Experiment:-1

Objective: - To study about flat plate solar collector.

Theory: - A flat plate solar collector absorbs heat from the atmosphere, and uses it for various
applications. A flat-plate solar collector is one of three main types of solar collectors, the flat-plate
solar collectors are probably the most fundamental and most studied technology for solar-powered
domestic hot water systems. The overall idea behind this technology is pretty simple. The Sun heats
a dark flat surface, which collect as much energy as possible, and then the energy is transferred to
water, air, or other fluid for further use. A flat-plate collector is a metal box with a glass or plastic
cover (called glazing) on top and a dark-colored absorber plate on the bottom.

 These are the main components of a typical flat-plate solar collector:

 Black surface - absorbent of the incident solar energy

 Glazing cover - a transparent layer that transmits radiation to the absorber, but prevents radiative
and convective heat loss from the surface
 Tubes containing heating fluid to transfer the heat from the collector
 Support structure to protect the components and hold them in place
 Insulation covering sides and bottom of the collector to reduce heat losses

The flat-plate systems normally operate and reach the maximum efficiency within the temperature
range from 30 to 80 oC (Kalogirou, 2009), however, some new types of collectors that employ
vacuum insulation can achieve higher temperatures (up to 100 oC). Due to the introduction of
selective coatings, the stagnant fluid temperature in flat-plate collectors has been shown to reach
200 oC.

Working: - In FLAT PLATE CO LLECTORS Sunlight passes through the glazing and strikes the
absorber plate, which heats up, changing solar energy into heat energy. Thus the heat is transferred
to the fluid {liquid (water or oil) or gas (air)} passing through pipes attached to the absorber plate by
means of convective heat transfer. • Absorber plates are commonly painted with "selective coatings,"
which absorb and retain heat better than ordinary black paint.

 The flat plate collectors can involve liquid or air heat transport.

Water is one of the common options as liquid fluid due to its accessibility and good thermal
properties:
 It has a relatively high volumetric heat capacity
 It is incompressible (or almost incompressible)
 It has a high mass density (which allows using small tubes and pipes for transport)

Advantages:-
 There will be no emission of co2.
 Reduced use of fossil fuels in flat plate solar thermal collectors.
 We can increase the efficiency of flat type panels by increasing the angle of plates, where on
the other hand this does not apply on vacuum panels.
 Flat panel collectors – if damaged, will continue to function, if it is sever case then the entire
panel should be changed otherwise it will work efficiently.
 Easy to manufacture
 Low cost
 Collect both beam and diffuse radiation
 Permanently fixed (no sophisticated positioning or tracking equipment is required)
 Little maintenance

Disadvantages:-
 One has to cook according to the sunshine, the menu has to preplanned.
 One cannot cook at short notice and food cannot be cooked night or during cloudy days.
 It takes comparatively more time.
 Chapaties are not cooked because high temperature for baking is required.
 The efficiency of flat plate solar collector is very less as compared to any other energy source.
 It requires more space as compared to concentrating type solar collector.
 There is a risk of accidental injury or burns if the appliance is not used properly.
 The use of safety precautions and protective materials is absolutely necessary.
Efficiency: - Experiment shows that the energy used for cooking is out of incident energy is
lies in between 1.25% to 2.75%.

Table: - Showing the rise in temperature with respect to time

The initial temperature of water is 28 oC at 12:40pm.

Time Temperature Temperature difference

12:40pm 28 oC 0 oC
12:50pm 38 oC 10 oC
01:00pm 43 oC 5 oC
01:10pm 48 oC 5 oC
01:20pm 53 oC 5 oC
01:30pm 57 oC 4 oC

By Yash Mahajan
B.tech 2nd year
 Experiment no: 2
Objective : To study about parabolic disc concentrator type solar cooker.
Theory : Parabolic solar cookers use a parabolic-shaped reflector to direct sunlight to a small area in order to generate
heat for cooking. They are able to reach high temperatures, 350 °C (662 °F) or higher, which allows them to be used for
grilling and frying. These temperatures are significantly higher than what can be reached by a solar box cookers or solar
panel cookers and allow the cooking times on a parabolic cooker to be comparable to a conventional stove, such as an
electrical or gas burner.

The amount of food being cooked and the way in which the heat is used is generally dictated by the size of parabolic
dish. Smaller dishes, which are generally around one meter in diameter, are intended to heat a traditional size pot or
pan much like how you would cook on a traditional cooktop. The larger dishes, which can be as wide as five meters in
diameter, are generally not used to heat a pot or pan directly, but instead are used to create steam by directing sunlight
onto pipes carrying water. The steam is directed to cooking surfaces in a kitchen and is regulated by valves in order to
offer control to the chef.

Principles
1) Concentrating sunlight: A mirrored surface with high specular reflectivity is used to concentrate light from the sun
onto a small cooking area. Depending on the geometry of the surface, sunlight could be concentrated by several orders
of magnitude producing temperatures high enough to melt salt and metal. For most household solar cooking
applications, such high temperatures are not really required. Solar cooking products are typically designed to achieve
temperatures of 65 °C (150 °F) (baking temperatures) to 400 °C (750 °F) (grilling/searing temperatures) on a sunny day.

2) Converting light energy to heat energy: Solar cookers concentrate sunlight onto a receiver such as a cooking pan. The
interaction between the light energy and the receiver material converts light to heat and this is called conduction. This
conversion is maximized by using materials that conduct and retain heat. Pots and pans used on solar cookers should be
matte black in color to maximize the absorption.

3) Trapping heat energy: It is important to reduce convection by isolating the air inside the cooker from the air outside
the cooker. Simply using a glass lid on your pot enhances light absorption from the top of the pan and provides
a greenhouse effect that improves heat retention and minimizes convection loss. This "glazing" transmits incoming
visible sunlight but is opaque to escaping infrared thermal radiation. In resource constrained settings, a high-
temperature plastic bag can serve a similar function, trapping air inside and making it possible to reach temperatures on
cold and windy days similar to those possible on hot days.
Advantages
 Cooking times are similar to a traditional stovetop
 High temperatures allow for food to be fried and grilled
 High-performance parabolic solar cookers and vacuum tube cookers can attain temperatures above 290 °C (550
°F). They can be used to grill meats, stir-fry vegetables, make soup, bake bread, and boil water in minutes.
Vacuum tube type cookers can heat up even in the clouds and freezing cold.
 Conventional solar box cookers attain temperatures up to 165 °C (325 °F). They can sterilize water or prepare
most foods that can be made in a conventional oven or stove, including bread, vegetables and meat over a
period of hours.
 Solar cookers use no fuel. This saves cost as well as reducing environmental damage caused by fuel use. Since
2.5 billion people cook on open fires using biomass fuels, solar cookers could have large economic and
environmental benefits by reducing deforestation.
 When solar cookers are used outside, they do not contribute inside heat, potentially saving fuel costs for cooling
as well. Any type of cooking may evaporate grease, oil, and other material into the air, hence there may be less
cleanup.
 Reduces carbon footprint by cooking without the use of carbon based fuels or grid electricity from traditional
sources.

Disadvantages
 Requires periodic adjustment to refocus it as the sun moves or a mechanical solar tracking apparatus
 Generally more expensive than panel and box cookers.

 Solar cookers are less useful in cloudy weather and near the poles (where the sun is low in the sky or below the
horizon), so an alternative cooking source is still required in these conditions.

 Some solar cookers, especially solar ovens, take longer to cook food than a conventional stove or oven. Using
solar cookers may require food preparation start hours before the meal.

 Cooks may need to learn special cooking techniques to fry common foods, such as fried eggs
or flatbreads like chapatis and tortillas. It may not be possible to safely or completely cook some thick foods,
such as large roasts, loaves of bread, or pots of soup, particularly in small panel cookers; the cook may need to
divide these into smaller portions before cooking.

 Some solar cooker designs are affected by strong winds, which can slow the cooking process, cool the food due
to convective losses, and disturb the reflector. It may be necessary to anchor the reflector, such as with string
and weighted objects like bricks.

Efficiency: Experiment shows that the energy used for cooking is out of incident energy is only 3.36%.
Table:-
The initial temperature of water is 25 oC at 3:30 pm.

Time Temperature Temperature

difference
3:30pm 25 oC 0 oC
3:40pm 39 oC 14 oC
3:50pm 49 oC 10 oC
4:00pm 55 oC 6 oC
4:10pm 60 oC 5 oC
4:20pm 63 oC 3 oC

By Uddeshya Sahu
B.tech 2nd year
 Experiment:-3
OBJECT:-TO STUDY ABOUT BIOMASS CHARACTERISTICS
THEORY:-
BIOMASS:-
Biomass is composed of two words “BIO” and “MASS” means life and
material respectively, i.e. the material which has life is called biomass. In
other words, the material contained in the bodies of living organism
(plants and animals) is said to be Biomass or plant matter, created by
process of photosynthesis is called biomass.
It includes plants, bush, algae, bacteria, crop residue, organic parts of
municipal sludge wastes .By products from processing of biological
material, excreta of living organism and their bodies after death etc.
BIOMASS ENERGY PLANT

ADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS ENERGY :-

1. Renewable in nature.
 2. Energy storage is an inherent feature.
3. It’s an indigenous source requiring little or no foreign exchange.
4. The pollutant emission from combustion biomass is usually lesser
than those from fossil fuels.
5. It helps in rural initiation, better hygienic condition in rural areas.
6. It helps in providing good quality manure.
In order to achieve more efficient usage of a agro residues and to
overcome above problem, it’s essential to dandify them to compact
pieces of definite shape and high thermal values. Briquetting is one of the
several technologies in the category of BRIQUETTING PROCESS:-
Collection of raw material.
 Drying
 Size reduction
 Raw material mixing
 Compaction
BREQUETTING TECHNOLOGY

With binding without binding

Material material

Hydraulic screw
piston press type press type
DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS ENERGY :-
1. It’s a dispersed non uniform and land intensive source.
2. It has low calorific value.
3. Its labor intensive.
4. It has low bulk density, transportation and storage is a problem.
5. It’s not feasible everywhere due to its spare nature of availability.
Sources of Biomass :-
1. Agricultural produce-rice husk, groundnut shell
2. Livestock –cattle dung, excreta
3. FORESTRY
4. Aquatic biomass (water hyacinth)
5. Vegetable waste.
6. Agro Industry Processing waste
7. Poultry Dropping
8. Pig manure
PROBLEMS RELATED WITH BIOMASS:-
1. Not uniform in shape and size.
2. High moisture content.
3. Bulk density is low, due to which following problem arises:
Collection of
: Biomass
: Storage
: Transportation

BY:-Supriya Ahirwar
B.tech 2nd year
 Experiment :- 4
Objective:- To study about Solar cell or Photovoltaic cell
Theory :- A solar cell is a device that converts light into electricity via the ‘photovoltaic effect’.
They are also commonly called ‘photovoltaic cells’ after this phenomenon, and also to differentiate
them from solar thermal devices. The photovoltaic effect is a process that occurs in some
semiconducting materials, such as silicon. At the most basic level, the semiconductor absorbs a
photon, exciting an electron which can then be extracted into an electrical circuit by built-in and
applied electric fields. Due to the increased desire for more renewable sources of energy in recent
years, solar power has seen increasing popularity.

 The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires three basic

attributes
 The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons.
 The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.
 The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.

Solar cell made by-

Silicon is the stuff from which the transistors (tiny switches) in microchips are made—and solar cells work in a
similar way. Silicon is a type of material called a semiconductor. Some materials, notably metals, allow
electricity to flow through them very easily; they are called conductors. Other materials, such
as plastics and wood, don't really let electricity flow through them at all; they are called insulators.

When we place a layer of n-type silicon on a layer of p-type silicon, a barrier is created at the junction of the
two materials (the all-important border where the two kinds of silicon meet up). No electrons can cross the
barrier so, even if we connect this silicon sandwich to a flashlight, no current will flow: the bulb will not light
up. But if we shine light onto the sandwich, something remarkable happens. We can think of the light as a
stream of energetic "light particles" called photons
Working-
A solar cell is a sandwich of n-type silicon (blue) and p-type silicon (red). It generates electricity by using
sunlight to make electrons hop across the junction between the different flavors of silicon:
When sunlight shines on the cell, photons (light particles) bombard the upper surfaceThe photons (yellow
blobs) carry their energy down through the cell.
The photons give up their energy to electrons (green blobs) in the lower, p-type layer.
The electrons use this energy to jump across the barrier into the upper, n-type layer and escape out into the
circuit.
Flowing around the circuit, the electrons make the lamp light up.

Advantages –
 Renewable energy - The energy can be used both to generate electricity and heat in the house.
Renewable energy is recovered from the sun, the wind and waves.
 Infinite Energy - When you have the opportunity to extract energy from the sun's rays, this is a
source of energy that will never be exhausted, therefore there will always be a source for electricity
production.
 Long term energy - PV systems often have a long life and a good durability. At the same time, there
is often a guarantee of minimum 20 years on your solar panels, guaranteeing you, should there be any
complications.
 Selling energy - If your home has solar cells, it is often easier to sell the property at a higher price
 Environmentally friendly energy - With solar cells occurs almost no pollution. The discharge of
waste and pollution is unavoidable in relation to the production of solar cells, the transport of these
and when you install them. However, this is a minimal fraction, compared to if one draws its energy
from elsewhere.

Disadvantages-
 High investment - One-time cost of acquiring a photovoltaic system and have it installed are
relatively high.

 Seasonal energy - Compared to other types of renewable energy, the solar power plant is highly
seasonal, since we can have periods of limited sun in the UK. The solution to this is to grid
connect solar installations and purchase energy from the public electricity network during periods
where there is less energy to collect. Investing in a solar battery storage system is also a good
choice, since it can store the energy generated during peak hours and make it readily available for
cloudy and rainy days.
 Solar cells on your accommodation - It might be harder to install solar panels on older
households, as they often have different designs that can provide shade. At the same time flat
roofs where drifting snow may fall below the racks, becomes too heavy for a roof with solar cells.
Therefore it is important that you inquire about these things when you obtain offers.

 Interior needs - Not all households that can satisfy their requirements and get the optimum out
of their solar cells yet. Solar cells are very sensitive in terms of their location, which means that
if there is shade on your lot, it is difficult to exploit solar installation optimally.

Efficiency –
Efficiencies of solar cells compared: The very first solar cell scraped in at a mere 6 percent efficiency;
the most efficient one that's been produced to date managed 46 percent in laboratory conditions.
Most cells are first-generation types that can manage about 15 percent in theory and probably 8
percent in practice.

By – Shubham DhaKAD
B.tech 2nd year
 Experiment :- 5
Objective-To study about gasifier.
Introduction :-
Gasification- The process to convert biomass solid raw material into fuel gas or chemical feed
stock gas is called gasification or thermochemical gasification.

Gasification agent- In order to convert solid biomass into inflammable gas. a substance to
promote chemical reaction is necessary. This substance are called gasification agent.
And mainly air(N2,O2),H2O,CO2 are applied as an approximate mixture.

Fundamental phenomenon of biomass gasification-

● Evaporation of surface moisture- Surface moisture evaporates from the raw material at the water
boiling point. Inner moisture remain when the raw material is large.
● Evaporation of inherent moisture-Following surface moisture evaporation, inherent moisture
evaporates at 110-120℃.
● Volatilisation- Thermal decomposion of biomass begin at 200-300℃ and CO,CO2,H2, H2O are
vaporised as gas.
● Volatilisation and gasification reaction-The temperature is raised further during volatilisation
and the volatile matter of the light weight hydrocarbon is transformed into heavy CxHy with a high
boiling point.
● Char gasification- Following volatilisation of the volatile content in the raw material biomass, the
fixed carbon and gas become char, and the char is heated to the surrounding temperature.
● Char residue- The reaction rate of the wet gas reaction is slow and char residue can easily form.

Characteristics of gasification product gas-

Gasification generally adopt the direct gasification method with partial combustion method with
partial combustion of raw material to raise the temperature. Raw material are mainly wood chip, corn
stalks, rice husk.
The calorific value of product gas depends on the % of inflammable gas.
* The ratio between calorie content of the biomass and that of product gas (at room temperature) is
called cold gas efficiency.
Composition of producer gas-
40-50% Nitrogen
32% carbon monoxide
15% Hydrogen
6-7% carbon di- oxide
% other[methane , ethane]

Types of gasifier-
1. Updraft type
2. Downdraft type
3. Cross draft type
4. Fluidised bed type

1. Updraft type or Counter-current fixed bed gasifier-

A fixed bed of carbonaceous fuel ( eg. Coal or biomass) through which gasification agent(steam O2)
flow in counter current configuration.
The ash is either removed in dry condition or as a slag.
The throughput for this type of gasifier is relatively low. Thermal efficiency is high as the temperature
in the gas exit are relatively low.
However this means that tar and methane prodution is significant at typical operation temperature. So
product gas must be extensively cleaned before use. The tar can be recycled to the reactor .
2.Downdraft type or Co-current fixed bed gasifier-
Similar to the counter-current type,but the gasification agent gas flows in co current configuration with
the fuel(downwards). Heat needs to be added to the upper part of the bed either by combusting small
amount of fuel or from external heat source. The produced gas leaves the gasifier at high
temperature and most of this heat is often transferred to gasification agent.
Since all the tars must pass through a hot bed of char,in this configuration, tar levels are much lower
than the counter-current type. This results in better quality of produce gas.

3. Cross- draught gasifier-

Cross-draught gasifiers are an adaptation for the use of charcoal. charcoal gasification results in very
high temperatures (1500℃ and higher) in the oxidation zone which can lead to material problems,
insulation against these high temperatures is provided by fuel (charcoal) itself.

4. Fluidised bed gasifier-

The operation of both up and downdraft gasifier is influenced by the morphological,physical and
chemical properties of fuel. Problems commonly encountered are: lack of bunkerflow,slagging
and extreme pressure drop over the gasifier.
A design approach aiming at the removal of above difficulties is the fluidised bed gasifier.

Design of gasifier-
The first step in the design of gasifier is to identify the application and size/capacity of the gasifier in
terms of the gas requirement, type and quantity of fuel to be gasified. The main component of gasifier
are-
1) Grate 2) Throat 3) Air nozzle/Air distribution system 4) Ash removal system 5) Gas outlet 6)
Ignition port 7) Biomass feeding pour 8) Hopper.

Factors affecting performance of gasifier-

● Energy content and bulk density of the material
● Moisture content
● Ash and slagging characteristics
● Tar content
● Equivalence ratio

Current application-
Syngas can be used for heat production and for generation of mechanical and electrical power.
● Heat- gasifier offers a flexible option for thermal application as they can be retrofitted into existing
gas fueled devices such as ovens, boilers etc. Heating values of syngas are generally around 4-
10MJ/m3.
● Transport fuel- Diesel engines can be operated on duel fuel mode using producer gas .Diesel
substitution of over 80% at high loads and 70-80% under normal load variation can easily be
achieved.
By - Kshipra Parihar
B.tech 2nd year
 Experiment:- 6
Aim: study of solar water pumping .

Apparatus required:

1.solar collector array

2.heat exchanger
3.organic fluid
4.heat engine
5.condenser
6.pump
Description:

1.solar collector array:It consist of solar collector and water

tubes.The inner surface of the collector and the water tubes are coated
with black paint.

2.Heat exchanger:It consist of two pipes ,one is for carrying hot

water and other is for circulating organic fluid.

3.Organic fluid:The organic fluid changes its phase from liquid to

vapour when it is hot and vapour to liquid when its get cool.

4.Heat engine:Heat engine consist of a turbine.

5.Condenser:It consist of two pipes one is for carrying organic fluid

and other is for pumping the ground water.

6.Pump:Pump shaft is coupled with heat engine shaft

is used to pump the water.

WORKING:When the sun rays falls on the solar collector ,black body
absorbs the sun rays and water in the tubes gets heated up and
circulates in the heat exchanger.Through the heat exchanger,hot water
is again pumped back in the solar collector with the help of a pump.
The organic fluid in the other tube sences the heat produced in the heat
exchanger and converts its phase into vapour.The vapour runs the
turbine provided in the heat engine and losses its heat,and again
converted into liquid.This organic fluid again pumped back into the heat
exchanger with the help of a feed pump.
Ground water is pumped with a help of a pump,which is coupled with
heat engine.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

By Parminder Kaur
B.tech 2nd year
 Experiment:- 7
AIM-TO STUDY ABOUT BIO GAS PLANT
INTRODUCTION-Bio mass is an organic material made from plants and
animals.It is a renewable energy source because we can always grow more trees and
crops and waste will always exist.Some examples of biomass fuel are wood,crop
,manure , cow dung.Biomass energy can be used directly or indirectly,firewood is a
common example of direct use by combustion.But bioass energy can be transformed
into other forms of energy.Ethanol from agricultural crops such as sugarcane and
methanol from manure and sewage are examples of indirect use fuel
BIOGAS-Most organic materials undergoes a natural anaerobic digestion in presence
of moisture and presence of oxygen and thus produces biogas.

Calorific value of biogas ranges from 5000 to 5500 kcal/kg.

BIOGAS FORMATION-
BIOGAS PRODUCTION-Firstly
Input dung/ biomas complex organic contents (proteins,fats,cellulose)
First phase Hydrolysis of complex organic
compound into fatty acid amino
acid and CO2 in presence of
hydrolytic group of bacteria
Production of acetate, hydrogen
and simple soluble compound like
format by acetogen group of
bacteria
Second phase Production of more acelates ,CO2
and hydrogen by homoacetogen
group of bacteria.
Third phase Conversion of acetates and some
other simple compound like
methane by methanogen groups
of bacteria.
Output of biogas

CLASSIFICATION OF BIO GAS PLANT

ON THE BASIS OF PROCESS-
1.BATCH TYPE-Organic waste materials to be digested under anaerobic
conditions are charged only once into a reactor digestor .The feeding is between
intervals the plant is emptied once the process of digestion is completed.Retention
time usually varies from 30-50 days.Suitable for fibrous materials.
2.SEMICONTINUOUS –A pre determined quantity of feed material mixed with water is
charged into digester from one side at specified interval of time.
3.CONTINUOUS TYPE-The feed material is continuously charged to digester with
simultaneous discharge of digested material.The main features of this type of plant are
continuous gas production ,requires small digestion area,less maintenance etc.
Semicontinuous type bio gas plant is classified into :
1.FLOATING DRUM TYPE(constant pressure)-K.V.I.C. MODEL(khadi village industrial
cooperation)
2.FIXED DOME TYPE MODEL-DEENBANDHU MODEL,JANTHA BIOGAS PLANT

DEENBANDHU BIOGAS PLANT-

It is improved version of Janta biogas plant model.In this plant feed stock is fed through
concrete pipes and digested slurry is taken out the digester through the tank.Gas
holding capacity is 33% of total capacity of plant.
APPARATUS USED-Digester,gas holder,gas pipes,mixing pit,outlet,inlet pipe,outlet
pipe,partition wall,cowdung or organic matter ,water.
CONSTRUCTION –Foundation of the plant is constructed in spherical shape .The
dome and digester is constructed with same base diameter.Hence gas holder and
digester look as a single unit.The brick masonery and concrete makes it safe,as plant
is always under pressure.Inlet and outlet portions are constructed for putting fresh
slurry inside the plant and to take the digested slurry out.The inlet and outlet are of
larger sizes,provided on each side of digester facing each other.The discharge of
digested slurry, due to pressure of gas in the plant.
WORKING-Working principle is similar to janta ,it is laid at the base of underground pit
on levelled ground bear the load of slurry as well as digester walls.It contains animal
waste in the form of slurry .The gas is stored in the gas portion which is an integral part
of plant between the dome and digester.The heights of gas portion is above the inlet
and outlet.
BIOGAS PRODCTION:Biogas produces in 2 phases:acid phase and methane phase
When organic matter is decomposed or fermented in absence of air,anaerobic group
organisms called acid formers producers, this is called as acid phase.The acid former
bacterias are converted into CH4 and CO2 after 2 weeks.The bacterias which are
strictly anaerobs are called methane former bacterias.The combination of methane and
CO2 is known as biogas.The produced biogas stored in gas holder can be utilized by
opeing as pipe acc.to our needs.
ADVANTAGES-
1.Has low cost compared to floating drum as it uses only cement not steel
2.Heat insulation is better as construction is beneath ground
3.Temp.will be constant
4.No maintenance
DISADVANTAGES-
1.Plan needs service of skilled labour
2.Gas production per cubic meter of digester of vol. is less
3.Has variable gas pressure

By Shaiwali Shukla
B.tech 2nd Year
 Experiment :- 8

Object – To Study about Rice Husk Gasifier.

Theory-
Rice husk contains about 30–50% of organic carbon and have high heat value of 13–16 MJ per kg. It can be
used to generate fuel, heat, or electricity through thermal, chemical, or bioprocesses.

Gasification is the process of converting rice husk to synthesis gas in a gasifier with controlled amount of air.
Thus combustible gas is then used as fuel in gas engine to generate electricity.

Fig- Rice husk Gasifier

Rice Husk gasification process includes 3 steps:-

The first step is rice husk gasification which converts rice husk into syngas. Gasification provides one of the
most promising approaches of waste to energy conversion for rice husk it makes use of heat in oxygen-
 deficient environment to transform biomass to combustible gas. The combustible gas can be used to power
internal combustion engine coupled with electricity generators for electricity generation which can be used in
off-field rural electrification in remote areas especially with huge biomass yield.
The second step is syngas purification –The producer gas coming out from gasifier usually contains
contamination including dust,coke,tar etc.
The contaminations will be removed step by step by the purification system to ensure normal operation of gas
engine.
The third step is power generating in gas engine. The high temperature of exhaust gas may be reused by
waste heat boilers to generate steam or hot water for civil or industrial use. Steam turbine may also be
considered to make gas steam combined cycle power plant ,which will increase the total efficiency.
Components :-
The gasification system includes-
Feeder hoper
Gas Transportation pipes
Control valves
Water spray towers
Ash collector

Advantages-

The benefits of using rice husk technology are numerous. Primarily, it provides electricity and serves as a way
to dispose of agricultural waste. In addition, steam, a byproduct of power generation, can be used for paddy
drying applications, thereby increasing local incomes and reducing the need to import fossil fuels.

Diadvantages-

 Its high silica content causes the wearing of the components in processing machines, such as the chopper or
grinder. Content of volatile matter in rice husk is higher than in wood and much higher than in coal, whereas
fixed carbon is much lower than in coal. Ash content in rice husk is much higher than in wood and coal, which
cause barriers for energy conversion .
 Its high content of ash, alkali, and potassium causes agglomeration, fouling, and melting in the components of
combustors or boilers.

By Ankit Sahu
B.tech 2nd Year
 Experiment 9
Aim: Study of Solar Distillation or Solar Still
Apparatus: 1. Transparent Covers
2. Filler
3. over flow line
4. Insulation
5. Blackened surface
6. Basin
Theory:-Fresh water is a necessity for the sustenance of life and also the key to
man’s prosperity. It is observed that, arid and coastal areas which are thinly
populated, the family members are always busy in bringing fresh water from a long
distance. In these areas solar energy is plentiful and can be used for converting
saline water in to distilled water by using solar still.
Procedure:-It consist of a insulated blackened basin containing saline water. A
transparent cover is enclosed on the top of the basin. It has a roof like shape. The
cover, which is usually glass or plastic sheet. Solar radiation passes through the
cover and is absorbed and converted into heat in the black surface. Impure water in
the basin is heated and the vapour produced is condensed as water drops on the
interior of the roof. The condensed water can be collected through the pipes.

Data required to be noted

Name of the instrument:
Name of the supplier:
S.No Experiment Duration Quantity Quantity Remarks
Conducting hrs. of Saline of pure
time of water
impure collected
water

By shradhha shethy
B.Tech 2nd Year