things like
security, freedom and environment cannot be measured but they mean a lot in our lives
and thus cannot be ignored.

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iv. Hence, developmental goals that people have are not only better incomes, but also
about other important things in life. Thus, for development people look for a mix of
goals.
v. For example, if a person gets a job with a high pay in a far off place, before accepting it,
he will try to consider many factors apart from income, such as facilities for his family,
working atmosphere or opportunity to learn.

13. Do the two terms economic growth and economic development mean the same.
Discuss.

No, the two terms have different meanings.

Economic growth Economic development

i. It is measured by the increase in i. It is measured not only by income

real national income. but also concerned with achieving
more equitable income distribution
and poverty alleviation
ii. It includes only quantitative ii. It includes both quantitative and
aspects. qualitative aspects.
iii. It is a narrow concept iii. It is a wider concept.

14. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our
lives.
i. Apart from income, other factors like facilities for the family, working conditions,
opportunity to learn etc. are important aspects of our lives.
ii. Sometimes job may pay less but may offer regular employment which enhances the
sense of security.
iii. Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no time for
the family.
iv. Any other relevant example.

15. On what basis World Development Report has classified the countries?
i. In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, classified the countries
on the basis of per capita income. Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,616 per
annum and above in 2012, are called rich countries.
ii. The countries with per capita income of US$ 1035 or less are called low income
countries.
iii. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per-capita
income in 2012 was just US$ 1530 per annum.
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 16. What is BMI? How is it calculated?
i. One way to find out if adults are undernourished is to calculate what nutrition scientists
call Body Mass Index (BMI).
ii. To calculate BMI, the weight of the person is taken in kilograms and height is measured
in meters. The weight is divided by the square of height.
iii. If the figure is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered undernourished.
However, if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight.

17. In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP different from the criterion used by
the World Bank for measuring development in different countries?
World Bank (PCI) UNDP (HDI)
i. World Bank used per capita i. UNDP used HDI i.e. three criteria; life
income (average income) expectancy (health status), literacy
criteria to classify countries rate and per capita income as the
criteria to measure human
development
ii. It is quantitative ii. It is both quantitative as well as
qualitative measure of development
iii. It is concerned only with iii. It considers both social as well as
economic issues i.e. average economic indicators of development.
income only and ignores the UNDP considered all over achievement
social aspect of in different aspects like health status,
development educational achievements and average
income to measure human
development.

iv. It is a narrow concept as it iv. It is a broader concept as it considers

takes into account only the both economic and social issues of
economic issues development.

18. Write a short note on HDI.

 HDI is the comprehensive/ composite index prepared by UNDP measured on the basis
of three indicators.
i. Longevity – It is measured in terms of life expectancy. It is the average number of
years a person is expected to live at the time of his birth.
ii. Knowledge- It is measured in terms of Gross Enrolment Ratio/ Net Attendance
Ratio/Literacy Rate.
Gross Enrollment Ratio means the enrollment ratio for Primary, Secondary and
senior secondary schools.

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 iii. Decent Standard of Living- It is measured by per capita income i.e. average
income. It is calculated in dollars in such a way that every dollar buys the same
amount of goods and services in every country.

19. While average income is useful for comparisons, it may hide disparities. Discuss.
OR
What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries?
What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?

Per capita income or average income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in
classifying different countries. The limitations are as follows:
i. The level of income is an inadequate measure of level of development because it does
not tell about the actual distribution of income among the population.

For example,

Case 1 Case 2
Family A ₹ 70 ₹ 10
Family B ₹ 80 ₹ 140
Family C ₹ 75 ₹ 75
Total ₹ 225 ₹ 225
Average income 225/3=₹ 75 225/3= ₹ 75
ii. Average income in both cases is the same but Case 1 has a more equitable distribution
than the Case 2.
iii. As an average is affected by extreme values, it is not a complete representative value.
iv. It does not indicate the quality of life of the citizens i.e. health and educational facilities.
v. Inequalities of income cannot be studied with the help of an average.
vi. Average is affected by size of population. Even with the large national income PCI can be
low if a country has large population too.

20. Kerala with lower per capita income has better human development ranking than
Punjab. Hence can we conclude that per capita income is not useful indicator of
development and should not be used at all
i.No, we do not agree with the statement.
ii.For comparing states, we have to compare their PCI along with other criteria like literacy
rate, life expectancy, gross enrollment ratio etc.
iii.PCI alone is not a complete indicator of development, since it ignores the effect of
distribution of income and quality of life.

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 21. ‘Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live
well’. Discuss.
OR
What do you understand by public facility? Illustrate.
OR
How do public facilities stand as a clear indicator of development? Illustrate (as an
example you can mention points from ans.8)
i. Income by itself is not an adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens
are able to use.
ii. For example, money cannot buy you pollution free environment or unadulterated
medicines or protect you from infectious diseases unless the whole community takes
preventive steps.
iii. The best and the cheapest way to provide these goods is to provide it collectively.
iv. Some of these goods and services are important for subsistence and it should be
provided collectively by the state, as the private sector may fail to do so.
v. The goods and services that are to be collectively provided by the efforts of the state are
called public facilities. For example, health, education, PDS are the public facilities
necessary for development.

22. Why has Kerala a low infant mortality rate and a high literacy rate even though the
per capita income is comparatively low?
i. Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic
health and educational facilities. The government has spent a fair amount of money
on provision of health and education.
ii. The Public Distribution system functions properly in Kerala and essential goods are
supplied at a lower price than the market price.
iii. Therefore the health and nutritional status of people is very high.

23. What do you understand by sustainable development? Why is there a need for
sustainable development?
OR
“We have not inherited the world from our forefathers; we have borrowed it from our
children.” Explain the statement.
i. Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own
needs. It is the capacity to use resources judiciously and maintain the ecological
balance.
ii. The need for sustainable development arises because of limited natural resources and
the need to protect our environment. We should make judicious use of natural
resources.

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iii. Rapid economic growth and industrialization have led to over exploitation of resources,
degradation of environment and rising environmental pollution.
iv. Once the non-renewable resources are exhausted we won’t be able to use them in
future. Even if renewable resources are used more than what is replenished by nature,
then we would be overusing these resources.
v. The prosperity of the present generation should not be at the cost of future generation.

24. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources.

i. The renewable resources are the resources which are replaced naturally and can
be used again. Examples are: oxygen, fresh water, solar energy, timber,
and biomass. Renewable resources may also include goods commodities such
as wood, paper and leather.
ii. Non-renewable resources are those whose stocks are fixed and which will get
exhausted after years of use. They cannot be replenished. For e.g., Crude oil.

25. Find out the present source of energy used by the people in India. What could be the
possibilities fifty years from now?
i. At present we use conventional sources of energy mostly like coal and petroleum as the
major sources of energy.
ii. Since it is an exhaustible and non-renewable source of energy it may not be available
after fifty years.
iii. We use non-conventional sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy and hydel
energy to a small extent. After fifty years we may have to depend on non-conventional
sources only or we may have to develop a new source of energy.

26. ‘The earth has the resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the
greed of one person.’ How is this statement relevant to this discussion of
development?
i. The statement highlights the present type and levels of development that are not eco-
friendly.
ii. It creates a lot of problems like depletion of ozone layer, global warming and
environmental pollution.
iii. There is too much over exploitation of resources causing depletion of resources by
which future generation will suffer. We should use our natural resources judiciously.
iv. It is due to the greed of the people that the resources are over exploited. We should
reduce our dependence on non-renewable sources and find alternatives.
v. There is a need for sustainable development. That is development that meets the needs
of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to

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meet their own needs. It is the capacity to use resources judiciously and maintain the
ecological balance.

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