OSILASI Oscillatory Motion

CHAPTE R OUTLI N E

1. Gerak harmonik
15.1 Motion of an Object Attached
to a Spring

sederhana 15.2 Mathematical Representation

of Simple Harmonic Motion

2. Gerak melingkar
15.3 Energy of the Simple
Harmonic Oscillator
15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic
3. Energi pada gerak
Motion with Uniform Circular
Motion

harmonik sederhana
15.5 The Pendulum
15.6 Damped Oscillations

4. Bandul 15.7 Forced Oscillations

5. Osilasi teredam
6. Resonansi

▲ In the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, the tides undergo oscillations with very large
amplitudes, such that boats often end up sitting on dry ground for part of the day. In this
chapter, we will investigate the physics of oscillatory motion. (www.comstock.com)
 Gerak Harmonik Sederhana: Beban Massa Pada Pegas

Apabila benda disimpangkan dari kedudukan setimbangnya, gerak harmonik

sederhana akan terjadi jika ada gaya yang sebanding dengan simpangannya dan
kesetimbangannya kecil.
Hukum Hooke : 𝐹 = −𝑘 𝑥
𝑑+𝑥
𝐹' = −𝑘 𝑥 = 𝑚 𝑎 = 𝑚 +
𝑑𝑡
atau :
𝑑+𝑥 𝑘
𝑎= + =− 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

Syarat gerak harmonik sederhana:

Bila percepatan sebuah benda berbanding
lurus dengan simpangan dan arahnya
berlawanan dengan perpindahan dari titik
setimbangnya.
• Perpindahan dihitung dari titik
kesetimbangan.

• Amplitudo adalah perpindahan

maksimum.

• Satu osilasi adalah gerak lengkap (bolak-

balik)

• Periode adalah waktu yang dibutuhkan

untuk menempuh satu osilasi.

• Frequensi adalah jumlah osilasi yang

ditempuh dalam satu detik.
 sitive or negative x direction. The constant ! is called the monic motion.
has units of rad/s.1 It is a measure of how rapidly the oscilla-
Representasi
more oscillations per unit time,Matamatik dari
the higher is the valueGerak
of !. Harmonik Sederhana
ngular frequency is+
𝑑 𝑥 𝑘 x
𝑎 = +k = − 𝑥
√
T
! #𝑑𝑡 𝑚 (15.9) A
m
t
is calleddengan 𝜔 𝑘
the phase+constant (or initial phase angle) and,
= –A
𝑚 by the position and velocity of
A, is determined uniquely 456 C H A P T E R 15 • Oscillatory Motion
he particle is at its maximum position x # A at t # 0, the (a)
𝑑+ 𝑥 representation
nd the graphical
+
of the motion is shown in
(Persamaan
+
= −𝜔the𝑥phaseDifferensial
ty (!t % ") is called of the motion. Note that
orde-2) x
𝑑𝑥value is the same each time !t increases
dic and its by 2& i
A W
and 15.6 form
Solusithe 𝑥 𝑡of the
: basis =𝐴 (cos 𝜔𝑡 +
mathematical 𝜙)
representation
t
o
on. If we are analyzing a situation and find that the force
hematical formAmplitudo
of Equation 15.1, we know that the motion –A
harmonic oscillator and that the position of the particle is
Frekuensi
.6. If we analyze a system and find thatKonstanta
sudut it is described by a (b)
he form of Equation 15.5, the motion willfase be that of a sim- m
Active Figure 15.2 (a) An x -vs.-t
If we analyze a situation and find that the position of a graph for an object undergoing
Equation 15.6, we know the particle is undergoing simple simple harmonic motion. The
2𝜋 1 𝜔 𝑘 amplitude
Motionof the motion is A, the
𝑇 = 𝑓 = = 𝜔 = period
of (page
paper 456) is T, and the
𝜔 𝑇 2𝜋 𝑚 phase constant is ". (b) The x -vs.-t
graph in the special case in which
ples in earlier chapters in which we evaluate a trigonometric function of x # A at t # 0 and hence " # 0.
rigonometric function, such as sine or cosine, must be a pure number. Figure 15.3 An experimental
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) Posisi sebagai fungsi dari waktu untuk
gerak harmonik sederhana
𝑑𝑥 Kecepatan sebagai fungsi dari waktu untuk
𝑣 = = − 𝜔𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 gerak harmonik sederhana
𝑑𝑡

𝑑+𝑥 Percepatan sebagai fungsi dari waktu

𝑎 = + = − 𝜔+ 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 untukMotiongerak harmonik sederhana
𝑑𝑡 458 C H A P T E R 15 • Oscillatory

x
T
Kecepatan dan percepatan maksimum xi
untuk gerak harmonik sederhana O
A
t

(a)
𝑘 v
𝑣CD' = 𝜔 𝐴 = 𝐴
𝑚 vi
vmax = ω
ωA
O t

(b)
+
𝑘
𝑎CD' = 𝜔 𝐴 = 𝐴 a
Figure 15.6 Gra
𝑚 amax= ω 2A
simple harmonic
time. (b) Velocity
O t versus time. Note
velocity is 90° out
and the accelerat
(c) the position.
 (b) Position, velocity, and acceleration versus time for a block undergoing sim
monic motion under the initial conditions that at t ! 0, x(0) ! 0 and v(0) ! v
Active Figure 15.7 A block–spring system
Benda ditarik dari keadaan setimbang sejauh 𝐴 danitspada
that begins motion𝑡 =from
0 dilepaskan
rest with the
kembali. block at x $ A at t $ 0. In this case, # $ 0
and thus x $ A cos "t.
x=0
our solutions
A for x(t) and v(t)
At (Eqs.yaitu
Keadaan awal
the Active 15.6𝑡 and
Figures=link 15.15)
dan
0 at 𝜙 =obey
0 the ini
x(0) ! A and v(0)t =! sehingga:
0 0:http://www.pse6.com, you can compare
m xi = A the oscillations of two blocks starting
vi = 0 from different x(0)
initial A cos " to!see
! positions A that
the frequency is independent of the
amplitude. v(0) ! ' #A sin " ! 0
S E C T I O N 15 . 2 • Mathematical Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion

x x
T These conditions 3T are met if we choose " ! 0, giving x ! A cos #t
2 2 T
O check this solution, t Posisi
O note that it satisfies t the condition that
T T 3T
cos 0 ! 1. 2 2

v The position, velocity, v and acceleration 3T versus time are plotted

this special case. The acceleration T
reaches
2
extreme values of $# 2A
O
t Kecepatan
O
t
T
2
has T
extreme 3T
2
values of T2% A. Furthermore, the velocity has extrem
a
which both occur at ax ! 0. Hence, the quantitative solution agrees
T 3T
description of this system. 2 2
t Percepatan t
O
T Let
T us consider
3T
O another possibility.
T Suppose that the system is
2
define t ! 20 as the instant that the particle passes through the un
of(a)the spring while moving to the (b)
right (Fig. 15.9). In this case w
Figure 15.8 (a) Position, velocity, and acceleration versus time for a block undergoing
simple harmonic motion our undersolutions forthatx(t
the initial conditions at t )
! 0,and
x(0) ! Av(t
and)v(0)obey
! 0. the initial conditions
(b) Position, velocity, and acceleration versus time for a block undergoing simple har-
monic motion under v(0) the initial! vi : that at t ! 0, x(0) ! 0 and v(0) ! vi.
conditions
#A,
of % A. Furthermore,description
the velocity has system.
of this extreme values of % #A,
ive
x ! 0. Hence, the quantitative Let ussolution
consider agrees withpossibility.
our qualitative
Balok-pegas berosilasi, pada saat 𝑡 = 0 another Suppose that the system is
balok melewati titik kesetimbangan
ystem. define t ! 0dengan
as thekecepatan
instant that
we dan bergerak ke arah x positif 𝑣F . the particle passes through the un
another possibility. Suppose
on that the
of the spring system
while is oscillating
moving and (Fig.
to the right we 15.9). In this case we
x i =the
instant that 0 particle
ourpasses through
solutions for the
x(t unstretched
) and v(t ) position
obey
hat t=0 x = 0 Keadaan awal yaituthe
𝑡 = initial conditions
0; 𝑥F x=i =0;
0 𝑣 = 𝑣F
t
moving tov the
nd = vi
right (Fig.
v(0) 15.9).
! vi : In this case wesehingga:
must require that t=0 x=0
x(t ) and v(t ) obey the initial vconditions that x(0) ! 0 and v = vi
m
i x(0) ! A cos " ! 0
m
x(0) ! A cos " ! 0 v(0)S E! ' #A sin " ! vi Representation of
C T I O N 15 . 2 • Mathematical

The first of these conditions tells us that " ! % &/2. With th

Activev(0) ' #AThe
! 15.9
Figure sin " ! vi H Posisi
", Dari 𝑥(0) x
dapat diperoleh
second 𝜙 =condition
theis Tundergoing ± tells us x
that A ! $ vi /#. Active
Because the initial
block–spring system + 3T Figure 15.9 T
se conditions
ive tells
oscillation, andus that
t !and %at&/2.
" !amplitude
0 is2 the
defined JK
With these
must
2 be choices we
positive, formust
"T, have " ! ' &/2. He
block–spring system is
nonis tellsDari 𝑣(0) dapat diperoleh 𝐴 = ∓ the initialt velocity t
usinstant
an that A O! $
when thev i / #
block
given . Because
passes
by T L O is
T positive oscillation,
3T and t ! 0 i
through the equilibrium position
must be positive, we must have " ! ' &/2. Hence, the solution is 2 2
an instant when the bl

! "
x ! 0 and is moving to the right v Kecepatanthrough
& the equilibriu
Solusi untuk
with speed
v
vi.𝑥 adalah :
v
x ! i cos #t ' 3T
x ! 0 and is moving to
# T 22

of
At
x!the
O
vActive
i
cos # !
Figures
# TheT2 graphs
at http://www.pse6.com,
t '
you
"
&link
T
2 of position, 3T
2
t
O
with speed vi. t
velocity, Tand acceleration versus time
2 At the Active F
ose can compare thet 0 are
oscillations
! shown
of in Figure 15.8b. Note that these curves are t
sition, two
velocity, and
a acceleration versus time for this
a Percepatan
choice of at http://www.pse6.
blocks with in different
Figure 15.8a, but shifted to theT right by onecan fourth
3T of a cycle
ed
n Figure 15.8b. atNote
velocities t ! 0 that
to seethese
that curves are the same 2as those 2 compare the os
cle theto
frequency
mathematically
is independent
by the phase
of of a cycle. t constant " ! ' &/2, twowhich
blocksiswith
t onediff
fo
t shifted the Oright by Tone fourth T This
O is describedT velocities at t ! 0 to
the amplitude. of 22&.
3T
he phase constant " ! ' &/2, which is one fourth of a full cycle
2
the frequency is ind
 Quick Quiz 15.5
1. Sebuah benda berosilasi dalam bentuk gerak harmonik sederhana
An object of ma
oscillation. The period of the oscillation is m
sepanjang sumbu x. Jika posisi benda sebagai fungsi dari waktu diberikan
of mass m is removed and replaced with an o
oleh persamaan: into oscillation, the period of the motion is (a)
𝜋
𝑥 = 4,0 𝑚 cos(𝜋𝑡 + )
4
dengan t dalam detik dan sudut dalam radian, tentukan:
Equation 15.6 describes simple harmonic
a. Amplitudo, frekuensi dan periode dari geraknow
osilasi tersebut
see how to evaluate the constants of the m
b. Kecepatan dan percepatan benda pada saatatedt using Equation 15.9. The constants A an
c. Posisi, kecepatan dan percepatan pada saat tions,
𝑡 = 1that is, the state of the oscillator at t $ 0
detik
Suppose we initiate the motion by pulling
tance A and releasing it from rest at t $ 0, as i
2. 200 gram balok dihubungkan dengan pegas yang mempunyai konstanta
pegas 5 N/m. Balok tersebut berosilasi pada permukaan horisontal tanpa
gesekan. Balok ditarik sejauh 5 cm dari keadaan setimbang dan kemudian
dilepaskan.
x=0
a. Tentukan periode gerak osilasi tersebut A
b. Tentukan kecepatan maksimum benda t=0
c. Tentukan percepatan maksimum benda m xi = A
vi = 0
d. Tuliskan posisi, kecepatan dan percepatan
sebagai fungsi dari waktu
 A!
Figure 15.14 is an overhead
2E
view
√
2(1.15 " 10 J)
√
! 0.033 9 mthat shows this vmax !
!of an experimental arrangement Q
!
√ √
! 0.214 m/s demonstrating th

Courtesy of Ford Motor Co

k 20.0 N/m m 0.500 kg between simple h
relationship. A ball is attached to the rim of a turntable of radius A, which is illumi- Ball and uniform circ
nated from the side
turntable rotates
Noteby athat
with
lamp. The
this
constant
is ball caststhan
larger
angular
a shadow
the on
speed, the
a screen.
previous
shadow
0.030 0 m. To find the new maximum speed, we equate thisof the
of as the
We find that
amplitude
ball Gerak Melingkar
This is larger than the value found in part (a) as expected
moves A P
because the cart has an initial velocity at t ! 0.
the ball rotates on
with constant ang
shadow on the sc
back and forth in simple harmonic motion. Turntable and forth in simp
(a) motion.
Screen
At the Act
at http://www.p
15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion A
Shadow
can adjust the f
radial position
with Uniform Circular Motion Figure 15.13 (a)ofThe ball pistons of an
see the resultin
automobile
Active Figure 15.14engine
An move in periodic motion harmonic motio
along setup
experimental a singlefordimension. This photograph
Courtesy of Ford Motor Company

shadow.
Some common devices in our everyday life exhibit a relationship between oscillatory
shows athe
demonstrating cutaway view of two of these pistons.
connection

© Link / Visuals Unlimited

motion and circular motion. For example, the pistons in an automobilebetweenengine (Figure
This motion
simple is converted
harmonic motionto circular motion
Lamp of
the crankshaft, at the lower
As right, and
15.13a) go up and down—oscillatory motion—yet the net result of thisand uniform
motion circular motion.
is circu-
the ball ultimately
rotates on ofthethe wheels of the automobile.
turntable
lar motion of the wheels. In an old-fashioned locomotive (Figure 15.13b), theThe
(b)
with constant drive
back-and-forth
angular speed, its motion of pistons (in
shaft goes back and forth in oscillatory motion, causing a circularshadow motion the of screen
thehousing
curved
on the movesatback
the left) in an old-
wheels. In this section, we explore this interesting relationship betweenand forth
these fashioned
in simple
two typeslocomotive
harmonic is converted to circular
(a) (b) motion.motion of the wheels.
of motion. We shall use this relationship again when we study electromagnetism and
when we explore optics. At the Active Figures link

(a) Piston mesin mobil bergerak secara berkala

at http://www.pse6.com, you Q
Figure 15.14 is an overhead view of an experimental arrangement that shows this
can adjust the frequency and
relationship. A ball is attached to the rim of a turntable of radius A, radial
Ball whichposition
is illumi-
of the ball and
sepanjang satu dimensi. Gerakan ini Figure
nated from the side by a lamp.
turntable rotates with constant
The15.13
ball (a) The
casts a pistons
shadowof onan a screen. We see
automobile engine move in periodic motion
angular speed,
findthe
that
harmonic
as thesimple
resulting
ball motion
movesof the
along a single A
dimension.P This the shadow of the
photograph
dikonversi menjadi gerakan melingkar.
back and forth in simple harmonic motion.
shows a cutaway view of two of these pistons.
Turntable
shadow.
© Link / Visuals Unlimited

This motion is converted to circular motion of

(b) Gerakan bolak-balikthe piston
of the wheels dari
crankshaft, at the lower right, and
ultimately lokomotif
of the automobile.
Screen

kuno yang dikonversi menjadi gerak

(b) The back-and-forth motion of pistons (in
the curved housing at the left) in an old- A
fashioned locomotive is converted to circular
melingkar.
Shadow
(b) motion of the wheels. of ball
Active Figure 15.14 An
Hubungan antara gerak harmonik sederhana
experimental setup for dan
Courtesy of Ford Motor Company

demonstrating the connection

gerakan melingkar. Saat bola berputar
putar/turntable dengan kecepatan
between simplediharmonic
atasmotion
and uniform circular motion. As
meja
sudut konstan,
the ball rotates on the turntable
with constant angular speed, its

bayangannya di layar bergerak bolak-balik sebagai

shadow on the screen moves back
and forth in simple harmonic
(a)
gerakan harmonik sederhana.
motion.

At the Active Figures link

at http://www.pse6.com, you
can adjust the frequency and
C H A P T E R 15 • Oscillatory Motion

ω
y v=ω
ωA a = ω 2A
y y y
v
P P ax P
vx
P A t=0
A y a
φ θ
x x x x
O O Q O vx Q O ax Q
x

ω +φ
θ = ωt

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 15.15 Relationship between the uniform circular motion of a point P and the
simple harmonic motion of a point Q. A particle at P moves in a circle of radius A with
constant angular speed #. (a) A reference circle showing the position of P at t " 0.
Hubungan antara gerak melingkar dari titik 𝑃 dan gerak harmonik sederhana
(b) The x coordinates of points P and Q are equal and vary in time according to the
dari titik 𝑄. Sebuah partikel di 𝑃 bergerak dalam lingkaran jari-jari 𝐴 dengan
expression x " A cos(#t & !). (c) The x component of the velocity of P equals the
velocity of Q. (d) The x component of the acceleration of P equals the acceleration of Q.
kecepatan sudut konstan.
(a) Lingkaran referensi yang menunjukkan posisi 𝑃 pada 𝑡 = 0.
(b) Koordinat 𝑥 dariConsider
titik 𝑃a particle
dan 𝑄locatedadalah sama
at point P on dan bervariasiofdalam
the circumference a circle ofwaktu
radius A, as
sesuai denganin Figure 15.15a, with the line OP making an angle ! with the x axis at t " 0. We call this
ekspresi 𝑥 = 𝐴 cos (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙).
circle a reference circle for comparing simple harmonic motion with uniform circular mo-
(c) Komponen 𝑥 tion,
kecepatan
and we take 𝑃 sama dengan
the position of Pkecepatan 𝑄.reference position. If the particle
at t " 0 as our
(d) Komponen 𝑥 moves
percepatan
along the 𝑃 sama
circle with dengan percepatan
constant angular 𝑄. OP makes an angle $ with the
speed # until
x axis, as in Figure 15.15b, then at some time t % 0, the angle between OP and the x axis
is $ " #t & !. As the particle moves along the circle, the projection of P on the x axis,
labeled point Q, moves back and forth along the x axis between the limits x " ' A.
Titik 𝑃 dan 𝑄 selalu mempunyai titik koordinat 𝑥 yang sama. Dari segitiga 𝑂𝑃𝑄,
koordinat 𝑥 ditunjukkan oleh :
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙

Gerak harmonik sederhana dapat direpresentasikan oleh gerak melingkar

sepanjang lintasan melingkar.
466 C H A P T E R 15 • Oscillatory Motion

ω
y v
Proyeksi titik 𝑃 pada sumbu koordinat 𝑦 juga y

memperlihatkan gerak harmonik sederhana. P

Karena itu, gerak melingkar dapat didefinisikan

A
pula
P
y A t=0

sebagai kombinasi dua gerak harmonik sederhana, φ

x
θ
x
sepanjang sumbu koordiant 𝑥 dan 𝑦, dengan beda
O O x
Q
H
fase sebesar .
+
ω +φ
θ = ωt

(a) (b)
Figure 15.15 Relationship between the uniform
simple harmonic motion of a point Q. A particle
constant angular speed #. (a) A reference circle
(b) The x coordinates of points P and Q are equa
expression x " A cos(#t & !). (c) The x compon
velocity of Q. (d) The x component of the accele
 Energi Pada Gerak Harmonik Sederhana
Fs
Jika diasumsikan bahwa pegas tidak memiliki massa serta
(a) tidak ada gaya gesek antara balok dengan permukaannya,
m
x maka energi kinetik balok adalah
x
x=0 1 1
Fs = 0
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 + = 𝑚𝜔+ 𝐴+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛+ 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
(b)
2 2
m
x

x=0
Energi potensial pegas ketika dengan simpangan sejauh 𝑥
Fs adalah
(c) 1 1
m
x
𝑈 = 𝑘𝑥 + = 𝑘𝐴+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
2 2
x
x=0
Active Figure 15.1 A block
attached
𝐾 dan 𝑈tobesaran moving on a memiliki nilai positif. Dengan 𝜔+ = \ , total energi mekanik
a spring yang selalu
frictionless surface. (a) When the C
𝐸 dalam
block gerak osilasi/harmonik
is displaced to the right of sederhana adalah
equilibrium (x # 0), the force
1
exerted by the spring acts𝐸 =to𝐾the+ 𝑈 = 𝑘𝐴+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛+ 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
left. (b) When the block is at its 2
equilibrium position (x ! 0), the
^
force exerted by the spring is zero. 𝐸 = 𝑘𝐴+
(c) When the block is displaced to +
the left of equilibrium (x $ 0), the
 That is, the total mechanical energy of a simple harmonic oscillator is a constant
of the motion and is proportional to the ^ + the amplitude. Note that U is
𝐸 =square
𝑘𝐴of
small when K is large, and vice versa, because the+ sum must be constant. In fact, the to-
tal mechanical energy is equal to the maximum potential energy stored in the spring
Total energi
when x " mekanik gerak
% A because v " 0harmonik sederhana
at these points adalah
and thus there is no sebanding
kinetic energy.dengan
At the kontansta
pegas equilibrium
dan kuadrat dari where
position, amplitudo.
U " 0 because x " 0, the total energy, all in the form of
1 2
kinetic energy, is again 2 kA . That is,
1 +
1 k 2 1 2 1 + 1 +
E " +12 𝐴
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝜔 mv+2max
𝑠𝑖𝑛"+12 m𝜔𝑡
!2 +
A2 𝜙
" 12 m A " 2 kA 𝑈 = (at 𝑘𝑥x " =0) 𝑘𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
2 2 m 2 2
Plots of the kinetic and potential energies versus time appear in Figure 15.10a,
where we have taken & " 0. As already mentioned, both K and U are always positive,
1 1 1 𝑘 1 + system.
to 12 kA2, the total+ energy of the
Pada 𝑥and : times
= at0 all 𝐸 =their sum +is a constant equal
𝑚𝑣 + +
CD'the position x of the block are plotted in𝑘𝐴
= 𝑚𝜔 𝐴 = 𝑚 𝐴 =
The variations of K 2
and U with 2 2 𝑚 2 Figure 15.10b.
1 2
U U= kx
2
K K = 1 mv 2
2

K, U φ=0 K, U

1 2
kA
2

t x
T T –A O A
2
(a) (b)
(a) Energi kinetik dan energi potensial vs waktu untuk osilator harmonik sederhana dengan 𝜙
Active Figure 15.10 (a) Kinetic energy and potential energy versus time for a simple = 0.
harmonic oscillator with & " 0. (b) Kinetic energy and potential energy versus position
(b) Energi kinetik dan energi potensial vs posisi untuk osilator harmonik sederhana.
for a simple harmonic oscillator. In either plot, note that K $ U " constant.
 t x v a K U
a max

1 2
0 A 0 ω 2A
–ω 0 kA
θmax 2

vmax

T/4 0 ωA
–ω 0 1 2 0
kA
2

amax

T/2 –A 0 ω 2A 0 1 2
kA
θmax 2

vmax

1 2
3T/4 0 ω
ωA 0 kA 0
2

a max

1 2
T A 0 ω 2A
–ω 0 kA
2
θmax

x
–A 0 A
Active Figure 15.11 Simple harmonic motion for a block–spring system and its analogy
to the motion of a simple pendulum (Section 15.5). The parameters in the table at the
Gerak harmonik sederhana untuk sistem blok-pegas dan analoginya dengan bandul.
right refer to the block–spring system, assuming that at t ! 0, x ! A so that x ! A cos $t.

Parameter dalam tabel di sebelah kanan mengacu pada sistem blok-pegas, dengan
At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com, you can set the initial
position of the block and see the block–spring system and the analogous
asumsi bahwa pada 𝑡 = 0; 𝑥 = 𝐴 sehingga 𝑥 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡.
pendulum in motion.
 ntial energy of the block–spring system for one full period of the motion. Most of the
eas discussed so far are incorporated in this important figure. Study it carefully.
Prinsip kekekalan energi mekanik pada gerak harmonik sederhana dapat digunakan
Finally, we can use the principle of conservation of energy to obtain the velocity for
untuk menentukan kecepatan pada posisi 𝑥
n arbitrary position by expressing the total energytertentu.
at some arbitrary position x as
E ! K % U ! 12 mv 2 % 12 kx 2 ! 12 kA2

√
k
v!" (A2 # x 2) ! "$√A2 # x 2 (15.22)
m
hen we check Equation 15.22 to see whether it agrees with known cases, we find that
verifies the fact that the speed is a maximum at x ! 0 and is zero at the turning
oints x ! " A.
You may wonder why we are spending so much time studying simple harmonic os-
lators. We do so because they are good models of a wide variety of physical phenom-
na. For example, recall the Lennard–Jones potential discussed in Example 8.11. This
mplicated function describes the forces holding atoms together. Figure 15.12a shows
at, for small displacements from the equilibrium position, the potential energy curve

t
a max

0
 468 C H A P T E R 15 • Oscillatory Motion
Bandul

15.5 The
Ketika 𝜃 Pendulum
kecil, bandul akan berosilasi di sekitar posisi
keseimbangannya. Gaya pemulih
The simple pendulum is another mechanical system merupakan komponen gaya
that exhibits periodic motion. It
θ gravitasi yang bersinggungan dengan lintasan dan besarnya
consists of a particle-like bob of mass m suspended by a light string of length L that is
fixed at the upper end, as shown in Figure 15.17. The motion occurs in the vertical
L
T adalah : 𝑑+ 𝑠show that, provided the angle
plane and is driven by the gravitational force. We shall
! is small (less than𝐹about
^ = 10°),
−𝑚𝑔 thesin 𝜃=
motion 𝑚 close+to that of a simple harmonic
is very
s m oscillator. 𝑑𝑡
m g sin θ The forces acting on the bob are the force T exerted by the string and the gravita-
θ tional force mg. The +tangential component mg sin ! of the gravitational force always
𝑠 = 𝐿 𝜃 m g cos θ 𝑑 𝜃 𝑔
mg = − sin 𝜃
acts toward ! " 0, opposite the displacement of the bob from the lowest position.
+ component is a restoring force, and we can apply Newton’s
Active Figure 15.17 When ! is
𝑑𝑡
Therefore, the tangential 𝐿
second law for motion in the tangential direction:
small, a simple pendulum oscillates
in simple harmonic motion about d 2s
Ft " 'mg sin ! " m
the equilibrium position ! " 0.
𝑑+ 𝜃 𝑔 dt 2
Jika 𝜃 sangat kecil atau sin 𝜃where
≈ 𝜃s ismaka
The restoring force is ' mg sin !,
the component of the gravitational : = − along
the bob’s position+ measured 𝜃 the arc and the negative sign indicates
force tangent to the arc. 𝑑𝑡 𝐿
that the tangential force acts toward the equilibrium (vertical) position. Because
At the Active Figures link s " L! (Eq. 10.1a) and L is constant, this equation reduces to
at http://www.pse6.com, you
Solusi dari persamaan diferensial di atas adalah : d𝜃2 !="𝜃'CD'
can adjust the mass of the bob, g cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
sin !
the length of the string, and the dt 2 L
initial angle and see the
dengan 𝜃 adalah posisi maksimum
resulting oscillation of the
pendulum. CD'
Considering ! asdalam angular dan
the position, this equationfrekuensi
let us compare𝜔 adalah sudut. it
to Equation 15.3—does
have the same mathematical form? The right side is proportional to sin ! rather than
to ! ; hence, we would not expect simple harmonic motion because this expression is
𝑔 2𝜋 𝐿
not of the form of Equation 15.3. However, if we assume that ! is small, we can use the
▲ PITFALL𝜔PREVENTION
=
𝐿
𝑇= = 2𝜋
approximation sin ! ! ! ; thus, in this approximation, the equation of motion for the
𝜔 𝑔
simple pendulum becomes
15.5 Not True Simple
Harmonic Motion d2! g
2 "' ! (for small values of !) (15.24)
Remember that the pendulum dt L
of
O,
8.
of
Bandul Fisis
Benda tegar diputar pada titik 𝑂 yang berjarak 𝑑 dari pusat
Pivot
O massa. Gaya gravitasi memberikan torsi pada sumbu yang melalui
titik 𝑂, dan besarnya torsi itu adalah
he θ
he
d τ = 𝑚𝑔𝑑 sin 𝜃
Menggunakan Hukum II Newton:
CM
d sin θ
7) ∑ 𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
dengan 𝐼 adalah momen inersia pada sumbu yang melalui 𝑂.
r-
re 𝑑+ 𝜃
−𝑚𝑔𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝐼 +
mg 𝑑𝑡
Figure 15.18 A physical pendu-
Tanda negatif menunjukkan bahwa torsi di tiitk
lum pivoted at O. 𝑂 cenderung akan menurunkan 𝜃.
Gaya gravitasi menghasilkan torsi (gaya pemulih).
Jika 𝜃 sangat kecil sehingga sin 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃, maka persamaan gerak menjadi :

𝑑+ 𝜃 𝑚𝑔𝑑
+
= − 𝜃 = −𝜔+ 𝜃
𝑑𝑡 𝐼

Solusi persamaan diferensial di atas adalah : 𝜃 = 𝜃CD' cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙

Solusi persamaan diferensial di atas adalah : 𝜃 = 𝜃CD' cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙

dengan 𝜃CD' adalah posisi maksimum (dalam sudut).

Frekuensi sudut dan periode adalah :

𝑚𝑔𝑑 2𝜋 𝐼
𝜔= 𝑇= = 2𝜋
𝐼 𝜔 𝑚𝑔𝑑
 space suit, and the belt oscillated as a
scientist on the Earth observed this

Bandul Torsi
T
Bandul torsi terdiri dari benda tegar yang diikatkan oleh kawat dan F
su
berosilasi dengan garis 𝑂𝑃 sebagai garis kesetimbangan dan th
amplitudo maksimum 𝜃CD' .
w
Ketika benda diputar dengan besar sudut tertentu, akan ada gaya o
O A
pemulih yang besarnya sebanding dengan posisi sudut.
θmax
𝜏 = −𝜅𝜃 P

dengan 𝜅 (kappa) adalah konstanta torsi dari kawat. Figure 15.20 A torsional pendulum
consists of a rigid object suspended

𝑑+𝜃 by a wire attached to a rigid support.

The object oscillates about the line A
𝜏 = −𝜅𝜃 = 𝐼 + OP with an amplitude $max. a
𝑑𝑡
Period of a torsional pendulum
+
𝑑 𝜃 𝜅
= − 𝜃
𝑑𝑡 + 𝐼 si

Persamaan ini merupakan persamaan diferensial dengan solusi yang sama dengan
gerak harmonik sederhana dengan frekuensi sudut dan periode adalah :
𝜅 𝐼
𝜔= 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝐼 𝜅
15 . 6 • Damped Oscillations 471
Gerak Osilasi Teredam

Salah satu contoh gerak osilasi teredam adalah benda yang

melekat pada pegas kemudian direndam dalam cairan kental.

Sistem balok – pegas, sistem yang berosilasi tanpa batas

dengan satu gaya (gaya pemulih).
Dalam sistem riil, gaya non-konservatif, seperti gesekan,
memperlambat gerak. Akibatnya, energi mekanik dari sistem
m berkurang sebagai fungsi waktu, dan gerak osilasi dikatakan
teredam.

Figure 15.21 One example of a

dampedGaya perlambatan dapat dinyatakan sebagai 𝑅
oscillator is an object = 𝑏𝑣 (di mana 𝑏 adalah konstanta yang
disebut koefisien redaman).
attached to a spring and submersed
in a viscous liquid. sistem adalah 𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥, maka :
Gaya pemulih

k 𝐹' = −𝑘𝑥 − 𝑏𝑣' = 𝑚𝑎'

𝑑𝑥 𝑑+ 𝑥
−𝑘𝑥 − 𝑏 =𝑚 +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
x
b
–
 speed of the moving object and acts in the direction oppo-
ing force is often observed when an object 𝑑+ 𝑥moves through𝑑𝑥 Figure 15.21 One example of a
e retarding force can be expressed as 𝑚 R! 𝑑𝑡"
= −𝑘𝑥 − 𝑏 is
+ b v (where b𝑑𝑡
damped oscillator is an object
attached to a spring and submersed
ng coefficient) and the restoring force of the system is " kx,
in a viscous liquid.
nd law Solusi
as dari persamaan diferensial di atas adalah :
n
# Fx !𝑥 ="kx𝐴𝑒"m+C
bvxo cos
! ma𝜔𝑡
x +𝜙

dengan
dx frekuensi
d 2x sudut gerak osilasi teredam tersebut adalah :
"kx " b !m (15.31)
dt dt 2 x
+ b
𝑘
on requires mathematics 𝑏 – t
𝜔= − that may
not be familiar to you; A Ae 2m
𝑚 retarding
hout proof. When the 2𝑚 force is small compared
ng force—that is, when b is small—the solution to Equa-
o Ketika gaya perlambatan kecil, gerak osilasi tetap
0 t
dipertahankan dengan amplitudo berkurang
b
" t
x ! Ae 2m cos($t % &) (15.32)
sebagai fungsi dari waktu, sampai gerak osilasi
berhenti à
y of oscillation is karakteristik gerak osilasi teredam
o Amplitudo meluruh secara eksponensial terhadap
√ ! "
k b 2
$ !waktu. " (15.33) Active Figure 15.22 Graph of
m 2m Grafik posisi (𝑥) vs waktu (𝑡) untuk
o Untuk sistem pegas dan balok, osilasi meredam position versus time for a damped
osilator teredam. Perhatikan
lebih cepat ketika nilai maksimum gaya
y substituting Equation 15.32 into Equation 15.31. oscillator. Note the decrease in
penurunan amplitudo seiring waktu.
position asperlambatan mendekati nilai maksimum gaya
a function of time for an object oscillating in the amplitude with time.
e. We seepemulih.
that when the retarding force is small, the os- At the Active Figures link
motion is preserved but the amplitude decreases in at http://www.pse6.com, you
at http://www.pse6.com, you
can adjust the spring constant,
Frekuensi
the mass ofsudut gerak osilasi
the object, and theteredam dapat dinyatakan pula sebagai :
damping constant and see the +
resulting damped oscillation 𝑏
𝜔 of= 𝜔p+ −
the object. 2𝑚

\
dengan 𝜔p = adalah frekuensi sudut tanpa adanya gaya redaman/perlambatan
C
(frekuensi alami sistem)

x o Ketika besarnya gaya perlambatan maksimum

𝑅CD' = 𝑏𝑣CD' < 𝑘𝐴, sistem dikatakan
underdamped (kurva a).
o Ketika nilai b meningkat, amplitudo osilasi
c berkurang lebih banyak dan lebih cepat. Ketika b
b n
mencapai nilai kritis 𝑏r sehingga s = 𝜔p , sistem
a +C
t tidak berosilasi dan dikatakan teredam secara
kritis (kurva b).
o Jika gaya perlambatan lebih besar dari gaya
Kurva posisi sebagai fungsi dari waktu
Figure 15.23 Graphs of position pemulih , yaitu, jika 𝑅CD' = 𝑏𝑣CD' >
untuk ketiga jenis gerak harmonik n
versus time for (a) an
teredam 𝑘𝐴 dan > 𝜔p , sistem disebut overdamped
+C
underdamped oscillator, (b) a (kurva c).
critically damped oscillator, and
(c) an overdamped oscillator.
 Osilasi Terpaksa dan Resonansi
Contoh umum osilator paksa adalah osilator teredam yang digerakkan oleh gaya
eksternal :
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐹p sin 𝜔𝑡
dengan 𝜔p adalah frekuensi sudut dari gaya penggerak dan 𝐹p adalah konstanta
𝜔p merupakan frekuensi alamiah dari osilator yang nilainya bergantung kepada 𝑘 dan 𝑚.

k 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

𝑑𝑥 𝑑+ 𝑥
𝐹p sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑏 − 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚 +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Solusi sederhana untuk persamaan diferensial di atas adalah :

𝑥 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙

𝐹pu
𝑚 𝑘
dengan 𝐴 adalah 𝐴= ; 𝜔p =
𝑏𝜔 + 𝑚
+ + +
𝜔 − 𝜔p +
𝑚
 applied force is in phase with the velocity and
lator is a maximum.
ude aso aDua persamaan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa
function of frequency for a forced oscillator A
osilator paksa bergetar pada frekuensi yang
at the amplitude increases with decreasing damping b=0
e broadensberasal dari gaya eksternal dengan amplitudo
as the damping increases. Under steady- Undamped
konstan.
frequency, the energy transferred into the system
o Untuk redaman kecil, amplitudo akan besar ketika
e damping force; hence, the average total energy of Small b
he absence frekuensi gaya eksternal mendekati frekuensi
of a damping force (b " 0), we see from
alamiah 𝜔 ≈ 𝜔p .
amplitude approaches infinity as ! approaches !0.
o Peningkatan dramatis amplitudo di dekat
in the system and if we continue to drive an initially Large b
frekuensi alamiah disebut resonansi, dan
force that is in phase with the
frekuensi alamiah 𝜔 velocity, the amplitude
p disebut sebagai frekuensi
he brown curve in Fig. 15.25). This limitless building
resonansi sistem.
ome damping is always present in reality. ω
o Pada keadaan resonansi, gaya eksternal yang 0 ω0
t resonance appears in other areas of physics. For ex-
diberikan memiliki fase yang sama dengan Grafik amplitudo vs frekuensi untuk
Figure 15.25 Graph of amplitude
natural frequencies. A bridge has natural frequencies
kecepatan dan daya yang ditransfer ke osilator osilator teredam. Perhatikan bahwa
versus frequency for a damped
adalah maksimum.
n appropriate driving force. A dramatic example of bentuk kurva resonansi tergantung pada
oscillator when a periodic driving
hen the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in the state of Wash- forceukuran koefisien redaman 𝑏.
is present. When the
brations. Although the winds were not particularly frequency ! of the driving force
g” of the wind across the roadway (think of the “flap- equals the natural frequency !0 of
the oscillator, resonance occurs.
provided a periodic driving force whose frequency Note that the shape of the
lting oscillations of the bridge caused it to ultimately resonance curve depends on the
ge design had inadequate built-in safety features. size of the damping coefficient b.