1

Additional file 1: Table S1: The summary of the studies on dietary intake, which included 6-year-olds or children of approximate age, used in
the section Discussion (studies showed in alphabetical order of the country)
Subgroup/
The studied population; The method of
Country/ subgroups
Reference the name of the study (if assessing Energy and macronutrients analysed
region selected for
provided) dietary intake
comparison
energy (kJ, kcal); macronutrients expressed in
g and as % of energy: total protein, animal
protein, plant protein, fat, carbohydrates;
macronutrients expressed as % of energy:
Huybrechts & De a 3-day
Belgium, a representative sample of 4-6.5-year- SFA, PUFA, MUFA, complex carbohydrates,
Henauw, 2007 [9]; estimated food
Flanders 2.5-6.5-year-old children olds simple carbohydrates; protein (g/kg);
Lin et al., 2011 [10] record
cholesterol (mg); fibre (g, g/1000 kcal); water
(ml, ml/kg); the percentages of the children
with usual intakes below or above dietary
reference intakes
energy (MJ); macronutrients expressed in g
Southwest 7-year-old children; the
a 3-day and as % of energy: protein, fat, SFA, PUFA,
Glynn et al., 2005 England, the Avon Longitudinal Study of
– estimated food MUFA, carbohydrate, starch, total sugar, non-
[33] county of Parents and Children
record milk extrinsic sugar; non-starch
Avon (ALSPAC)
polysaccharides (g)
France; two
5-11-year-old children; the a 1-day energy (kcal); macronutrients expressed as %
Maillard et al., 2000 towns in
Fleurbaix Laventie Ville – estimated food of energy: protein, fat, SFA, carbohydrates,
[15] northern
Santé Study record complex carbohydrates
France
Great Britain Office
4-18-year-old children and energy (kcal); macronutrients expressed in g
for National
adolescents; National Diet 4-6-year- a 7-day weighed and as % of energy: protein, fat,
Statistics Social Great Britain
and Nutrition Survey: young olds food record carbohydrates; SFA (% of energy); cholesterol
Survey Division,
people aged 4-18 years (mg)
2000 [7]
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a representative sample of 3 days: weighed

Greek toddlers and food record
preschool children aged 1-5 (during nursery
energy (MJ, kcal); macronutrients expressed in
years; above 4- to hours) and 24-
Manios, 2006 [40] Greece g and as % of energy: protein, fat, SFA,
the Growth, Exercise and 5-year-olds hour recall or
carbohydrates
Nutrition Epidemiological food diaries
Study in preSchoolers (outside
(GENESIS) nurseries)
the sample energy (kJ); macronutrients expressed as
children aged 5.7-7.6 years
studied in a 3-day g/1000 kcal and % of energy: protein, fat,
Smpokos et al., Greece, from two representative
2006/07 – estimated food SFA, PUFA, MUFA, carbohydrates;
2013 [11] Crete samples: 1992/93 and
mean age 6.8 record cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal), dietary fibre
2006/07
years (g/1000 kcal)
energy (kcal); macronutrients expressed in g
and as % of energy: protein, fat, SFA, PUFA,
Szponar et al., 2003 a representative sample of 4-6-year- a single 24-hour
Poland MUFA, total carbohydrate; animal and plant
[6] people aged 1 year and older olds dietary recall
protein (g, % of total protein); cholesterol
(mg); dietary fibre (g)
energy (kcal); macronutrients expressed as %
Moreira et al., 2005 a single 24-hour of energy: protein, fat, SFA, PUFA, MUFA,
Portugal 7-9-year-old children –
[34] dietary recall total carbohydrates, sugars; protein (g/kg);
fibre (g)
energy (kcal); macronutrients expressed in g
Spain, four and as % of energy: protein, fat, SFA, PUFA,
Rodríguez-Artalejo
cities: Cadiz, MUFA, total carbohydrates, complex
et al., 2002 [12]; food frequency
Murcia, 6-7-year-old children – carbohydrates, simple carbohydrates;
Royo-Bordonada et questionnaire
Madrid, cholesterol (mg, mg/1000 kcal); fibre (g); the
al., 2003 [13]
Orense percentages of children complying with
nutritional goals set for the Spanish population
Serra-Majem et al., Spain people aged 2-24 years; the 2-5-year- a single 24-hour energy (kJ, kcal); macronutrients expressed in
2006 [14] enKid Study olds; dietary recall g and as % of energy: protein, fat, SFA, PUFA,
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and a food
6-9-year- MUFA, carbohydrate; cholesterol (mg,
frequency
olds mg/1000 kJ); fibre (g, g/1000 kJ)
questionnaire
a representative sample of
energy (MJ, kcal); macronutrients expressed in
all four people aged 1.5 years and
a 4-day g and as % of energy: protein, fat, SFA, PUFA,
Bates et al., 2012 countries of older; the National Diet and 4-10-year-
estimated food MUFA, total carbohydrate, starch, total sugars,
[8] the United Nutrition Survey: the olds
record intrinsic and milk sugars, non-milk extrinsic
Kingdom Rolling Programme
sugars; non-starch polysaccharide (g)
(2008/2009 – 2010/2011)
people of all ages; the
less than 6-
National Health and energy (kcal); macronutrients expressed as %
Wright et al., 2003 year-olds; a single 24-hour
USA Nutrition of energy: protein, fat, SFA, carbohydrate;
[16] 6-11-year- dietary recall
Examination Survey 1999- cholesterol (mg)
olds
2000
energy (kcal); macronutrients expressed in g
Huynh et al., 2008 food frequency and as % of energy: total protein, animal
Vietnam 4-5-year-old children –
[41] questionnaire protein, plant protein, fat, animal fat, vegetable
fat, carbohydrate, free sugar
SFA – saturated fatty acids; PUFA – polyunsaturated fatty acids; MUFA – monounsaturated fatty acids.