ECE 493 (1), Power System Operation & Markets, Final Exam, 13th April 2005, ID

Page 2 of 16

1. Answer the following Within the word limits specified (6 + 4 = 10)

a. Discuss the essential features of the pool structure of electricity markets and
compare with the open access structure, with particular reference to role of the
Independent System Operator in each market and role of Gencos.( 200 Words)

b. In all electricity markets, the objective is usually to maximize the social welfare.
What do you understand by social welfare? How is it different from the erstwhile
total system cost objective function of classical power dispatch? (100 Words)

{a W W WW~
 ECE 493 (2), Power System Operation & Markets, Final Exam, 101h April 2006, ID
Page 2 of 16

1 Answer in BRIEF (50 Words, maximum), the following (5 x 4 = 20)

a) Why is there a need for the system operator to execute a load flow run for the whole
system, every few minutes? What is the main role of the slack bus in a load flow
calculation? % W JD M J wfi

W
)Lelwwvlw. 5!? W W a
W, emu WWI/vile”
41 km, 34“ (SW‘JA’WV
law was Mm/ W ‘ w ith
1,3 apgmAflw/f

b) What are the basic unctions of an Independent System Operator (ISO) in a

deregulated electric' market?

) In electricity market auctions, the objective is to maximize social welfare as against

the erstwhile cost minimization objective 1n vertically integrated systems. What do
you understand by social wel are?
(AH/m Wl/‘C (Vb/@VKMJ’}
. WM (Lt/WV?) flaao‘x (17: ‘

W W W
[S M‘OL‘M .

gill LS WW
W ”! W 2<W
a WW3
ECE 493 (2), Power System Operation & Markets, Final Exam, 10Lh April 2006, ID
Page 3 of 16

d) What is inadvertent interchange ?

m wHUMC/Q % JCLQW (Jule/W “3’

tog/(wed MW

6)
ECE 493 (3), Power System Operation & Markets, Final Exam, 13th April 2007, ID
Page 2 of 17

1 Answer in BRIEF the following questions, not exceeding 5 ords: (25)

a. What are the functional differences between an Indepen nt Market Operator and an
Independent Svstem Onerator in deregulated electricity kets? (4)
ndependenl System Operalo
(ISO) Market Operator
Responsible/hr system
xer'nri/y anti reliability. Receive sell
PI‘UCMI‘C'S and manages bids and buy
Ancillary Services. gym and
Funetians independent {3/
all market players. Provides carrying on!
(I non-diseriminaiV open market
access to all transmission
sm'lcm users
settlement

b. It is usually true that large coal-fire genera ’ g ts have to adhere to their ramp-rate
constraints while such constraints e not In pplicable in case of hydro generators.
Why. % 8e WM“) 5

MM MUM
{W'W WWW/ubL

c. In the short-te eduling problem, the objective function is usually the

rmal generation. Justify the choice of such an objective

glut/m ('3 WW WW9)

List 3 important reasons for the initiation of the process of deregulation of

the power
industry world-wide: (5)

70 3% r (1/ a? WWW
% LAW W «flu».
 ECE 493 (3), Power System Operation & Markets, Final Exam, 13th April 2007,
ID
Page 3 of 17

e. In unit commitment, the power generation from a unit at an hour k, is constrain

ed by w

. 7/
of the following constraints. Identify the correct constraint with a ‘1 mark beside it:

?/ <3> w:2,in; “4w;

i-Pi,k iminlflMlNaRDN ' Pi,k—1l "Lk fmaxlI’iMINfiDN - Pi,k—1l '- l
. . MIN , . _ ‘ I
111. Pl,k¥Pj 1V. PukflRDN Pl,k—1 \Z

RDN is the ramp-down rate of the generator and PM” is the minimum limit
of the unit

f. The O tario electricity market is (Mark ‘1 against all correct options) (3)
. A double auction market
ii. A single auction market
vhf An uniform price auction market
iv. A bilateral contract dominated market
v. A locational marginal price market
MW. A real-time market

g. Find the LOLP for a small electric utility with 350 MW of installed capacity
and 275
MW peak demand, having a cumulative outage probability characteristic
shown below:
(4)

0.8 -
Outage)

\l
.0
0‘
.0
or More on

LI:
.0
4;
.0
P(X-MW

w
I
.0
N
.
.0
\

‘_.. 0.1 .

M70“ D 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

X-MW or More on Outage

Note: You are required to use the above curve, as accurate

l as ossible, to determine the LOLP.
A small margin of error in accuracy is acceptable.

ton it, Mfsvww> tame /WWW

, W)
Via

QWWV r, w/g av 04}-

Page
Page 22 of
of16 ECE760
ECE760 Final
Final Exam
Exam 55m August
August 2010
th
16 2010

PART-I (25
PART-I (25 mar
marks)
ks)
Q-I:
Q-I: Choose ALL
Choose ALL correct
correct options
options inin each
each case.
case. Do not re-write
Do not re-write the
the statements
statements but
but only
only
the correct
the correct options
options (a,
(a, b,
b, c,
c, etc.)
etc.) as
as appropriate
appropriate (2 x
(2 X 5=10)
5=10)
I. The
1. The New York ISO:
New York ISO:
a. Operates
a. Operates a a day-ahead
day-ahead and and real-time
real-time uniform
uniform price
price market
market
b. Operates
b. Operates a a day-ahead
day-ahead and and real-time
real-time LMP
LMP market
market
c. Has
c. not adopted
Has not adopted the the Standard
Standard Market
Market Design ofFERC
Design of FERC
d. Has
d. adopted the
Has adopted the Standard
Standard Market
Market Design ofFERC
Design of FERC
e. Functions
e. Functions asas an
an RT0
RTO

Answers:
Answers: _________________________

2. In the context of LMP-based double auction markets

a. The
a. The notion
notion of
ofsocial welfare maximization
social welfare maximization refers
refers to
to maximization
maximization ofofsum ofindividual
sum of individual
social welfares at
social welfares at each
each node
node
b. The
b. The notion
notion of
of social welfare maximization
social welfare maximization do do not
not pertain to whole
pertain to whole system, but is
system, but is aa
nodal concept
nodal concept and
and the
the market
market operator
operator maximizes
maximizes itit on
on a
a node-by-node
node-by—node basis
basis
6. The
c. The equality
equality constraint
constraint isis usually
usually an
an ac
ac powerflow equation considering
power flow equation considering both
both active
active
and reactive
and reactive power
power
d. The
d. The equality
equality constraint
constraint is is a
a set of nodal
set of nodal constraints
constraints where
where aa balance
balance is
is achieved
achieved atat
each node
each node between
between thethe generation
generation andand demand
demand

Answers:
Answers: _________________________

3. In
3. In transmission
transmission systems,
systems,
a. If
a. there is
If there is congestion
congestion onon a a line,
line, embedded
embedded cost cost based
based pricing
pricing self-adjusts to charge
self-adjusts to charge
for
for such congestion
such congestion
b. Incremental
b. Incremental costcost based
based prices respond to
prices respond to congestions
congestions
c. In
c. In Postage Stamp pricing,
Postage Stamp pricing, aa customer
customer (at(at bus-1)
bus-I) and
and aa generator
generator (at(at bus-3)
bus-3) pair will
pair will
pay the same
pay the transmission price
same transmission price for
for aa 100
I 00 MW transaction as
MW transaction as a
a customer
customer (at
(at bus-4)
bus-4)
and generator
and generator (at(at bus-8)
bus-8) pair
pair
d. In
d. In Incremental Cost-Basedpricing,
Incremental Cost-Based pricing, aa customer
customer (at (at bus-1)
bus-I) and
and a
a generator (at bus-3)
generator (at bus-3)
pair will pay
pair will the same
pay the transmission price
same transmission price for
for aa 100
100 MW transaction as
MW transaction as a
a customer
customer (at
(at
bus-4) and
bus-4) and generator (at bus-8)
generator (at bus-8) pair
pair
e. In
e. In general the SRMC
general the SRMC based
based transmission
transmission price
price for
for aa 100
I 00 MW transaction should
MW transaction be
should be
higher that
higher that aa LRMC based transmission
LRMC based transmission pricefor the same
price for the transaction
same transaction

Answers: _________________________
Answers:

4. An
4. An electricity
electricity market
market is
is said
said to
to be efficient when,
be efficient when,
a. All
All participants are price-takers
participants are price-takers
$~®S~D©§

b. PCMI
PCMI = = 2%
2%
c. HHI
HHI > > 9,500
9,500
d. HHI
HHI < < 1,000
1,000
Customer demand is
e. Customer demand is price insensitive
price insensitive
Customer demand
f. Customer demand isis responsive
responsive toto market
market prices
prices

Answers: _________________________
Answers:
Page
Page 33 of
of16 ECE760
ECE760 Final
Final Exam
Exam 55m August
August 2010
th
16 2010

5. In
5. In the
the provision of transmission
provision of transmission services
services
a. The
a. The total
total scheduled transmission service
scheduled transmission can exceed
service can exceed the
the total
total transmission
transmission capability
capability
ifsome
if some portion
portion ofof the
the scheduled
scheduled service is recallable
service is recallable
b. Over-subscription
b. Over-subscription of of transmission
transmission reserves
reserves is
is allowed
allowed if
ifaa portion
portion ofofit is recallable
it is recallable
c. Recallable
c. Recallable scheduled
scheduled services have a
services have a priority over recallable
priority over recallable ATC but not
ATC but over non-
not over non-
recallable ATC
recallable ATC
d. The
d. The maximum
maximum limit
limit of
of aa non-recallable
non-recallable scheduled
scheduled service
service isis up
up to
to the
the non-recallable
non-recallable
ATC
ATC

Answers: _________________________
Answers:

Q-II: Complete
Q-II: Complete the
the sentences
sentences with
with appropriate
appropriate word(s) or phrases:
word(s) or phrases: (2 X
(2 x 33 =
= 6)
6)
a. A
a. A power trader, located
power trader, located in
in Ontario,
Ontario, is is importing
importing power over the
power over Ontario—New England
the Ontario-New England
interconnection to
interconnection to sell
sell power to aa customer
power to customer in in Ontario.
Ontario. It
It holds
holds aa FTR
FTR in
in the
the direction
direction of
of
New England to
New England to Ontario,
Ontario, and
and the
the interconnection
interconnection isis import
import congested
congested towards
towards Ontario.
Ontario.
The trader
The trader will
will receive
receive aa TRSC
TRSC payment
payment of of ___________________________________.

b.
b. A genco makes
A genco makes $1000
$1000 profit
profit by selling power
by selling to the
power to the pool,
pool, when
when pool
pool price is 35
price is 35 $/MWh.
$/MWh.
If aa CfD
If CfD was
was in
in place
place between the pool
between the and the
pool and the genco,
genco, with
with aa strike
strike price of 35
price of 35 $/MWh,
$/MWh,
during the
during the same
same condition,
condition, the
the gencos’s
gencos’s profit would have
profit would have been
been __________..

c. The
c. The _________________________________________ price price provides
provides aa signal
signal to
to the
the
power exporters and
power exporters and importers
importers from/to
from/to the
the Ontario
Ontario market
market regarding
regarding the congestion
the congestion
possibilities on the
possibilities on the inter-ties
inter—ties of
of the
the province.
province.

Q-III: For
Q-III: For the
the statements
statements given
given below,
below, state
state TRUE
TRUE or
or FALSE.
FALSE. If
If the
the statement
statement is TRUE,
is TRUE,
justify
justify why it is
why it is true,
true, and
and ifif FALSE,
FALSE, provide
provide a a corresponding
corresponding true statement.
true statement. (3 x
(3 x33= 9)
= 9)
i.i. The choice
The choice ofof “injection
“injection node” and “extraction
node” and “extraction node” in aa FTR
node” in FTR does
does not
not affect
affect the
the
congestion credit,
congestion credit, as
as long
long as
as their
their exists
exists an
an LMP
LMP differential
differential between
between the
the two
two nodes.
nodes.

ii.
ii. A transmission customer
A transmission customer holding
holding FTR
FTR from
from Bus—l
Bus-1 to Bus—2 will
to Bus-2 earn aa congestion
will earn congestion credit
credit
for congestion
for congestion on
on line
line 1-2,
1-2, in
in the
the direction
direction from
from Bus-2
Bus-2 to
to Bus-l.
Bus-1.
ECE 760(6):
760(6): Power
Power System
System Mgmt
Mgmt &
& Electricity
Electricity Markets,
Markets, Final
Final Exam,
Exam, 16
l6th April
April 2010
2010 Page
Page 2
2 of
of 20
20
th
ECE

Question-1: Answer
Question-1: Answer the
the Following
Following in
in Brief
Brief (50
(50 words)
words) (2 x
(2 X88+
+ 2x4
2x4 =
= 24)
24)
a.
a. What do
What do you
you understand
understand by
by Social
Social Welfare in the
Welfare in the context
context of
of electricity
electricity
markets?
markets?

b.
b. In a
In a LMP
LMP market,
market, the
the price
price of
of electricity
electricity depends
depends on
on what factors?
what factors?

c.
c. In aa power
In power flow
flow analysis
analysis problem,
problem, how
how is
is the
the slack
slack bus
bus active
active and
and reactive
reactive
power generation determined?
power generation determined?

d.
d. What is
What is the
the difference
difference between
between SRMC
SRMC and
and LRMC?
LRMC?
ECE 760(6):
760(6): Power
Power System
System Mgmt
Mgmt &
& Electricity
Electricity Markets,
Markets, Final
Final Exam,
Exam, 16
l6th April
April 2010
2010 Page
Page 3
3 of
of 20
20
th
ECE

e.
e. What is
What is spinning
spinning reserve
reserve in
in power
power systems?
systems?

f.
f. What do you
What do you understand
understand by
by ‘shadow
‘shadow price of water’?
price of water’?

g.
g. What is
What is ‘economics
‘economics of
of scale’
scale’ in
in the
the context
context of
of transmission
transmission planning?
planning?

h.
h. What are
What are the
the main
main differences
differences between
between an
an energy
energy brokerage
brokerage system
system and
and
aa uniform
uniform price
price auction
auction market?
market?
ECE 760(6):
760(6): Power
Power System
System Mgmt
Mgmt &
& Electricity
Electricity Markets,
Markets, Final
Final Exam,
Exam, 16
l6th April
April 2010
2010 Page
Page 4
4 of
of 20
20
th
ECE

i.
i. In the
In the context
context of of Ontario,
Ontario, write
write Yes or NO
Yes or NO for
for the
the following
following (4):
(4):
• ItIt is
is aa real-time
real-time market
market _________
• It is
It is aa day-ahead
day-ahead market
market _________
• Hydro-One carries
Hydro-One carries out
out the
the Unit
Unit Commitment
Commitment tasks
tasks _________
• IESO carries
IESO carries out
out the
the Unit
Unit Commitment
Commitment tasks
tasks _________
• It is
It is aa double-auction
double-auction market
market _________
• It is
It is aa single-sided
single-sided auction
auction market
market _________
• It is
It is aa uniform-price
uniform-price auction
auction market
market _________
• It is
It is aa LMP
LMP market
market _________

j.
j. What are
What are the
the main
main differences
differences between
between an
an Optimal
Optimal Power
Power flow
flow and
and a
a
Load Flow
Load Flow (4)
(4)
ECE 760(6):
760(6): Power
Power System
System Mgmt
Mgmt &
& Electricity
Electricity Markets,
Markets, Final
Final Exam,
Exam, 16
l6th April
April 2010
2010 Page
Page 5
5 of
of 20
20
th
ECE

Question-2: Answer
Question-2: Answer inin BRIEF
BRIEF (not
(not exceeding
exceeding the
the space
space provided
provided below)
below) (8)
(8)
a. What
a. What areare the
the basic
basic assumptions
assumptions made
made inin Economic
Economic Load
Load Dispatch
Dispatch (ELD)?
(ELD)?
How is
How is an
an ELD
ELD problem
problem inter-related
inter-related to
to the
the Unit
Unit Commitment
Commitment problem?
problem?

b. What
b. is Cost
What is Cost of
of Saved
Saved Energy?
Energy?
 Page 2
Page 2 of
of 16
16

PART-A (35
135 Marks)
Marks!

Question-1: Choose fl ALL correct answers from the options given. Do not re-write the
statements. Only
statements. Only write
write the
the correct
correct statement
statement numbers
numbers (a,(a, b,
b, c,
c, etc.).
etc.). (2x6=12)
(2x6=12)
i. The most common
The most common dispatch
dispatch model
model used
used for
for settlement
settlement of of LMP
LMP markets
markets is
is
a.
0. Economic Load
Economic Dispatch
Load Dispatch
b. Optimal Flow
Power Flow
Optimal Power
50.9.0?

c. Unit Commitment
d. Security Constrained Economic
Security Constrained Dispatch with
Economic Dispatch Unit Commitment
with Unit Constraints
Commitment Constraints
e. Security
Security Constrained Optimal Power
Constrained Optimal Flow
Power Flow

Correct Answer(s):
Correct Answer(s): ________________________

ii. Spinning reserves are

a.
0. Provided generators synchronized
by generators
Provided by synchronized toto the grid and
the grid ramp up
can ramp
and can up their generation
their generation
within about 10
within about minutes
10 minutes
b. Provided
b. by non-spinning,
Provided by fast start,
non-spinning, fast start, generators which can
generators which be called
can be to provide
upon to
called upon provide
generation within
generation about 10
within about minutes
10 minutes
c. Also
Also called upon to
called upon to provide AGC services
provide AGC services
d. Also
Also provided loads which
by loads
provided by respond fast,
can respond
which can fast, typically within 10
typically within minutes
10 minutes
Often included
e. Often in Unit
included in Commitment programs
Unit Commitment programs as adequacy constraints
as adequacy but not
constraints but in
not in
the supply-demand balance
the supply-demand constraints
balance constraints

Correct Answer(s):
Correct Answer(s): ________________________

iii. The
The following true for
holds true
following holds minimizing Optimal
loss minimizing
for aa loss Power Flow
Optimal Power model:
Flow model:
a.
0. Transmission loss representation is exact
b. Is
b. used to
typically used
ls typically determine the
to determine the optimal active power
optimal active dispatch
power dispatch
c.
c. Is used to
typically used
ls typically determine the
to determine the optimal reactive power
optimal reactive dispatch
power dispatch
d
d. The Lagrange multipliers
The Lagrange associated with
multipliers associated power flow
active power
with active flow equations the
represent the
equations represent
LMPs
The Lagrange
e. The associated with
multipliers associated
Lagrange multipliers power flow
reactive power
with reactive flow equations the
denote the
equations denote
impact of
impact power support
reactive power
of reactive support at a bus
at a on system
bus on losses
system losses

Correct Answer(s):
Correct Answer(s): ________________________

iv. In an LMP-based electricity market, the LMPs at buses-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are obtained as
S/MWh, 44.96 $/MWh,
follows: 44.65 $/MWh, S/MWh, 44.80 $/MWh
S/MWh, 45.01 $/MWh, S/MWh,
S/MWh and 58.34 $/MWh,
respectively. this given
From this
respectively. From information, we
given information, can conclude
we can that:
conclude that:
a. The slight
a. The differences in
slight differences the LMPs
in the at four
LMPs at four buses is because
buses is of line
because of congestion
line congestion
b. The slight
b. The differences in
slight differences the LMPs
in the at four
LMPs at four buses is because
buses is of line
because of losses
line losses
c.
C. A transmission line
A transmission connecting bus-4
line connecting and bus-5
bus-4 and is congested
bus-5 is and the
congested and power flow
the power is
flow is
taking in the
place in
taking place direction from
the direction from bus-4 bus-5.
to bus-5.
bus-4 to
cl. A
d. transmission line
A transmission connecting bus-4
line connecting and bus-5
bus-4 and is congested
bus-5 is and the
congested and power flow
the power is
flow is
taking in the
place in
taking place direction from
the direction from bus-5 bus-4.
to bus-4.
bus-5 to

Correct Answer(s):
Correct Answer(s): ________________________
 Page 3
Page 3 of
of 16
16

v.
v. IfIf we
we say
say that
that an
an independent
independent power
power generating
generating company
company has has market
market power,
power, it it means,
means,
a. It
a. It has
has the
the capability
capability to
to supply all the
supply all the demand
demand in in the
the system
system
b. It It can
can bid
bid aa high
high price
price for its power
for its and still
power and be accepted
still be accepted inin the
the auction
auction

50.9.0?
c. It It is
is the
the Independent
Independent System Operator
System Operator
d. If If it
it does
does not
not bid
bid enough
enough quantity
quantity for
for supply, the price
supply, the of electricity
price of electricity will
will increase
increase
e. It It can
can influence
influence other
other market
market participants to alter
participants to alter their
their bid
bid prices
prices

Correct Answer(s):
Correct Answer(s): ________________________

vi.
vi. The uniform market
The uniform market price
price is
is 20
20 $/MWh
S/MWh at at aa given
given hour.
hour. A
A price-taking
price-taking genco,
genco, selling
selling
electricity in
electricity in this
this market,
market, and
and holding
holding aa portfolio
portfolio of
of four
four generating
generating units,
units, is
is generating
generating
85 MW at the hour with a marginal cost of 17.5 $/MWh. S/MWh.
a. It
a. It can
can increase
increase its
its profit
profit by
by generating
generating and
and selling
selling more
more power
power at
at this
this hour
hour
b
b. IfIf it
it generates
generates and
and sells
sells more
more power
power it
it will
will incur
incur losses
losses
c.
c. IfIf it
it generates
generates and
and sells
sells more
more power
power to
to this
this market,
market, the
the market
market price
price will
will reduce
reduce
cl
d. Even if
Even if it
it generates
generates andand sells
sells more
more power
power to to this market, the
this market, the price
price will
will remain
remain
unchanged
unchanged
e. At
e. At thethe current
current operating
operating condition
condition the
the generator
generator is is making
making profit.
profit.

Correct Answer(s):
Correct Answer(s): ________________________

Question-2: Fill in the blanks with appropriate words or phrases (13)

a. In
a. In load-flow
load-flow calculations,
calculations, the
the slack
slack bus
bus generation
generation is
is determined
determined after
after the solution is
the solution is
obtained because_______________________________________________________
obtained because

b. In
b. In aa given
given system
system the
the total
total installed
installed capacity
capacity is
is 20,000
20,000 MWMW while
while the
the total available
total available
capacity is
capacity is 19,500
19,500 MW.
MW. At At 10
10 AM
AM inin the
the morning,
morning, 18,500
18,500 MW
MW ofof capacity
capacity is
is committed
committed
for operation.
for operation. The
The system
system demand
demand is is 16,785
16,785 MW
MW andand the
the generators
generators are
are scheduled
scheduled to
to
meet all
meet all the
the demand.
demand. The total spinning
The total spinning reserve
reserve in
in the
the system
system is
is _________ MW.MW. The
The
total non-spinning reserve in the system is ________ MW.

c. In
c. In aa hydro-thermal
hydro-thermal system,
system, the
the thermal
thermal unit
unit I/O
I/O characteristic
characteristic is:
is:
H,
H i ((13,) =81+9P,~
Pi )  +0.027P,-2.
81  9Pi  0.027 Pi . The
2
operating point
The operating point corresponding
corresponding to
to the highest efficiency
the highest efficiency
is _______ MW.

cl. In
d. In single-sided
single-sided auction
auction electricity
electricity markets,
markets, least
least cost
cost dispatch
dispatch is
is aa special
special condition
condition of
of
maximization of
maximization of social
social welfare
welfare if
if ____________________________________________.

e. A
e. A 600
600 MW
MW generator
generator has
has been
been scheduled
scheduled to generate 450
to generate 450 MW
MW atat 10
10 AM
AM and
and 480
480 MW
MW
for 11
for 11 AM,
AM, today.
today. Its
Its speed
speed regulation
regulation parameter
parameter RR is
is 6%
6% at
at 60
60 Hz.
Hz. The generator has
The generator has aa
ramp rate
ramp rate of
of 80
80 MW/hr.
MW/hr. The generator’s contribution
The generator’s contribution to
to primary
primary frequency
frequency regulation,
regulation,
so as to arrest system frequency at 59.9 Hz, is _________.. The generators contribution
to system
to system load
load following
following service
service is
is _____________.
 Page 4
Page 4 of
of 16
16

f.
f. A secondary
A secondary reserve
reserve ancillary
ancillary service
service can
can be
be provided
provided by
by __________________.

In Ontario,
g. In Ontario, ancillary
ancillary service
service provisions
provisions are
are managed
managed by
by __________________________.

Question-3: For the statements given below state whether they are TRUE or FALSE. If FALSE,
provide the appropriate correct statement and if TRUE, justify why it is true.
true. (2x5=10)
For an
a. For an ELD
ELD calculation
calculation with
with three
three units,
units, the
the system
system marginal
marginal cost
cost is
is 10.55
10.55 $/MWh.
S/MWh.
Generator-1 is
Generator-1 is scheduled
scheduled atat its
its lower
lower limit
limit while
while Generator-2
Generator-2 at
at its
its upper
upper limit.
limit.
S/MWh, 12.25
Generator-3 is within its limits. The generator incremental costs are 9.19 $/MWh,
S/MWh and 10.55 $/MWh,
$/MWh S/MWh, respectively. This indicates that the ELD solution is correct.

b. The total system

The total system cost
cost obtained
obtained in
in aa Unit
Unit Commitment
Commitment problem
problem using
using priority list
priority list
method, is
method, is smaller
smaller as
as compared
compared to
to that
that obtained
obtained from
from aa complete
complete enumeration
enumeration method.
method.

In an
c. In an optimal
optimal power
power transaction
transaction schedule
schedule between
between three utilities, it
three utilities, it is
is determined
determined that
that
Utility-A sells
Utility-A sells power
power toto Utility-C
Utility-C while
while buy
buy power
power from Utility-B. This
from Utility-B. implies that
This implies that their
their
incremental costs
incremental costs are
are in
in the
the order-
order- Utility-B
Utility-B >> Utility-C
Utility-C >> Utility-A
Utility-A

In an
d. In an energy
energy brokerage
brokerage system
system all
all transactions
transactions are
are priced
priced at
at the same value.
the same value.

In the
e. In the system
system below,
below, the
the incremental
incremental costs
costs of
of generator-1
generator-1 and
and -2
-2 are
are 20
20 $/MWh
S/MWh and
and 25
25
S/MWh respectively.
$/MWh respectively. The transmission line
The transmission line has
has aa maximum
maximum capacity
capacity of
of 200
200 MW.
MW. The
The
generator limits are as follows: 50 MW ≤3 PG1
P61 ≤3 675 MW; 50 MW ≤ 3 PG2
P62 ≤
S 500 MW
1 2

11 22
300 MW
300 MW 400 MW

The LMP at bus-2 will be 25 $/MWh, with or without considering transmission limit.
Page
Page 22 of
of]177 ECE666
ECE666 Final
Final Exam 11m April
April 2013
th
Exam 11 2013

PART-l (34 marks)

PART-I
Question-1: Choose fl ALL correct options in each case. Do not re-write the statements
but only the correct options (a, b, c, etc.) as appropriate (2 x 9 = 18)

1. In an economic load dispatch problem with three generators, generator limits

generator—1 is below its lower limit,
are not considered. The optimal dispatch of generator-1
while the other two generators are dispatched within their respective limits. The
system marginal cost is 17.75 $/MWh. S/MWh. Now, if the dispatch of generator-1
generator—1 is
fixed at its lower limit, the new system marginal cost:
17. 75 $/MWh
a. Will be greater than 17.75 S/MWh
b. Will be less than 17.75
b. 17. 75 $/MWh
S/IVIWh
c. Will remain same at 17.75
c. 17. 75 $/MWh
S/MWh
d No conclusions can be drawn from
d. from the information provided

Answers: _________________________

2. A generator injects power at a bus, and the system loss increases. A load
connected at the same bus will
will impact the losses as:
consumption, losses will increase
a. If the load increases its consumption,
b. If the load decreases its consumption,
b. consumption, losses will increase
c. The load will not have any impact on losses
c.
d No conclusions can be drawn from
d. from the information provided.
provided.

Answers: _________________________

3. A generator injects power at a bus, and the system loss increases. The LMP at
this bus will be:
a. Higher than the slack bus LMP
a.
b. Lower than the slack bus LMP
b.
c. Equal to the slack bus LMP
c.
d. No conclusions can be drawn from
d. from the information provided.
provided.

Answers: _________________________
Page
Page 33 of
0f]177 ECE666
ECE666 Final
Final Exam 11m April
April 2013
th
Exam 11 2013

4. The shadow price of water, in a hydro-thermal

hydro—thermal coordination problem is 2.1
S/acre—ft, when the solution is sub-optimal.
$/acre-ft, sub—optimal. If we move from the sub-optimal
sub—optimal
solution to the optimal solution, we can say the following:
following:
a. The shadow price will be more than 2.1 S/acre-ft
2.1 $/acre-ft
b. The shadow price will be less than 2.1 $/acre-ft
S/acre-ft
increase, thermal generation will decrease
c. Utilization of water will increase,
decrease, thermal generation will increase
d. Utilization of water will decrease,
e. The shadow price will remain the same at 2.1 $/acre-ft
S/acre-ft

Answers: _________________________

5. An OPF program is simulated for a system, minimizing system losses. There are
two capacitor banks at bus-5 and bus-9, of each of 50 MVAr capacity, but,
bus—9, 50 MVAR, at the
capacitor at bus-5 is injecting 40 MVAr while that at bus-9,
optimal solution. We can say the following will hold:
a. The Lagrange multiplier associated with the real power flow equation, at
flow equation,
bus—5, will be zero.
bus-5, zero.
b. The Lagrange multiplier associated with the reactive power flow flow
equation, at bus-5
equation, bus—5 will be zero.
zero.
c. The Lagrange multiplier associated with the real power flow equation, at
flow equation,
bus—9 will be zero.
bus-9 zero.
d. The Lagrange multiplier associated with the reactive power flow flow
equation, at bus-9
equation, bus—9 will be zero.
zero.

Answers: _________________________

6. The following holds true for transmission pricing,

0. Embedded cost based pricing responds to transmission line congestion and
a.
itself.
adjusts itself.
b. Short—run
b. Short-run incremental cost based pricing captures the prevailing system
conditions and line power flows accurate/y, but fails
flows accurately, costs.
fails to recover the total costs.
c. In Postage Stamp pricing,
c. pricing, a transaction between bus-1bus-1 to bus-3
bus—3 will pay the
same transmission price forfor a 100 MW transaction as that between bus-4 to
bus—8.
bus-8.
d. In Incremental Cost-Based
d. Cost—Based pricing,
pricing, a transaction between bus-1
bus-1 to bus-3 will
pay the same transmission price for for a 100 MW transaction as that between
bus—4 and bus-8
bus-4
e. In general the LRMC based transmission price for
e. for a 100 MW transaction is
higher that an SRMC based transmission price.
price.

Answers: _________________________
Page
Page 44 of
0f17
17 ECE666
ECE666 Final
Final Exam 1]”th April
Exam 11 April 2013
2013

7. A 50 MW power transaction is carried out (i) T1: from bus—4 to bus-5

from bus-4 bus—5 and (ii) T2:
T2:
bus—3 to bus-7. The bus marginal costs (in $/MWh)
from bus-3 S/MWh) before, and after the
transactions are given below:

Bus Marginal
Bus Marginal Costs,
Costs, $/MWh
S/MWh

Bus-3 Bus-4 Bus-5 Bus-7

Base Case (before any transaction) 235 365 453 643
After T1
After T1 238
238 390
390 543
543 646
646
After T2
After T2 325
325 370
370 460
460 750
750

a. The transmission fee

fee for 53250 if SRMC based pricing is used
for T1 is $3250
b. The transmission fee
fee for ifSRMC
for T2 is $850 if SRMC based pricing is used
c. If postage stamp method of pricing is used,
used, both T1
T1 and T2 will pay the same
fee
fee
M W—mile method of pricing is used,
d. If MW-mile used, both T1
T1 and T2 will pay the same fee
fee
e. If LRMC based pricing is used, used, the transmission feefee should include a
component for
for transmission expansion

Answers: _________________________

8. The essential features of Optimal Power Flow (OPF) and Load Flow are- are—
Cl. The injected power at a PQ
a. PO bus is known and constant in a load flow
flow problem
OPF.
while it is a variable in OPF.
b. The injected power at a PV bus is known and constant in a load flow
b. flow problem
OPF.
while it is a variable in OPF.
OPF, the slack bus generation is calculated after convergence to a solution
c. In OPF,
loadflow
while in load model.
flow it is calculated simultaneously within the model.
d. In load flow,
flow, the slack bus generator accounts for
for system losses while in OPF
all generator buses supply the losses.
losses.
e. In OPF the PQ bus voltages and angles are state variables, variables, real power
variables.
generation are control variables.

Answers: ___________________________
Page
Page 55 of
0f]177 ECE666
ECE666 Final
Final Exam 11m April
April 2013
th
Exam 11 2013

9. Transmission participants—
Transmission open access provides the market participants-
a. The accessibility to the whole network when the connection fee
a. fee is paid
b. The availability of real-time information in a non-discriminatory manner
b.
c. The ability to wheel power from from one party to another through the
transmission network of a third party
d. A choice of the transmission provider and hence introduces competition in
d.
this business
e. All of the above
e.

Answer: ________________________

Question-2: Complete the sentences with appropriate word(s) or phrases: (2 x 4 = 8)

a. The ________________________ service and the ________________________

service are both based on continuous governor droop control, but the first is usually
during normal system conditions, while the second during emergency conditions.

b. The opportunity cost component in reactive power ancillary service is determined by

a generator’s _____________________________________ limits.

c. The required number of states to be computed, in a Unit Commitment problem, is

reduced from ______________________ in complete enumeration to
______________________ in the priority list method.

d. In a power transaction involving two utilities, the feasible direction of transfer of

power, to accrue cost savings, is typically from the utility with the _______________
marginal cost to that with _______________ marginal cost. The cost savings is
maximum when the transaction results in
______________________________________.
Page
Page 66 of
0f]177 ECE666
ECE666 Final
Final Exam 11m April
April 2013
th
Exam 11 2013

Question-3: For the statements given below, state TRUE or FALSE. If the statement is
TRUE, justify why it is true, and if FALSE, provide a corresponding true statement.
(2 xx 4
(2 4== 8)
8)

a. If the system loss increases when bus injection

injection decreases,
decreases, the incremental
incremental loss
factor is positive.

b. In an OPF problem the slack bus generator provides for the system losses.

c. The objective of social welfare maximization in electricity market settlement yields

the same solution, as minimization of the cost, if loads are price inelastic and
generators are assumed to bid their true costs.

d. multi—utility transaction involving utilities A, B and C, the Lagrange multipliers

In a multi-utility
associated with inter-utility transmission lines are: yAB AB = —7
–7 $/MWh, yAcAC = —10
–10
S/MWh and We
$/MWh BC = 0.
O. This indicates that there is no power transfer on line B-C
B—C while
A—B is utilized to its maximum.
line A-B
Page 2 0fI6 ECE666 Final Exam 8'" April 2014

PART-l (34 marks)

Q-I: Choose & correct options in each case. (2 x 7 = 14)
1. In an economic load dispatch problem the generator cost functions given, are linear
functions of the form: Ci(P,-)= aiPI- +b,-. The solution to the ELD problem can be
obtained by:
Applying the usual KKT conditions for optimality
The usual KKT conditions cannot be applied
c. By merit order loading, in increasing order ofthe coefficients a,-
d. By merit order loading, in increasing order of the coefficients b,-
e. The ELD problem will have no feasible solution

Answers: 50

2. Given that
Gen-1 incremental cost 11.20 S/MWh, incremental loss factor = 0.05
Gen-2 incremental cost 11.50 S/MWh, incremental loss factor = —0.04
Gen-3 incremental cost 14.20 S/MWh, incremental loss factor = —0.06
For a minimum cost solution, which generator (out of the three) should the system
oper r opt for merit-order scheduling to meet the next MW of demand?
fiGen-l because its incremental cost is the lowest
b. Gen-2 because its ’effective‘ incremental cost, after considering the penalty
factor, is the lowest
6. Gen—3 because its penalty factor is the lowest
d. No conclusions can be drawn from the above information

Answers: a,

3. In Unit Commitment models the upper limit of generation from a generator i, at hour k,
is given by one of the following constraints, stated below. RU.) is the ramp-up rate.

a_ Pik< P,- Max V (Pi,k—l +RUPJ)ZP,'1wax

, — M
Pi,k—I-RUP,; V (Pi,k—1‘RUP,i)<Pi ax

b. f’I-k<P
V (Pik— 1-RUP,i)>P;Max
Pi,k—1_RUP,i V (PL—If 1+RUP,1‘)

Imsfim V (Pi,k—l ‘RUP,1')2P/‘Max

M
Pi,k— l+RUP,i V (Pi,k—1‘RUP,i)<Pi “x

0% Pi,,k—I+RUPI W
V (Pi,k—1+RUP,1‘)< 17‘“

Answers:
Page 3 ofl6 ECE666 Final Exam 8’" April 2014

4. Consider a cost minimizing OPF. The marginal cost it, of supplying reactive power will be
0. x1,- = 0, at a generator bus, if that generator is operating within its limits
b. A» 0, at a generator bus, if that generator is operating within its limits
c. xii: 0, at all load buses without capacitor banks
d. 1; > 0, at all load buses without capacitor banks
9. x1,- = 0, at a load bus, if there is a capacitor bank at that bus, which is operating
within its limits

Answers: 6/ 0!

5. In deregulated power systems:

/a. If there is transmission bottleneck on a line, embedded cost based transmission
prices adjust appropriately to charge for such transmission congestions.
b. incremental cost based transmission prices respond to transmission bottlenecks
and could even be negative.
c. A customer—generator pair located at busl—bus3 will pay the same transmission
price for a 100 MW transaction as a customer—generator pair located at bus4 —
u58, in the embedded cost based pricing approach.
. A customer—generator pair located at busl—bus3 will pay the same price for a
100 MW transaction as a customer-generator pair located at bus4 — bus8, in the
incremental cost based pricing approach
e. In general the SRMC based transmission price for a 100 MW transaction should
be higher that a LRMC based transmission price for the same transaction.

Answers: )1 / {I
U l

6. The following changes have taken place in the power industry following deregulation:
0. Introduction of competition amongst generators
b Introduction of competition in transmission
c. Customers pay for energy consumption and transmission charges separately
d. Prior to deregulation, customers received reactive power support services for
”free", but now they have to pay for it
e. Prior to deregulation, customers paid for reactive power support services in bundled
form with their energy price, but now they pay for it separately

Answers: a, I, C 1‘ 6

7. ln LMP Based electricity markets:

a. The LMPs are different across buses because of the presence oftransmission losses
b. If there is a congested line, LMP at the receiving end of the line will be much higher
compared to the sending end LMP
c. If there is a congested line, LMP at the sending end of the line will be much higher
compared to the receiving end LMP
d. If no lines are congested and all lines are lossless, the LMPs are equal to the uniform
market price

Answers: 0K '10“ l 19
Page 4 of16 ECE666 Final Exam 8"' April 2014

0-": Answer the following: (10)

1. In the following table, the first column lists various operational functions of a power
system operator. The operator has to choose appropriate Ogerational Models from the
list given below. You are required to match the operational functions with the
corresponding model to use: (5)

Power System Operational Functions Operational Model

To be Used
(write the choice # only)
Generation scheduling considering inter-hour load variations (2

Scheduling of inter-utility power exchanges for next day Cl

Generation scheduling considering 5-minute load variations

Capacitor switching to improve bus voltage profile %

Dispatch of reactive power from synchronous generators

‘6
Load curtailment decisions- where, how much, etc.

Locational Marginal Price (LMP) Market settlement

1
Calculation of line flows during normal operation 6

Calculation of bus voltages during normal operation

1L
Dispatch of generation to mitigate line overloads
6
Generation scheduling considering week-ahead load forecast,
including reservoir drawdown schedule LIL

Choices Available:
Power Flow Analysis
Economic Load Dispatch with ramp constraints
wmm

Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow

Unit Commitment with Hydro Constraints
Security Constrained Economic Dispatch
Optimal Power Flow with minimum cost objective
Economic Load Dispatch
Optimal Power Flow with loss minimization objective
Unit Commitment
Page 5 0f16 ECE666 Final Etam 8'” April 2014

2. In the following table, the first column lists various market functions in the context of
the Ontario electricity market. You are required to match the functions with the
corresponding entity responsible for each function, in Ontario: (5)

Electricity Market Functions in Ontario Entity Responsible

(write the choice # only)
(more than one entity is possible,
in such cases, identify all)
Real-time market settlement
’l
Congestion management across inter-ties

System security and transmission operations

Reactive pOWer dispatch from generators

Frequency regulation

Formulating transmission pricing rates

Spinning reserve services

Scheduling of generators

Load following services

Demand response

Secondary reserves

Choices Available:
1. Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO)
Hydro One
P‘P‘PW!"

Ontario Power Authority

Individual generating companies participating 'n the wholesale réirket
Ontario Energy Board
Independent loads participating in the wholesale market
Page 6 0f16 ECE666 Final Exam 8'" April 2014

CH": Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words/ phrases for the statements given below.
(10)
The priority list method for unit commitment solution considers /\/
number of commitment states, as compared to ZN‘"L states
considered by the complete enumeration method, where N is the number of
generating units.

Power generation from a hydro unit depends on the unit’s efficiency,

msovoh’ and A of O h.
lei/61g
A cost minimizing optimal power flow problem is a control problem where some of
the control variables are Pg 9, (20 3 while some of the state variables
are NAM/.81 a . d
Instantaneous change in generation in response to system frequency change is
known as QL/fie%% Q01? (fig/1‘00

As per NERC, the specific ancillary service that serves to restore the frequency to the
nominal, after a disturbance is termed as r4 6C,
Page 4 of17 ECE666 Final Exam 10'” April 2015

Question-ll: Choose & correct options in each case. (2 x 5 = 10)

1. In a system with two generators P1 and P2, the loss function is given as follows:
PLO” = 0.0038P]2 + 0.00541322 79.;
The ELD solution without considering losses is P1 = 370 MW and P2 = 425 MW. Now, ifan
ELD problem is solved considering losses, which of the following dispatch can possibly
be an optimal dispatch? /
a. P1 = 355 MW, P2 = 440 MW 495/
b. P1 = 385 MW, P2 = 410 MW 4‘05/
c. P1=395 MW, P2=410 MW 4605
d. P1 = 350 MW, P2 = 440 MW 4‘10

Answer: C

2. After an ELD calculation without generation limits, the system marginal cost is obtained
as 15.5 S/MWh. From the optimum solution, we see that Unit-2 is scheduled to operate
below its lower limit. Hence, the ELD is re—run with Unit—2's lower limit as an additional
constraint. The system marginal cost should now be:
a. Less than 15.5 S/MWh
b. More than $15.5 S/MWh
c. Remain the same as before
d. No conclusions can be drawn without more information

Answer: [3

3. The functions of a retailer and a disco can be identified as-

a. The disco is a distribution network company and only deals with distribution
system operational aspects
b. The disco is a distribution network company, in addition to being responsible for
distribution system operations, may also function as a retailer in some
jurisdictions
c. The retailer deals only with retail energy sale to customers using the network of
the disco
d. The retailer may have several retail customers spread out over various discos
e. The retailer owns its own distribution netw0rks for retail energy sale to
customers but the operational aspects are not handled by it.

Answer: a r, b / G I. d

4. In transmission systems,
,a./ if there is congestion on a line, embedded cost based pricing self-adjusts to
charge for such congestion
® Incremental cost based prices adjusts to line congestions
c. In postage stamp pricing, a customer (at bus-1) and a generator (at bus-3) pair
pays the same transmission price for a 100 MW transaction as a customer (at
bus-4) and generator (at bus-8) pair
Page 5 of] 7 ECE666 Final Exam 10'" April 2015

d. In incremental cost based pricing, a customer (at bus-1) and a generator (at bus-
3) pair pays the same transmission price for a 100 MW transaction as a
customer (at bus-4) and generator (at bus-8) pair
e. In general the SRMC based transmission price for a 100 MW transaction should
be higher that a LRMC based transmission price for the same transaction

Answer: 5/ C l

5. In the provision of transmission services

a. The total scheduled transmission service can exceed the total transmission
capability if some portion of the scheduled service is recallable
b. Over-subscription of transmission reserves is allowed if a portion of it is
recallable
c. Recallable scheduled services have a priority over recallable ATC but not over
non-recallable ATC
d. The maximum limit of a non-recallable scheduled service is up to the non—
recallable ATC

Answers: a; b 11 C

Question-Ill: Answer the following: (12)

1. Consider the system given below, losses are neglected. The incremental cost of generation
of Gen~1 is 20 S/MWh and that of Gen-2 is 25 S/MWh. The transmission line has a maximum
capacity of 200 MW. The generator limits are: (6)
50 MW S P61 S 650 MW; 50 MW S PG; S 500 MW

$10 5316

l 2

300 MW 400 MW

a. What is the LMP at each bus when transmission limit is ignored?

b. What is the LMP at each bus when transmission limit is considered?
Page 6 ofl7 ECE666 Final Exam [0”: April 2015

2. A small power system has a total installed capacity of 1000 MW. Studies reveal that when
the system demand is 950 MW, the LOLP is 0.00048, for a demand of 850 MW the LOLP is
0.00037, and 000025 for a demand of 750 MW. A 100 MW gas-turbine generator with FOR =
0.1 is to be commissioned in 2017. The system peak demand in 2017 is expected to be 925
MW.
a. What will be the LOLP ofthe system in 2017 with the new generator commissioned?
b. If the peak demand is expected for 500 hours, during 2016, what does the value of LOLP
signify? (5)
Page
Page 22 of
0f17
17 ECE666
ECE666 Final
Final Exam 1]”
Exam 11 th
April 2016
April 2016

PART-I
PART-l (35 marks)
Question-l: Answer the following in brief (within 50 words)
Question-I: (6 x 2 = 12)
1. The overall operational efficiency of a thermal generator is 40%. If 1 kWh = 3412 BTU, What is
the generator’s Heat Rate?

”incremental cost” and “marginal

2. What is the difference between “incremental ”marginal cost”?

”ramp-rate constraints” imposed in Unit Commitment problems, but not in Economic

3. Why are “ramp-rate
Load Dispatch problems?

4. What do you understand by Social Welfare in the context of electricity market auctions?

5. What is market power in electricity markets, and when can it exist?

 Page
Page 33 of
0f17
17 ECE666
ECE666 Final
Final Exam 1]”
Exam 11 th
April 2016
April 2016

6. A small genco has a total installed capacity of 3000 MW. On Monday, at 10 AM, the total
committed capacity from the genco’s portfolio is 2500 MW; at 10:25 AM the ISO has sent
dispatch signal to this genco for 2165 MW. The ramp-rate is 3 MW/min, and R = 5%. What
amount of spinning reserve is available from this genco at 10:35 AM? What is the frequency
regulation capability available at 10:26 AM?

Question-II:
Question-ll: For the statements given below state whether they are TRUE or FALSE. If FALSE,
provide an appropriate correct statement and if TRUE, justify why it is true. (2x4=8)

i. For an ELD calculation with three units, the system marginal cost is 10.5 $/MWhS/MWh when
transmission losses are not considered. If the ELD is solved for the same load condition, but
with transmission loss considered, the system marginal cost will be lower.

ii. In order that the FTR congestion credit is a positive value, the LMP at the FTR injection node
should be higher than the LMP at the FTR extraction node.

iii. In an interconnected power system the available loading capacity (ALC) of the limiting facility
’X’ is 185 MW. The line X has a network response of 11%. If the system
of transmission line ‘X’
'X’, then the ATC is 1850 MW.
ATC is determined by the ALC of line ‘X’,

iv. When the load at bus-7 increases, the system losses decreases; and the power flow on line 12-
15 decreases. The LMP at bus-7 will be greater than the slack bus LMP.
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17 ECE666
ECE666 Final
Final Exam 1]”
Exam 11 th
April 2016
April 2016

Question-III:
Question-Ill: Identify ALL correct statements in the following. (4 x 2 = 8)
i) An ELD is carried out for a system with two generators. Given that, PP1'V“" 1
Min
= 50 MW, PPz'V'i“
2
Min
=
25 MW, PPl'V'E’X
1
Max
= 400 MW and PPW“ 2
Max
= 250 MW. The optimal solution is known to be:
PPf
1
*
=
= 50
50 MW,
MW, P2*
P 2
*
== 200
200 MW,
MW, x
λ =
= 12
12 S/MWh, µp11 == 3.5
$/MWh, 3.5 $/MWh
S/MWh
a. The total operating cost would be lower if PPlM‘” 1
Min
was 49 MW, instead of 50 MW.
b. The total operating cost would be higher if PPlM‘” 1
Min
was 49 MW, instead of 50 MW.
c. Incremental cost of generator-1 is 15.5 $/MWh S/MWh and of generator-2 is 12 $/MWh.
S/MWh.
d. The value of µ pig2 is non-zero and positive.

Answers: _________________________

ii)
ii) In LMP-based double auction markets,
a. Social welfare maximization refers to maximizing the sum of individual social welfares
at each node.
b. Social welfare is a nodal concept and the market operator maximizes it on a node-by-
node basis.
c. The equality constraint is usually the set of ac power flow equations considering both
active and reactive power.
d. The LMPs at any node can never be greater than the highest offer price of all generators.

Answers:
Answers: _________________________

iii)
iii) After an ELD calculation without generation limits, the system marginal cost is obtained as
S/MWh. From the optimal solution, we note that Unit-1 is scheduled to operate above
20 $/MWh.
its upper limit. Hence, the ELD is re-run with Unit-1’s upper limit as an additional constraint.
The system marginal cost should now be:
a. Less than 20 $/MWh
S/MWh
b. More than 20 $/MWh
c. Remain the same as before
d. No conclusions can be drawn without more information

Answer: _________________________

iv) In the provision of transmission services

a. The total scheduled transmission service can exceed the total transmission capability if
some portion of the scheduled service is recallable
b. Over-subscription of transmission reserves is allowed if a portion of it is recallable
c. Recallable scheduled services have a priority over recallable ATC but not over non-
recallable ATC
d. The maximum limit of a non-recallable scheduled service is up to the non-recallable ATC

Answer: _________________________

Question-IV: Model Building. (7)

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17 ECE666
ECE666 Final
Final Exam Il’l'
Exam 11 th
April 2016
April 2016

You are provided with a set of (a) objective functions, (b) equality constraints, and (c) inequality
constraints, to build appropriate Operational Models.
Your given choices are:
1. Objective Functions 2. Equality Constraints 3. Inequality Constraints
1. Minimization of cost 1.Demand-supply
1. ZPg = Pd
Demand-supply balance: ΣPg 1.. Upper and lower limits on Pg

\lChU'l-bUJNI—‘l
2. Maximization of social welfare 2.Demand-supply
2. Demand-supply balance including losses 2.. Upper and lower limits on Qg
3. Minimization of losses 3.AC
3. AC load flow equations 3.. Ramp rate limits
4. Minimization of [generation 4.DC
4. DC load flow equations 4.. Minimum up- and down
down time
cost + load curtailment cost] 5.3ystem
5. System adequacy (reserve) requirements 5.. Upper and lower limits on bus voltages
5. No objective function 6.. Limits on
on line power flows
7.. Minimum spinning reserve requirement

You, as a power system operations expert are to develop the appropriate mathematical models
for the stated power system operations functions.

Power System Operational Functions Build the Model

(write the equation numbers only)
Day-ahead generation scheduling considering inter-hour load Example:
variations A1, B1,
Bl, B5,
BS, C1, C3, C4, C7

Optimal power flow considering security constraints

Optimal economic dispatch of generation considering security

constraints

Day-ahead uniform market price based market settlement

Optimal reactive power dispatch

Optimal load curtailment decisions- where, how much, etc.

Day-ahead LMP Market settlement

Calculation of line flows and bus voltages during normal

operation
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ECE666 Final
Final Exam 10»:
Exam 10 th
April 201 7
April 2017

PART-I
PART-l (25 marks)
Question-I:
Question-l: Answer the following in brief (within 50 words) (25 marks)
1. What is the basic difference between a security constrained OPF and a security
constrained economic dispatch model? (3)

2. Discuss the inter-relationship

inter—relationship between the thermal generator incremental cost λ
7L
and thermal generation; and the shadow price of water yγ and
and hydro generation,
generation,
in a hydro-thermal
hydro—thermal coordination problem. (4)

3. In a loss minimizing OPF problem, list some of the possible control variables that
can be considered by the operator and what are the state variables. (2)
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ECE666 Final
Final Exam 10»:
Exam 10 th
April 2017
April 2017

4. Under what conditions, does the social welfare maximization problem becomes
equivalent to a cost minimization problem? (2)

5. Under what conditions does the LPM market converge to a uniform price market?
(2)

6. In the Ontario power system, with a load of 20,000 MW and total synchronized
generation capacity of 25,000 MW, the load response to frequency deviation is
500 MW/Hz and generation response to frequency deviation is 8,000 MW/Hz.
Then, D = ___ %, RR=_%andB=
D=_%, = ___ % and β = ______ MW/0.1Hz. (3)

7. Imposing market price cap has been practiced in some markets to regulate prices.
Discuss why there is a simultaneous need for a mechanism to prevent withholding
of capacity when such price caps are imposed. (3)
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ECE666 Final
Final Exam 10»:
Exam 10 th
April 2017
April 2017

8. What is the difference between frequency regulation and frequency response

serve? (2)

h. Why is the ATC for a power transaction between two points taken as the “minimum”
”minimum” of
the system or path ATCs of intermediate areas and tie-lines? What is “limiting
”limiting facility” in
the context of ATC computations? If the available loading capacity of area-A is 150 MW,
and network response is 2%, what is the ATC of system-A? (4)