Lecture 29 Strut-and-tie

Strut and tie modeling

Dr Fang WANG
Senior Research Officer
M i R
Main Roads,
d WA
fang.wang@mainroads.wa.gov.au
Outline

 Member capacities
 Strut
 Tie
 Node

 Example
Strut capacity against action force

 Strut capacities - Cu=βs0.9f’cAc

 βs is strut efficiency factor = 1/(1+0.66(cot)2 with the limit of
0.3≤ βs≤1.0 (considering the transverse tension fields crossing
the
h strut))
  smallest strut angle (with tie element)
 Capac
Capacity
ty check
c ec ccriterion
te o cCu≤C*
C
 C* strut force
 Capacity reduction factor Φc=0.6 (AS 3600)
 Ac is taken as the minimum cross-sectional area of the strut
member
Steel tie

 Yield strength capacity - Tu=fsyAst

 Capacity check criterion sTu≤T*
 T* tie force
 Capacity reduction factor Φ
d f s=0.8
8 (AS 3600)
6 )
 As is cross-sectional area of steel reinforcement
Node – stress
 CCC, CCT, CTT, TTT
Node – stress (cont’d)
 Three principal stress
 Hydraulic or non hydraulic: 3≤
non-hydraulic: cβn0.9f
0.9f’cAc
 Efficiency factor βn =1.0 for CCC, 0.8 for CCT, 0.6 for CTT
 Capacity reduction factor Φc=0.6 (AS 3600)
Example – deep beams
 Three types of model
 Type I – force directly from load point to support, no
consideration of effect of vertical web reinforcement
 Type II – shear transferred by major and minor struts,
hanger reinforcement required
 Type III – shear is
carried to the support a
by a series of minor

z
compression struts
with hanger
reinforcement to Type I

 Type I – a/z ≤ 1
 Type II – 1≤a/z ≤√3
 Type III – a/z ≥√3
Type II
 a shear span
 z lever-arm

Type III
 Example – deep beams
 Example
 Design of a deep transfer girder
Design
es g thee 11 meter
e e spa
span,, 3.66 meters
e e s deep and
a d
600 mm thick cantilevered transfer girder.

 Loading
1) Strength limit state：
P*=8000 kN
w*=100 kN/m (including self-weight)
2) Serviceability limit state：
P=5000 kN
w=62.5 kN/m (including self-weight)

 Materials
1) fc’=50 Mpa 2) fsy=500 MPa
Example
 Strut-and tie model is selected as a type II model
based on the a/z=1.13
• w* is replaced by
equivalent
q nodal loads.
• Node N is separated into
two components, N1
and N2, to better
accommodate the forces
from the heavily loaded
i li d struts into
inclined i the
h wallll
support.
Example
Analysis
 For the left shear, with a/z= 1.13, the
span is classified as Type II and the
angle to the horizontal of the major
compression
p strut angle
g is 41.5°.

 The component of the point load at

node B that is taken to the left side
support is calculated by subtracting the
load at node A (350 kN) from the
support reaction
i (4720
( k ) 8000
kN) 
kN at node B: 4370 kN goes towards
the left support
pp reaction，with the
balance (3630 kN） carried to the right
side support.
Example
Example

A l i
Analysis
 The selected design is threefold indeterminate, the
redundancies
d d i can be b removedd andd replaced
l d withith sets
t off
forces chosen by the designer for a prescribed force
distribution:

1) Replace the support at node H with the specified reaction force of

4720 kN upwards.

2) Remove member AI and replace it with a set of statically equivalent

equal and opposite forces at nodes A and I of 766 kN.
 Example

Analysis

 3) proportion the relative components of the load

transferred from the 8000 kN point load to each of struts BJ
and BK 3630 kN is transferred throughg the right
g shear spanp
towards the supports labeled N. (struts BJ and BK shall
carry equal vertical components of this force, that is, a
vertical component of 1815 kN each)

 The tie DJ is removed from the analytical model and

replaced
l d withi h a force
f pair
i off 1815 kN
k at nodes
d D andd J.
Example
Left shear span
 To satisfy the web force of F*AI=776 kN, the area
of steel should satisfy
1） Tu=Astfsy
2） sTu≥T
≥T* （ s=0.8，AS
0.8，AS 3600）
 As≥F*AI/( sfsy)=776×103/(0.8×500)
1940 mm2
=1940
 Example
Left shear span
 Example
Left shear span
 Example
Left shear span
 Example
Left shear span
 Example
Left shear span
 Reinforcement
R i f t ratio
ti for
f the
th tie
ti steel
t l is:
i
p=1940/(2000×600)=0.00162
 The dimension of 2.0 m is selected so that the
maximum angle of the minor compression struts
does not exceed 75°.
 Example
Left shear span
 Th
The proportion
ti off the
th vertical
ti l load
l d carried
i d directly
di tl
to the support from strut BH requires consideration
of bursting forces
forces. The force carried by BH is:
1） F*BH=3594/(sin41.5°)=5424 kN
for ultimate loads
2） FBH，s=(5/8)F*BH=(5/8)5424=3390 kN
f service
for i loads
l d
 Example
Left shear span
 Th
The strut
t t width
idth (dc) is
i calculated
l l t d from
f equation
ti 7.1,
71
7.2 and 7.3 where Ac=dct and the strut efficiency is
βs=0
βs 0.54:
54:
1） Cu=βs 0.9 f’ c Ac
2） cCu≥C*

3） βs=1/(1+0.66(cot
( ( θ))))
within the limits 0.3≤βs≤1.0
 Example
 Example
Left shear span
 F
For serviceability,
i bilit withith tan
t a=1/2,
1/2 EEquation
ti 7.14
7 14
gives a bursting force of:
Tb=C tan a
where C is the compression force in the strut
and the deviation is taken as:
1)) tan a=1/2 for serviceabilityy
2) tan a =1/5 for strength
lb=3390×1/2=1695
3390 / 695 kN
N
 Example
Left shear span
 Li
Limiting
iti the
th maximum
i stress
t in
i the
th bursting
b ti steel
t l
to fs=200 Mpa for a moderate level of crack
control the area of reinforcement crossing normal
control,
to the cracking plane is:
As=1695×103/200=8480 mm2
 Example
Left shear span
 F
For strength,
t th with
ith tan
t a=1/5,
1/5 Equation
E ti 7.14
7 14 gives
i a
bursting force of:
T*b=5424×1/5=1085 kN
and an area of steel of:
As≥T*b/( sfsy)=1085×103/(0.8×500)=2710 mm2
andd therefore,
h f the
h bbursting
i forces
f at service
i loads
l d
control the design.
 Example
Left shear span
 L
Lastly,
tl the
th minimum
i i bursting
b ti reinforcement
i f t is
i
calculated. At the point in the loading that the
bursting crack forms,
forms the force carried by the
concrete and to be transferred to the bursting
reinforcement is ((Equation
q 7.16):
)
Tb，cr=0.7 t lb f ’ct
where
h t is
i the
th thickness
thi k off the
th strut
t t andd
f ’ct=0.36(f ’c)1/2
Tb，cr=0.7×600×4055×0.36×501/2×10-3
=2710 mm2
 Example
Left shear span
 At the
th ultimate
lti t condition,
diti withith tan
t a=1/2,
1/2 Equation
E ti
7.14 gives a bursting force in strut BH:
T*b=5424×1/2=2712 kN

 As T*b＞0.5T
＞0 5Tb,cr, minimum web reinforcement is
required. The area is calculated as:
 Example
Left shear span
 C
Comparing
i As andd As,min, the
th minimum
i i bursting
b ti
reinforcement governs.
 The area of bursting reinforcement normal to strut
GH is:
Ast=10 840 mm2
 The reinforcement ratio is:
pw=As/lbt=10840/(4055×600)=0.00445
 Example
Left shear span
 Th
The force
f across the
th bursting
b ti planel is
i maintained
i t i d if
orthogonal reinforcement is placed parallel and
normal to the axis of the member such that：
1) pwh=pw sinθ=0.00445×sin41.5=0.00295
2) pwv=pw cosθ=0.00445×cos41.5=0.00333
 The vertical web reinforcement in the left shear
span, considering bursting reinforcement and
hanger reinforcement, is:
pwv=0.00162+0.00333=0.00495
 Example
Left shear span
 Ad
Adopting
ti two
t layers
l (one
( layer
l att eachh face)
f ) off 20
mm diameter bars, with a total bar area across the
600 mm thick section of 620 mm2, gives a bar
spacing requirement of：
s≤620/(0 00495×600)=209 mm
s≤620/(0.00495×600)=209
 Use two layers N20 bars at 200 mm spacing for the
vertical
ti l reinforcement
i f t in
i the
th left
l ft shear
h span.
 Example
Left shear span
 F
For th
the hhorizontal
i t l reinforcement,
i f t pwh=0.00295.
0 00295
Using two layers of 16 mm diameter bars (As=400
mm2) gives a bar spacing requirement of：
s≤400/(0.00295×600)=226 mm
 Use two layers N16 bars at 220 mm spacing for the
vertical reinforcement in the left shear span.
 Example
Right shear span
 F
Forces iin th
the hanger
h members
b DJ,DJ EK and d FM are
similar and it is decided to distribute the
reinforcement for each over a length of two meters.
meters
 For design, the maximum force F*FM=2015 kN is
used giving a reinforcement area of:
 As≥F*FM/( f
s sy )=2015×10 3/(0.8×500)

5040 mm2
=5040
or:
s≤620/(0.00420×600)=246 mm
 Example
Right shear span
 T
To match
t h the
th left
l ft shear
h span, it is
i decided
d id d to
t use
two layers of N20 bars at 200 mm centers.
 Although there is no horizontal steel required for
equilibrium, a minimum of 0.2 per cent is adopted
to ensure that the strut efficiencies are obtained,
obtained for
ductility and for shrinkage and temperature
requirements.
equ e e ts.
 Two N16 bars at 220 mm centers satisfy this
requirement giving a horizontal reinforcement ratio
of pwh=0.00303.
 Example
Compression members
 Th
The width
idth off th
the compression
i struts
t t is
i obtained
bt i d by
b
rearranging Equations 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3 such that,

 The resultingg minimum strut widths are ggiven in

the Tables for the stinger and web struts.
 With
W t the
t e struts
st uts pproportioned,
opo t o ed, the
t e model
ode iss revised
ev sed
slightly as sketched in the following Figure.
 Example
 Example
Bottom tensile reinforcement
 Th
The maximum
i force
f carried
i d by
b the
th bottom
b tt steel
t l is
i
5131 kN and occurs directly beneath the load
column.
column
 The area of horizontal bottom steel required is:
 Ast≥F*IJ/( 3
s fsy)=5131×10 /(0.8×500)
=12 830 mm2
 This can be supplied with 16N32 bars in four
layers with four bars per layer.
 Example
Bottom tensile reinforcement
 A
As hhanger reinforcement
i f t is
i progressively
i l
introduced into each of the left and right shear
spans the main bottom steel can be progressively
spans,
reduced provided proper anchorage requirements
are maintained.
 Example
Top tensile reinforcement
 At the
th right
i ht hand
h d supportt the
th top
t horizontal
h i t l steel
t l
carries a force of 4992 kN requiring a steel area of:
 Ast≥F*FG/( f
s sy )=4992×10 3/(0.8×500)

=12 480 mm2

 This can be supplied with 16N32 bars placed in
four layers with four bars per layer.
 As for the bottom steel, the negative moment
reinforcement can be progressively reduced as the
h
hanger steell is
i introduced.
i d d
 Example