BORED PILE & STRIP

FOUNDATION

FOUNDATION ENGINEER ING

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Student: NGUYEN THAI KHIEM
Code: 1652298

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 A. STRIP FOUNDATION
I. Statistic summary of soil properties
There are 2 bore holes have been examined with the data below with the
depth of 35 meters. The soil composed of 5 layers, shown in the report
and have behaviors below:
 GWT: 1.5 m
 Layer 1
Embankment soil, brick foundation has the thickness at Bore hole 1
is 0.9m and 0.7m at bore hole 2 with:
- 1= 18 kN/m3
 Layer 2
Sandy clay, light greyed, medium elastic – soft status has the thickness
of 1.2 and 1.6m at each bore hole:
- 1= 18.22 kN/m3
- C= 9.1 kN /m2
- =13’
- W=27%
 Layer 3
Clay with sand and red brown grit, medium elastic with the state
from half hard to elastic hard
- 1= 19.36 kN/m3
- C= 18.5 kN/m2
- =16.5’
- W=22%
 Layer 4
Sandy Clay, whited grey and has fainted yellowed brown stripe,
browned red dots, medium elastic and elastic hard status.
- 1= 19.22 kN/m3
- C= 19.3 kN/m2
- =15.2’
- W=23.16 %
- s= 9.79 kN/m3
 Layer 5a
Fine sand with little powder and small grit, browned yellow to fainted
browned red stripe. Separated status.
- 1= 18.87 kN/m3
- C= 2.3 kN/m2
- =27.5’
- W=25.6 %
- s= 9.35 kN/m3
 Layer 5b
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 Fine sand with little powder and small grit, browned yellow to fainted
browned red stripe. Medium tight status.
- 1= 19.33 kN/m3
- C= 3 kN/m2
- =30
- W=21.72 %
- s= 9.92 kN/m3

II. STRIP FOUNDATION DESIGN

1. Force acting on the foundation

Number listed below are magnitude factor of force, moment acting on

the foundation, must be recalculated for the exact number:

Column N M H
1 0.85 1.2 0.8
2 1 1 1
3 1 1 1
4 0.9 1 0.7
5 0.8 1.3 0.9

Where: Vertical Load= 42 (T)

Moment = 4.6 (T.m)
Horizontal Load = 5.6 (T)
Calculated Value:
N M H
Column
(T) (T.m) (T)
A 357 55.2 44.8
B 420 46 56
C 420 46 56
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 D 378 -46 -39.2
E 336 -59.8 -50.4
Total 1191 41.4 67.2

Plan view of the foundation (length in meter)

Magnitude of standard value: (n=1.15):

𝑁𝑡𝑡 𝑀𝑡𝑡 𝐻𝑡𝑡
𝑁𝑡𝑐 = , 𝑀𝑡𝑐 = , 𝐻𝑡𝑐 = :
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
M
Column N (T) H (T)
(T.m)
A 310.43 48 38.96
B 365.22 40 48.70
C 365.22 40 48.70
D 328.70 -40 -34.09
E 292.17 -52 -43.83
Total 1661.74 36 58.43

Chose concrete and steel type:

-B25 Concrete
Rb = 14.5 MPa
Rbt = 1.05 MPa
Eb = 30x103 MPa
Rbtn(II)=1.6 MPa

- CI Steel ( ϕ 10 ) and CII Steel ( ϕ > 10 )

RsI = 225 MPa ; RsII = 280 MPa
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 RswI = 175 MPa ; RswII = 225 MPa
Es = 21 104 MPa
Weight density between soil and concrete
tb = 22 kN/m3
1. Choose the depth of the foundation
The depth of the foundation is based on the properties of soil, and the
soil has good stiffness, but we must avoid tree roots, new embankment
soil layer or weak soil layer.
Df = 1.5m
And the height of the foundation h = (1/10 ÷ 1/4).limax

1 1
ℎ𝑠 = ( ÷ ) . l𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 ÷ 1.25
10 4
= 0.7 (𝑚)

2. Dimension determination
- Length of overhang of the foundation:
1 1 1
𝑐1 = ( − ) 𝑎1 = . 4 = 1 (𝑚)
2 4 4
1 1 1
𝑐2 = ( − ) 𝑎4 = . 4 = 1 (𝑚)
2 4 4

- Total length of the foundation:

L = 1 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 4 + 1 = 20 (m)

- Preliminarily choosing the width of the foundation:

bs= (0.3 ÷ 0.6)ℎ𝑠 = (0.3 ÷ 0.6). 1
𝑏𝑠 ≥ 𝑏𝑐 + 100 = 200 + 100 = 300 𝑚𝑚
 Width of the foundation beam is 400 mm
Assume that b=1 (m)

- Df= 1.5 (m)

- GWT = 1.5 (m)
- Density of water: 10 kN/m3
- Soil above G.W.T:
+ Layer 1: depth 0-0.7 m, 1= 18.22 kN/m3
- Soil below G.W.T:
+ Layer 2: depth 0.7-2.3 m, 2= 19.36 kN/m3
+ Layer 3: depth 2.3-3.4 m, 3= 18.79 kN/m3
+ Layer 4: depth 3.4-7.6 m, 4= 19.22 kN/m3
+ Layer 5a: depth 7.6-17.4 m, 5a= 18.78 kN/m3
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 + Layer 5b: depth 17.4-35 m, 5a= 19.33 kN/m3

3. Stability condition of the ground

𝑡𝑐
𝑝𝑡𝑏 ≤ 𝑅𝑡𝑐
𝑡𝑐
{𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 1.2𝑅𝑡𝑐
𝑡𝑐
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 >0
𝑡𝑏 𝑡𝑏 𝑡𝑏
Where 𝑝𝑡𝑐 , 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 are average, maximum and minimum pressure.
𝑡𝑐 𝑁𝑡𝑐 𝑀𝑡𝑐
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± + 𝛾𝑡𝑏 . 𝐷𝑓
𝐹 𝑏 . 𝐿2

𝑁𝑡𝑐
𝑡𝑐
𝑝𝑡𝑏 =
+ 𝛾𝑡𝑏 . 𝐷𝑓
𝐹
-Distance from the point where forced is applied to the center bottom of
the foundation:
𝐿 20
𝑑1 = 𝑑5 = − 𝑙𝑎 = −2=8𝑚
2 2

𝐿 20
𝑑2 = 𝑑4 = − 𝑙𝑎 − 𝑙1 = −2−4= 4𝑚
2 2

𝑑3 = 0 𝑚

Total Moment applied on the foundation:

-Vertical load:
𝑀𝑁𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁1𝑡𝑡 . 𝑑1 + 𝑁2𝑡𝑡 . 𝑑2 + 𝑁3𝑡𝑡 . 𝑑3 + 𝑁4𝑡𝑡 . 𝑑4
+ 𝑁5𝑡𝑡 . 𝑑5 = 336 𝑘𝑁𝑚

-Horizontal load:
𝑀𝐻𝑡𝑡 = (𝐻1𝑡𝑡 + 𝐻2𝑡𝑡 + 𝐻3𝑡𝑡 + 𝐻4𝑡𝑡 + 𝐻5𝑡𝑡 ). 𝑡
= 67 𝑘𝑁𝑚
- Moment:
𝑀𝑡𝑡 = 𝑀1𝑡𝑡 + 𝑀2𝑡𝑡 + 𝑀3𝑡𝑡 + 𝑀4𝑡𝑡 + 𝑀5𝑡𝑡
= 41.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Total moment:
𝑀 = 𝑀𝐻𝑡𝑡 + 𝑀𝑁𝑡𝑡 + 𝑀𝑡𝑡
= 53.76 + 33.12 + 67.2
= 445 𝑘𝑁𝑚
445
 𝑀𝑡𝑐 = 1.15 = 368.61 𝑘𝑁𝑚

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Bearing capacity below the foundation:
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑅𝑡𝑐 = (𝐴. 𝑏. 𝛾 + 𝐵. 𝐷𝑓 . 𝛾 ∗ + 𝐷. 𝑐)
𝐾𝑡𝑐
Where:
𝑚1 , 𝑚2 are working coefficient of the soil
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 1
𝐾𝑡𝑐 is the safety correction factor
𝐾𝑡𝑐 = 1.5
Assume that b =2 m where l =22 m.
𝐴 = 0.26375
′
𝜑2 = 13 → { 𝐵 = 2.055
𝐷 = 4.5574
𝑘𝑁
𝐷𝑓 ∗ 𝛾 = 0.9 ∗ 18 + 0.6 ∗ 18.22 = 27.132 2
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
𝛾2 = 18.22 2
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
𝑐 = 9.1 2
𝑚
1𝑥1
𝑅𝑡𝑐 = (0.26375 . 1 . 18.22 + 2.055 . 27.132 + 4.5574 . 9.1)
1.5
𝑘𝑁
= 102.03 2
𝑚
𝑡𝑐 𝑁𝑡𝑐 1661.74
𝑝𝑡𝑏 ≤ 𝑅𝑡𝑐 𝐹 ≥ 𝑅 −𝐷 ∗𝛾 = 102.03−27.132 = 28.663 𝑚2
𝑡𝑐 𝑓
𝐹 28.663
 𝑏= = = 1.41
𝑙 20
 Choose b = 2, recheck the stability condition of soil
1𝑥1
𝑅𝑡𝑐 = (0.26375 . 2. 18.22 + 2.055 . 27.132 + 4.5574 . 9.1)
1.5
𝑘𝑁
= 106 2
𝑚

𝑡𝑐 𝑁𝑡𝑐 𝑀𝑡𝑐 1661 368.61

𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± + 𝛾𝑡𝑏 . 𝐷𝑓 = ± + 22 ∗ 1.5
𝐹 𝑏 . 𝐿2 2 ∗ 20 2 ∗ 202
= 86 ÷ 85 𝑘𝑁
𝑡𝑐
𝑁𝑡𝑐 420
𝑝𝑡𝑏 = + 𝛾𝑡𝑏 . 𝐷𝑓 = + 22 ∗ 1.5 = 85.5 𝑘𝑁
𝐹 1 ∗ 20
𝑡𝑐
𝑝𝑡𝑏 ≤ 𝑅𝑡𝑐 85.5 ≤ 106
𝑡𝑐
{𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 1.2𝑅𝑡𝑐 {86 ≤ 1.2 ∗ 106 = 127.2
𝑡𝑐 85 > 0
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 >0

 Satisfy all condition

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 Check stability of soil following standard TCVN 9362:2012
∅
𝑁𝑡𝑐 ≤
𝑘𝑡𝑐
Where N is the load applied on the foundation.
∅ is the load capacity of the foundation calculated by formula: ∅ = 𝑏̅𝑙 (𝐴
̅ 𝐼 . 𝑏̅. 𝛾 +
∗
𝐵𝐼 . ℎ. 𝛾 + 𝐷𝐼 . 𝑐)
ktc is the reliable coefficient, defined by the standard and doesn’t smaller than 1.2
Since there is moment y appears in this footing, we have to calculate el,
𝑀𝑦 41.4
𝑒𝑙 = = = 0.02
𝑁 1991
𝜆𝛾 = 0.79
′
𝜑𝑡𝑐 = 13 → { 𝜆𝑞 = 3
𝜆𝑐 = 9
𝑖𝛾 = 1
{𝑖𝑞 = 1
𝑖𝑐 = 1
𝑙 20−2∗0.02
Where: tan(𝜑𝑡𝑐 ) = 0.23, 𝑛 = 𝑏 = = 9.98
2
0.25 0.25
𝑛𝛾 = 1 + =1+ = 1.03
𝑛 9.98
𝑙 1.5 1.5
𝑛= =→ 𝑛𝑞 = 1 + = 1+ = 2.46
𝑏 𝑛 9.98
0.3 0.3
{ 𝑛𝑐 = 1 + = 1 + = 1.12
𝑛 9.98
𝐴 = 𝜆𝛾 𝑖𝛾 𝑛𝛾 = 0.81
→ { 𝐵 = 𝜆𝑞 𝑖𝑞 𝑛𝑞 = 7.39
𝐷 = 𝜆𝑐 𝑖𝑐 𝑛𝑐 = 10.10

Calculation of RII and RI

𝑁𝑑𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛾𝑡𝑏 . 𝐷𝑓 . 𝐹 = 1991 + 22 . 1.5 . 20 . 2
= 3311 𝑘𝑁

∅ = 𝑏̅𝑙 (𝐴
̅ 𝐼 . 𝑏̅ . 𝛾 + 𝐵𝐼 . ℎ. 𝛾 ∗ + 𝐷𝐼 . 𝑐)
= 19.96 ∗ 2 ∗ (0.81 ∗ 2 ∗ 8.22 + 7.46 ∗ 2 ∗ 18.22
+ 10.10 ∗ 9.1 = 5968 𝑘𝑁
∅ 5968
𝑁 = 3311 𝑘𝑁 ≤ = = 3978 𝑘𝑁
𝑘𝑡𝑐 1.5

 Satisfy
Strength condition
Pressure under foundation:
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 𝑡𝑡
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝑞𝑎 = 𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑆 = 𝑡𝑡 ≥ [𝐹𝑆] = 2
𝐹𝑆 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥

-Maximum calculated pressure:

𝑡𝑡
𝑁𝑡𝑡 𝑀𝑡𝑡
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + + 𝛾𝑡𝑏 . 𝐷𝑓
𝐹 𝑏 . 𝐿2
1991 445
= + + 22 ∗ 1.5
2 ∗ 20 2 ∗ 202
𝑘𝑁
= 75.1 2
𝑚
-Limit bearing capacity of the soil under the foundation:
𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁𝐶 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝑏𝑁𝛾 = 278.46
𝑚
Where c=9.1 kN/m2
=18.22 kN/m2
q=Df*=27.13 kN/m
𝑁𝐶 = 11.58
𝜑2 = 13 → { 𝑁𝑞 = 3.72
′

𝑁𝛾 = 1.98
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 278.46
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑡𝑡 = = 3.707 ≥ 2
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 75.1
 OK!
Settlement condition
s<[s]
- Allowable settlement, this depend on the type of structure, for
foundation of house, [s]=8 cm
- Overburden stress:
𝑁𝑡𝑐 1661 𝑘𝑁
𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑡 = + (𝛾𝑡𝑏 − 𝛾 ∗ ). 𝐷𝑓 = + 22 ∗ 1.5 − 27.13 = 47.20 𝑚2
𝐹 2∗20
- Settlement:
𝑒1𝑖 − 𝑒2𝑖
𝑠 = ∑ 𝑠𝑖 = ∑ .ℎ
1 + 𝑒1𝑖 𝑖
- Divide soil layers into sublayers with hi=0.4 m for more accuracy.
- Primary pressure by the self-weight of soil layer:
𝑝1𝑖 = ∑ 𝑍𝑖 . 𝛾 => 𝑒1𝑖
- Pressure after building the foundation:
𝑝2𝑖 = ∑ 𝑍𝑖 . 𝛾 + 𝜎𝑠𝑒𝑡 => 𝑒2𝑖
𝜎𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 𝐾01 . 𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝐿 𝑧
𝐾 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐵 𝑏

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 - Choose layer for calculation, we choose layer 2 with the depth of
1.5-2 m.

Pressure p 0 25 50 100 200 400 800

Void Ratio e 0.864 0.842 0.821 0.789 0.745 0.688 0.627

- Layer 3 with the depth of 2.3-2.8

Pressure p 0 25 50 100 200 400 800

Void Ratio e 0.691 0.674 0.656 0.631 0.600 0.564 0.524

- Layer 4 with the depth of 5.5-6

Pressure p 0 25 50 100 200 400 800

Void Ratio e 0.727 0.707 0.695 0.671 0.636 0.599 0.558

- Settlement calculation table:

zelemen Si(mm
z/b x/b Ko gli p1i p2i e1 e2
t )
0. - 0. 0.10 0.99 47.05 29.12 76.18 0.838 0.804
0.20 0 7.463
0 4 0 7 3 8 1 5 2
0. - 0. 0.30 0.93 44.22 32.72 76.94 0.835 0.803
0.60 0 6.930
4 8 0 7 2 4 6 5 7
0. - 1. 0.50 0.81 38.60 36.32 74.92 0.832
1.00 0 0.805 5.981
8 2 0 8 6 0 6 4
1. - 1. 0.70 0.69 32.84 39.91 72.76 0.829 0.806
1.40 0 5.029
2 6 0 6 8 6 4 4 4
1. - 2. 0.90 0.59 27.98 43.51 71.49 0.826 0.807
1.80 0 4.205
6 0 0 3 7 2 9 4 2
2. - 2. 1.10 0.51 24.11 47.10 71.22 0.823 0.807
2.20 0 3.510
0 4 0 1 7 8 5 4 4
2. - 2. 1.30 0.44 21.09 50.70 71.80 0.820
2.60 0 0.807 2.966
4 8 0 7 6 4 0 5
2. - 3. 1.50 0.39 18.68 54.30 72.98 0.818 0.806
3.00 0 2.640
8 2 0 6 9 0 9 2 2
3. - 3. 1.70 0.35 16.70 57.89 74.60 0.815 0.805
3.40 0 2.357
2 6 0 4 7 6 3 9 2
3. - 4. 1.90 0.32 15.10 61.49 76.59 0.813 0.803
3.80 0 2.139
6 0 0 0 2 2 4 6 9
4. - 4. 2.10 0.29 13.83 65.08 78.92 0.811 0.802
4.20 1 1.965
0 4 0 3 8 8 6 3 4

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Total settlement:
𝑠 = ∑ 𝑠𝑖 = 43.2 𝑚𝑚 = 4.23 𝑐𝑚 < 8 𝑐𝑚
 OK!

Preliminary section determination

a. Column
𝑁𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.2 ∗ 420 ∗ 103
𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑙 = 𝛽 = = 43826 𝑚𝑚2
𝑅𝑏 11.5
 Choose the section of the column of bc x hc = 25x25 cm

b. Cross section of the foundation

- Height of the foundation

1 1 1 1
ℎ=( ÷ ) . l𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( ÷ ) ∗ 5
12 6 12 6
= 0.416 ÷ 0.83 (𝑚)
 Choose h = 0.7 (m)

- Width of the foundation beam

𝑏𝑏 = [0.3 ÷ 0.6]ℎ = 0,21 ÷ 0.42 (𝑚)
{
𝑏𝑏 ≥ 𝑏𝑐 + 100 = 250 + 100 = 350 (𝑚𝑚)

 Choose bb = 0.4 (m)

Summary Length
hs 0.7
bs 0.4
bc 0.25
hc 0.25
b 2

 Base on the standard for foundation hasn’t been reinforced yet

(6.2.3.4 TCXD 356:2005)
𝜑𝑏4 (1 + 𝜑𝑛 )𝑅𝑏𝑡 𝑏ℎ02
𝑄≤
𝑐
For the right part of the formula, do not take less than 2.5Rbt of larger
than 𝜑𝑏3 (1 + 𝜑𝑛 )𝑅𝑏𝑡 𝑏ℎ02

 For safety
11
 𝑄 ≤ 𝜑𝑏3 (1 + 𝜑𝑛 )𝑅𝑏𝑡 𝑏ℎ0
Where:
𝜑3 = 0.6 for heavy concrete
𝜑𝑛 = 0, consider the longitudinal tension and compression force in the
foundation web section, there is no in this section.
 𝑄 ≤ 0.6 ∗ 𝑅𝑏𝑡 𝑏ℎ0

- Consider 1m long of the foundation

𝑡𝑡 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑏
𝑄 = 𝑝max(𝑛𝑒𝑡) x 1𝑚
2
≤ 0.6𝑅𝑏𝑡 𝑏ℎ𝑏0 x 1𝑚
𝑡𝑡 𝑏−𝑏
 ℎ𝑏0 ≥ 𝑝max(𝑛𝑒𝑡) ∗ 1.2𝑅 𝑏
𝑏𝑡

𝑡𝑡 𝑁𝑡𝑡 𝑀𝑡𝑡
𝑝max(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = + = 42.1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐹 𝑏 . 𝐿2
2−0.4
 ℎ𝑏0 ≥ 42.1 ∗ 1.2∗0.9∗103 = 0.06(𝑚)
 Choose ℎ𝑏0 = 0.3 (𝑚)
- Choose the concrete cover of the foundation
a = 0.05 (m)
 ℎ𝑏 = ℎ𝑏0 + 𝑎 = 0.3 + 0.5 = 0.35 (𝑚)
Internal Force determination
- Use SAP2000 to determine the internal force of the foundation

12
13
14
15
16
17
- Determine the compression coefficient K1, K2, K3,… Kn
𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝐶𝑍 =
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐
𝑘𝑁
𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 47.2 2
𝑚
𝑠 0.04322
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = =
2 2
= 0.02161
47.2 𝑘𝑁
o 𝐶𝑍 = 0.0225 = 2097 𝑚3

- Foundation coefficient 2
𝐶𝑧 𝑏𝑎
𝐾1 = 𝐾𝑛 =
2

𝐾2 = 𝐾3 = 𝐶𝑧 𝑏𝑎
Where a is the distance of element divided in Sap2000, a=0.1

0.1
𝐾1 = 𝐾𝑛 = 2091 ∗ 2 ∗
2
= 209.1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐾2 = 𝐾3 = ⋯ = 2091 ∗ 2 ∗ 0.1
= 418.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Result of SAP is shown below:

18
 Moment Diagram of SAP2000 stimulation model

Shear force diagram SAP2000 model stimulation

Joint U3 R2 7 - -0.000988
Text m Radians 0.035698
1 - -0.000986 8 -0.0356 -0.000989
0.036287 9 - -0.000991
2 - -0.000986 0.035502
0.036188 10 - -0.000993
3 -0.03609 -0.000986 0.035404
4 - -0.000986 11 - -0.000996
0.035992 0.035306
5 - -0.000987 12 - -0.001001
0.035894 0.035203
6 - -0.000987 13 - -0.001005
0.035796 0.035099

19
14 - -0.001008 38 - -0.000866
0.034996 0.032667
15 - -0.00101 39 - -0.000857
0.034892 0.032581
16 - -0.00101 40 - -0.000849
0.034789 0.032497
17 - -0.00101 41 - -0.000841
0.034685 0.032413
18 - -0.001009 43 - -0.000825
0.034582 0.032248
19 - -0.001006 44 - -0.000818
0.034479 0.032167
20 - -0.001003 45 - -0.000812
0.034377 0.032087
21 - -0.001 46 - -0.000806
0.034275 0.032008
22 - -0.000995 47 - -0.0008
0.034173 0.031929
23 - -0.00099 47 0.081962 -0.169056
0.034073 48 0.108863 -0.153138
24 - -0.000984 49 0.132757 -0.133022
0.033972 50 - -0.000789
25 - -0.000977 0.031696
0.033873 51 - -0.000786
26 - -0.00097 0.031619
0.033775 52 - -0.000786
27 - -0.000963 0.031538
0.033677 53 - -0.000784
28 -0.03358 -0.000955 0.031456
29 - -0.000947 54 - -0.000782
0.033484 0.031375
30 - -0.000938 55 - -0.000778
0.033389 0.031294
31 - -0.000929 56 - -0.000773
0.033295 0.031214
31 - 0.107226 57 - -0.000766
0.153315 0.031134
33 - -0.000911 58 - -0.000759
0.033111 0.031055
34 -0.03302 -0.000902 59 - -0.000751
35 -0.03293 -0.000893 0.030977
36 - -0.000884 60 - -0.000742
0.032841 0.030901
37 - -0.000875 62 -0.03075 -0.000721
0.032754

20
63 - -0.000709 85 - -0.000349
0.030677 0.029484
64 - -0.000696 86 - -0.000332
0.030605 0.029451
65 - -0.000683 87 - -0.000316
0.030534 0.029419
66 - -0.000669 88 -0.02939 -0.0003
0.030465 89 - -0.000285
67 - -0.000655 0.029362
0.030398 90 - -0.00027
68 - -0.00064 0.029335
0.030331 91 -0.02931 -0.000256
69 - -0.000624 92 - -0.000242
0.030267 0.029287
70 - -0.000609 93 - -0.00023
0.030204 0.029265
71 - -0.000592 94 - -0.000217
0.030143 0.029244
72 - -0.000576 95 - -0.000206
0.030084 0.029225
73 - -0.000559 96 - -0.000195
0.030027 0.029207
74 - -0.000541 97 -0.02919 -0.000185
0.029971 98 - -0.000176
75 - -0.000524 0.029174
0.029918 99 - -0.000168
76 - -0.000506 0.029159
0.029866 100 - -0.000161
77 - -0.000489 0.029145
0.029816 101 - -0.000155
78 - -0.000471 0.029132
0.029768 102 - -0.000152
79 - -0.000453 0.029114
0.029722 103 - -0.000147
80 - -0.000435 0.029097
0.029677 104 -0.02908 -0.000142
81 - -0.000418 105 - -0.000135
0.029635 0.029063
82 - -0.0004 106 - -0.000127
0.029595 0.029048
83 - -0.000383 107 - -0.000119
0.029556 0.029034
84 - -0.000366 108 -0.02902 -0.000109
0.029519
109 - -0.000099
0.029008
21
110 - -0.000088 133 - 0.000264
0.028997 0.029172
111 - -0.000077 134 -0.0292 0.000279
0.028987 135 -0.02923 0.000294
112 - -0.000064 136 - 0.000308
0.028978 0.029261
113 - -0.000051 137 - 0.000321
0.028971 0.029294
114 - -0.000038 138 - 0.000334
0.028965 0.029328
115 - -0.000024 139 - 0.000347
0.028961 0.029364
116 - -0.000009439 140 - 0.000359
0.028958 0.029401
117 - 0.00000548 141 - 0.00037
0.028957 0.029439
118 - 0.000021 142 - 0.00038
0.028957 0.029478
119 -0.02896 0.000036 143 - 0.00039
120 - 0.000052 0.029519
0.028963 144 -0.02956 0.000398
121 - 0.000068 145 - 0.000406
0.028969 0.029603
122 - 0.000085 146 - 0.000413
0.028976 0.029646
123 - 0.000101 147 -0.02969 0.000419
0.028985 148 - 0.008093
124 - 0.000118 0.187932
0.028996 150 - 0.00043
125 - 0.000135 0.029826
0.029008 151 - 0.000431
126 - 0.000151 0.029872
0.029023 152 - 0.000435
127 - 0.000168 0.029913
0.029039 153 - 0.000439
128 - 0.000184 0.029955
0.029057 154 - 0.000444
129 - 0.000201 0.029998
0.029076 155 - 0.00045
130 - 0.000217 0.030041
0.029098 156 - 0.000456
131 - 0.000233 0.030085
0.029121 157 -0.03013 0.000462
132 - 0.000249 158 - 0.00047
0.029146 0.030175
22
159 - 0.000477 184 - 0.000659
0.030222 0.031689
160 - 0.000485 185 - 0.00066
0.030269 0.031757
161 - 0.000493 186 - 0.00066
0.030317 0.031826
162 - 0.000502 187 - 0.00066
0.030366 0.031894
163 - 0.000511 188 - 0.000658
0.030416 0.031963
164 - 0.00052 189 - 0.000655
0.030468 0.032031
165 -0.03052 0.000529 190 - 0.000651
166 - 0.000538 0.032099
0.030573 191 - 0.000645
168 - 0.000556 0.032167
0.030682 192 -0.03223 0.000643
169 - 0.000565 193 - 0.000641
0.030739 0.032293
170 - 0.000574 194 - 0.00064
0.030796 0.032356
171 - 0.000583 195 - 0.000638
0.030854 0.032419
172 - 0.000592 196 - 0.000638
0.030914 0.032482
173 - 0.0006 197 - 0.000637
0.030974 0.032545
174 - 0.000608 198 - 0.000637
0.031035 0.032609
175 - 0.000616 199 - 0.000636
0.031097 0.032672
176 -0.03116 0.000623 200 - 0.000636
177 - 0.000629 0.032735
0.031224 201 - 0.000636
178 - 0.000636 0.032799
0.031289
179 - 0.000641
0.031354
180 -0.03142 0.000646
181 - 0.000651
0.031487
182 - 0.000654
0.031554
183 - 0.000657
0.031621

23
 Check settlement
|𝑌2 − 𝑌1|
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 < 𝑖𝑔ℎ = 0.002
𝐿12

Column Station L s Check

A 11 -0.0352 4 0.0009 Ok!

B 51 -0.0316 5 0.00046 Ok!

C 91 -0.0293 5 0.000026 Ok!

D 141 -0.0294 4 0.000513 Ok!

E 181 - Determination of
0.03148 steel
reinforcement in concrete
Neutral Axis of the foundation:
𝑀𝑓 = 𝛾𝑏 𝑅𝑏 ℎ𝑎 𝑏(ℎ0 − 0.5ℎ𝑎 )
= 8.22 𝑥 11.5 𝑥 3 𝑥 0.3 ( 930 − 0.5 ∗ 300)
= 6636 𝑘𝑁𝑚
We have 𝑀𝑓 = 6636 > 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5980 𝑘𝑁𝑚
 The neutral axis is at the flange for all cases.

a. Number 1 steel bar

- Use moment at section 2-2, 4-4, 6-6, 8-8 for steel calculation
- The section is upside down T section,
- Step of calculation:
𝑀
𝛼𝑚 =
𝑅𝑏 . 𝑏. ℎ02
1
𝜀 = 1 − 𝑠(1 − 𝛼𝑚 )2
 𝜀𝑅𝑏 ℎ0
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑅𝑠
𝐴𝑠
𝜇=
𝑏ℎ0
𝑅𝑏
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝜇 = 0.05% ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜀𝑅 .
𝑅𝑠

Section Station M  𝛏 As Achosen Percentage Choose 

A 11 61.61 0.0029681 0.0029725 814.94709 917.3 12.6% 1 18 0.07%

B 51 58.34 0.0028106 0.0028145 771.693122 823 6.6% 2 18 0.06%
C 101 68.68 0.0033087 0.0033142 908.465608 1077.5 18.6% 2 14 0.08%
D 151 80.44 0.0038752 0.0038828 1064.02116 1077.5 1.3% 2 14 0.08%
E 191 116 0.0055883 0.005604 1534.39153 1611.3 5.0% 2 18 0.12%

Steel bar at Grid A:

As 814.95 mm2 Steel bar choosing Spacing
s
Position Proportion As d Ad n n Chosen Total s
chosen
Web 70% 570.463 16 201.1 2.8367129 3 603.3 86 80
Flange
15% 122.2421 10 78.5 1.5572237 2 157 840 200
1
Flange
15% 122.2421 10 78.5 1.5572237 2 157 840 200
2

Steel bar at Grid B:

As 771.69 mm2 Steel bar choosing Spacing

s
Position Proportion As d Ad n n Chosen Total s
chosen
Web 70% 540.1852 18 254.5 2.1225351 2 509 92 80
Flange
15% 115.754 10 78.5 1.4745728 2 157 840 200
1
Flange
15% 115.754 10 78.5 1.4745728 2 157 840 200
2

Steel bar at Grid C:

As 908.47 mm2 Steel bar choosing Spacing

s
Position Proportion As d Ad n n Chosen Total s
chosen
Web 70% 635.9259 18 254.5 2.4987266 3 763.5 83 80
 Flange 840 200
15% 136.2698 10 78.5 1.7359215 2 157
1
Flange 840 200
15% 136.2698 10 78.5 1.7359215 2 157
2

Steel bar at Grid D:

As 1064.02 mm2 Steel bar choosing Spacing
s
Position Proportion As d Ad n n Chosen Total s
chosen
Web 70% 744.8148 18 254.5 2.9265808 3 763.5 83 80
Flange
15% 159.6032 10 78.5 2.0331615 2 157 840 200
1
Flange
15% 159.6032 10 78.5 2.0331615 2 157 840 200
2

Steel bar at Grid E:

As 1534.39 mm2 Steel bar choosing Spacing

s
Position Proportion As d Ad n n Chosen Total s
chosen
Web 70% 1074.074 20 380.1 2.8257671 3 1140.3 80 80
Flange
15% 230.1587 10 78.5 2.9319583 3 235.5 840 200
1
Flange
15% 230.1587 10 78.5 2.9319583 3 235.5 840 200
2

For economical, to saving steel, we cut steel bar. The position of cutting is satisfied those
condition:
Place out of the range L/4 from the axis and distance from 2 section must be larger than h0/2:
h0/2 0.5
L/4 5
Segment Li Li/4
AB 4 1
BC 5 1.25
CD 5 1.25
DE 4 1

Cutting position is shown below:

 Moment at cutting position:
25 -98.5
45 -38.4
67 -135.1 Remain the
same as
95 -39.5
maximum
120 -144.6 moment
179 -75.8

Base on SAP data, choose maximum moment at AB, BC, CD, DE

Choose section for calculation
𝑏 = 400 𝑚𝑚, ℎ = 700 𝑚𝑚, 𝑏𝑓 = 2000, ℎ𝑓 = 350 𝑚𝑚
Neutral axis:
𝑀𝑓 = 𝑅𝑏 𝑏𝑓 ℎ𝑓 (ℎ0 − 0.5ℎ𝑓 ) = 11.5 ∗ 350 ∗ 2000 ∗ (650 − 0.5 ∗ 350)
= 38237.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚
We have Mf > Mmax, so that the neutral axis goes through the flange for all cases.

Rebar Number 1:
- Using moment at section 2-2, 4-4, 6-6, 8-8 for calculation
- Section have shape of letter T, neutron axis go through wing so section
using has shape of big
rectangular b × h = 2 × 1 m
- For section 2-2
 Assume ℎ0 = 950 𝑚𝑚
𝑀
𝛼𝑚 =
𝑅𝑏 . 𝑏. ℎ02
1
𝜀 = 1 − (1 − 𝛼𝑚 )2
 Steel area calculation
𝜀𝑅𝑏 ℎ0
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑅𝑠
𝐴𝑠
𝜇=
𝑏ℎ0
𝑅𝑏
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝜇 = 0.05% ≤ 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜀𝑅 .
𝑅𝑠
 Section Station M a 𝛏 As Achosen Percentage Choose j

AB 32 124.79 0.0060118 0.006029983 1650.661376 1997.1 21.0% 1 18 0.14%

BC 76 182.81 0.00880694 0.008846064 2418.121693 2750.2 13.7% 2 18 0.20%
CD 128 164.91 0.0079446 0.00797641 2181.349206 2426.2 11.2% 2 14 0.17%
DE 169 122.86 0.00591882 0.005936445 1625.132275 1754.1 7.9% 2 14 0.13%

- For economical, to saving steel, we cut steel bar at span BC, CD. The
position of cutting is satisfied those condition:
Do not exceed L⁄5 from center axis and distance from 2 section must be
longer than h0⁄2

Cutting section
Grid As ξ m [M](kNm) M Choose
60 1997.1 0.004156 0.0041474 677.904986 63.8
90 2750.2 0.005723 0.0057068 1284.56653 106.34
110 2426.2 0.005049 0.0050362 1000.06459 45.55 Remain
the
140 2426.2 0.005049 0.0050362 1000.06459 94.06 same

158 1754.2 0.003651 0.0036438 523.163451 62.5

182 1754.2 0.003651 0.0036438 523.163451 41.92

Stir-up bar number 3:

Maximum shear stress on beam
Qmax = 228.91 kN
 Checking condition
φb3(1 + φf + φn)Rbtbh02 = 0.6 . 1.7. (1 + 0 + 0) × 1.15 × 103 × 0.4 × 0.652 = 250 kN
Qmax > φb3(1 + φf + φn)γbRbtbh02
⇒ Concrete cannot ensure the force capacity so that we have to have the reinforcement:
Choose stirrup bar 14: number of stirrup bar n=2, Rsw = 175 MPa, Asw = 153.86 mm2
 Stirrup step determination
4𝜑𝑏2 (1 + 𝜑𝑓 + 𝜑𝑛 )𝛾𝑏 𝑅𝑏𝑡 𝑏ℎ02
𝑠𝑡𝑡 = 𝑅𝑠𝑤 𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑤
𝑄2
4 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 0.8(1 + 0 + 0)1.05 ∗ 0.4 ∗ 0.622
= 175 ∗ 2 ∗ 153.86 = 143.25 𝑚𝑚
2292
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜑𝑏4 (1 + 𝜑𝑛 )𝑅𝑏𝑡 𝑏ℎ02
𝑠𝑡𝑡 =
𝑄
= 324.23 𝑚𝑚

3
ℎ = 525
4
𝑠𝑐𝑡 ≤ { 500 => 𝑠𝑐𝑡 = 250 𝑚𝑚

𝑠𝑡𝑡
𝑠
𝑠𝑐𝑡 ≤ { 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑠𝑐𝑡

Choose s1=150 mm in the first section of the beam L/4

𝐸𝑠 𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑤
𝜑𝑤1 = 1 + 5 ∗ ∗
𝐸𝑏 𝑏𝑠
𝜑𝑏1 = 1 − 𝛽𝛾𝑏 𝑅𝑏 = 0.8965
0.3𝜑𝑤1 𝜑𝑏1 𝛽𝛾𝑏 𝑅𝑏 = 773.26
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 0.3𝜑𝑤1 𝜑𝑏1 𝛽𝛾𝑏 𝑅𝑏
 So that the beam will not be destroyed by shear stress
-At the mid-span, we choose:
ℎ
𝑠2 ≤ = 233.3
3
 Choose s = 150mm place at L/2

- To ensure the stirrup bar cover all crack, we have to place it at the head
of the beam and larger than h0 = 650mm

Steel bar number 4:

Consider 1m width
2
1 𝑡𝑡 (𝑏 − 𝑏𝑏 )1 1 2 − 0.4 2
𝑀 = 𝑝max(𝑛𝑒𝑡) ( ) . 1𝑚 = 𝑥 221.1. ( ) 𝑥 1𝑚
2 2 2 2
= 257.12 𝑘𝑁𝑚

- Area of steel bars

𝑀 25.712
𝐴𝑠 = = = 510.15 𝑚𝑚2
0.9𝑅𝑏 ℎ𝑏0 0.9 ∗ 280 ∗ 0.2
As=153.39 mm2
Number of steel bar:
𝐴𝑠 510.15
d𝑛 = = 153.39 = 3.33
𝐴
 Choose n=4 so that As= 615 mm2
Spacing
a =1000
n/4 = 250 mm
Assume a = 200 mm
- Choose ϕ14a200

Steel bar number 5

- Choose ϕ10 a 200

Steel bar number 6

- Choose 2ϕ12
Check anchor of steel bar
- Length of segment that is anchored in for safety in compression concrete
area
 𝜔𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑠
𝑙𝑎𝑛 = ( + ∆𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑛 )𝑑
𝑅𝑏
𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑛 . 𝑑
𝑙𝑎𝑛 ≥ { ′
𝑙𝑎𝑛
Where an, an, ∆ an, l’an, look up in standard 36 TCXDVN 356:2005

B. BORED PILE

1.1 Load acting on the foundation

Mx (T.m) My (T.m) N (T) Qx (T) Qy(T) H (T)

Calculated 230 210 2450 5.31 6.15 280
value
Standard 5.35
200 182.61 2130.4 4.425 243.48
value

1.2 Material and dimension

Material:
𝒌𝑮 𝒌𝑮
 B25 concrete: 𝑹𝒃 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐 , 𝑹𝒃𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐
 Rebar type CII with 𝑹𝒔 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑮/𝒄𝒎𝟐
 Choose the column with the diameter of 1m , 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟒 𝒎𝟐 , 𝒖 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 𝒎 , length of
the pile is 44 m
 Based on the standard, steel ratio in the bored pile is 𝟎. 𝟒% ÷ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓% (anti- earthquake
bored pile), choose steel 𝟏𝟔∅𝟏𝟖 with the area is 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟎𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟐 ( steel proportion is
𝟎. 𝟓𝟐%).
 Height of the pile cap 𝒉𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝒎 > 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟎. 𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟏 𝒎

2. Bearing capacity of the pile

a. Bearing capacity of material
𝑷𝒗 = 𝝋(𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝑹𝒃 𝑨𝒃 + 𝑹𝒔 𝑨𝒔 )
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝝋 = 𝟏-axial bending coefficient, through mud layer
𝒎𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 –working coefficient, for vertical bored pile
𝒎𝟐 = 𝟎.7- working coefficient based on the method of construction
𝑷𝒗 = 𝟏 ∗ (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟒 + 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟔𝟏. 𝟎𝟕
∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 ) = 𝟖𝟒𝟖. 𝟔 𝑻

b. Bearing capacity of base soil layer

* Strength of base soil
𝑸𝒔 𝑸𝒑
𝑸𝒂 = +
𝑭𝑺 𝑭𝑺𝒑
 𝑸𝒖 = 𝑸𝒔 + 𝑸𝒑
𝑸𝒔 − 𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑸𝒑 − 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
-Allowable bearing capacity
𝑸𝒖 𝑸𝒔 𝑸𝒑
𝑸𝒂−𝒃 = = +
𝑭𝑺 𝑭𝑺𝒔 𝑭𝑺𝒑
𝑭𝑺𝒔 = 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚: 𝑭𝑺 = 𝟐 ÷ 𝟑
𝑭𝑺𝒔 = 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒏: 𝑭𝑺𝒔
= 𝟏. 𝟓 ÷ 𝟐
𝑭𝑺𝒑 = 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒑: 𝑭𝑺𝒒
=𝟐÷𝟑
a. Bearing capacity based on friction
𝑸𝒔 = 𝑸𝒔𝟏 + 𝑸𝒔𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑸𝒔𝒏
= 𝒇𝒔𝟏 𝒙 𝑨𝟏 + 𝒇𝒔𝟐 𝒙 𝑨𝟐 + ⋯
+ 𝒇𝒔𝒏 𝒙 𝑨𝒏
= 𝒖. 𝒇𝒔𝟏 . 𝒍𝟏 + 𝒖. 𝒇𝒔𝟐 . 𝒍𝟐 + ⋯
+ 𝒖. 𝒇𝒔𝒏 . 𝒍𝒏
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝒖 − 𝑷𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓: 𝒖 = 𝝅 𝒙 𝑫 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝒎
𝒍𝒊 − 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓
𝒇𝒔𝒊 − 𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
 For sand:
𝝈′ = 𝝈; 𝒄; 𝝋
𝒇𝒔𝒊 = 𝝈𝒉𝒊 . 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝋𝒂𝒊 + 𝒄𝒂𝒊
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝝈𝒉𝒊 = 𝑲𝟎 . 𝝈′𝒗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑲𝟎
= (𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋′𝒊 )√𝑶𝑪𝑹𝒊
 For cohesive soil:
𝒇𝒔𝒊 = (𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋𝟏 )√𝑶𝑪𝑹𝒊 . 𝝈𝒗𝒊 . 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝋𝒂𝒊 + 𝒄𝒂𝒊
𝝋𝒂𝒊 , 𝒄𝒂𝒊 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 , 𝒄𝒐𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒊
For reinforced concrete
𝝋𝒂𝒊 = 𝝋𝒊 , 𝒄𝒂𝒊 = 𝒄𝒊
𝝋𝒊 , 𝒄𝒊 − 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊 − 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒊
𝝈𝒗 𝒊
− 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
 For safety, we choose 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝜸, 𝝋𝒊 , 𝒄𝒊 (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒇𝒔𝒊 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸𝒔 )
 𝑸𝒔 = 𝒖. ∑ 𝒇𝒔𝒊 . 𝒍𝒊
 Layer 2 : 𝒍𝒊 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗 𝒎
𝒇𝒔𝟏 = (𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋𝟏 )√𝑶𝑪𝑹𝒊 . 𝝈𝒗𝒊 . 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝋𝒂𝒊 + 𝒄𝒂𝒊
𝝋𝟏 = 𝟒′ 𝟑′′
𝑶𝑪𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏
 𝒌𝑵
𝒄𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟑
𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒗 𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟕 𝒙 (𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 − 𝟏𝟎)
𝟏𝟖. 𝟗 𝒌𝑵
+ 𝒙 𝟒. 𝟔𝟖 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝟔𝟗 𝟐
𝟐 𝒎
 𝒇𝒔𝟏 = (𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒′𝟑′′)√𝟏 𝒙 𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝟔𝟗 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟒 𝟑 + 𝟕. 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
′ ′′

Layer li    OCRi ci ’vi fsi fsi.li

12.0808 228.327
2 18.9 14.45 4.68 4.3 1 7.3 68.769
3 7
122.74 37.5519
3 2 19.15 9.75 28.3 1 2.8 75.1039
5 5
149.55 41.6506 158.272
4 3.8 18.82 8.98 13 1 14.9
7 8 6
190.13 57.0896 279.739
5a 4.9 18.95 9.6 29 1 2.8
9 7 4
1375.90
5b 16.7 18.58 9.26 26 1 2.7 290.98 82.3894
3

𝒌𝑵
∑ 𝒇𝒔𝒊 𝒍𝒊 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟒𝟕
𝒎
𝑸𝒔 = 𝒖. ∑ 𝒇𝒔𝒊 𝒍𝒊 = 𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟐. 𝟕𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑵
b. Pile tip bearing capacity
𝑸𝒑 = 𝒒𝒑 𝑨𝒑
Where:
𝑨𝒑 − 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏; 𝑨𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟒 𝒎𝟐
𝒒𝒑 − 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
Based on TCXD 205:1998
𝒒𝒑 = 𝒄𝑵𝒄 + 𝝈′𝒗𝒑 𝑵𝒒 + 𝜸𝒅𝑵𝜸
𝒅 = 𝟏,
𝑵𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟓
𝝋 = 𝟐𝟔′ => {𝑵𝒒 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟓
𝑵𝜸 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟒
𝒄 = 𝟐. 𝟕
𝜸 = 𝜸 = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑
′

𝝈′𝒗𝒑 = ∑ 𝜸′𝒊 𝒛𝒊
= 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 + 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗
∗ 𝟒. 𝟔𝟖 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟑. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟖. 𝟗𝟖
𝟏𝟔. 𝟕
+ 𝟒. 𝟗 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟔 + ∗ 𝟗. 𝟐𝟔
𝟐
𝒌𝑵
= 𝟐𝟗𝟏 𝟐
𝒎
  𝒒𝒑 = 𝒄𝑵𝒄 + 𝝈′𝒗𝒑 𝑵𝒒 + 𝜸𝒅𝑵𝜸 = 𝟐. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 + 𝟐𝟗𝟏 ∗ 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟓 + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 ∗ 𝟏 ∗
𝟗. 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟕. 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
 𝑸𝒑 = 𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟕. 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟒 = 𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟖. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑵
 𝑸𝒖 = 𝑸𝒔 + 𝑸𝒑 = 𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟐. 𝟕𝟎𝟑 + 𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟖. 𝟕𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵

𝑸𝒖 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟏.𝟒𝟑𝟑
 𝑸𝒂−𝑩 = = = 𝟓𝟗𝟗𝟓. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵 = 𝟓𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟕 𝑻
𝑭𝑺 𝟐

2.3 Allowable bearing capacity of pile

𝑸𝒂 = 𝐦𝐢𝐧{𝑷𝒗𝒍 ; 𝑸𝒂−𝑨 ; 𝑸𝒂−𝑩 ; 𝑸𝒂−𝑺𝑷𝑻 }
𝐖𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞:
𝑷𝑽𝑳 = 𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑵
𝑸𝒂−𝑨 = 𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟔. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵
𝑸𝒂−𝑩 = 𝟓𝟗𝟗𝟓. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵
 𝑸𝒂 = 𝑷𝒂−𝑨 = 𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟔. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵

3. Number of pile and length of pile

For pile to work effectively, the distance from each pile has to be 3 times bigger
than the diameter of the pile:

𝒂 = 𝟑𝒅 = 𝟑 (𝒎)
-Pressure by reaction of the pile tip to the bottom of the pile cap:
𝑷𝒕𝒕 𝟓𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟕 𝑻
𝒑𝒕𝒕 = 𝟐
= 𝟐
= 𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟗 ( 𝟐 )
(𝟑𝒅) 𝟑 𝒎
- Preliminary dimension of the pile cap:
𝑵𝒕𝒕 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟎
𝑭𝒔 = = = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟓𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝟐
𝒑𝒕𝒕 − 𝜸𝒕𝒃 . 𝒉. 𝟏, 𝟏 𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟗 − 𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟏. 𝟏, 𝟏
- Force acting on the pile cap
𝑵𝒕𝒕
𝟎 = 𝑵𝒕𝒕 + 𝑵𝒑𝒓𝒆 = 𝑵𝒕𝒕 + 𝒏𝑭𝒔 𝒉𝜸𝒕𝒃
= 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟎 + 𝟏, 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗. 𝟓𝟏𝟔. 𝟐. 𝟏. 𝟐
= 𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝟒 (𝑻)
- Number of pile
𝑵𝒕𝒕
𝟎 𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝟒
𝒏𝒄 = 𝒌. = 𝟏. 𝟑 ∗ = 𝟓. 𝟕
𝑷𝒕𝒕 𝟓𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟕
 Choose n=6
- Figure of pile cap design:
 The distance between pile and pile is 3d and distance from pile to the edge of the pile cap is
0.7d.
 Actual dimension of the pile cap 8m x 5m (40 m2)
 𝑵𝒕𝒕 𝟎 = 𝑵𝒕𝒕 + 𝑵𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟎 + 𝟏. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟒𝟎 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟒. 𝟖 (𝑻)
 4. Check load bearing capacity of each pile and group of piles

𝑴𝒕𝒕
𝟎𝒚 = 𝑴𝒚 + 𝑸𝒙 𝒙 𝒉𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟑 + 𝟓. 𝟑𝟏 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟕𝟓 𝑻𝒎
𝑴𝒕𝒕
𝟎𝒙 = 𝑴𝒙 + 𝑸𝒚 𝒙 𝒉𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟏 + 𝟔. 𝟐𝟏 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝑻𝒎
- Maximum load on each pile:
𝑵𝒕𝒕
𝟎 (∑ 𝑴𝒕𝒕
𝟎𝒚 )𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒙 (∑ 𝑴𝒕𝒕
𝟎𝒙 )𝒚𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑷𝒊 = ± 𝟐
±
𝒏𝒑 ∑ 𝒙𝒊 ∑ 𝒚𝟐𝒊
Where:
𝑵𝒕𝒕 − 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝑴𝟎𝒚 − 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒚 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎
𝑴𝟎𝒙 − 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎
𝒙𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒎; 𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎
𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟒. 𝟖 𝟏. 𝟓 𝟏. 𝟓
𝑵𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒙 = + 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟕𝟓 ∗ + 𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 ∗
𝟔 𝟗 𝟗
= 𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔 𝑻

𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟒. 𝟖 𝟏. 𝟓 𝟏. 𝟓
𝑵𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒊𝒏 = − 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟕𝟓 ∗ − 𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 ∗
𝟔 𝟗 𝟗
= 𝟒𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝑻

𝑵𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝑵𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔 + 𝟒𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔

𝑵𝒕𝒃
𝒕𝒕 = = = 𝟒𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟑 𝑻
𝟐 𝟐
- Self-weight of pile
𝑷𝒑 = 𝒏𝜸𝑳𝒄 𝑭𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟏(𝟐. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟓) = 𝟗𝟓 𝑻
- Check:

𝑵𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝑷𝒑 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔 + 𝟗𝟓 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎 𝑻 < 𝑸𝒂 = 𝟓𝟓𝟑 𝑻 => 𝑶𝒌!

𝑵𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒊𝒏 > 𝟎
 Pile only has to bear compression
 Pile has satisfied all condition to work properly.

3. Settlement calculation
- Settlement calculation is to calculate the settlement of soil layer under the pile tip.
Pile base include soil layers under the maximum compression height H0. Due to skin
friction between pile and soil, the load is spread out at a wider range, from the edge
of the pile.
- 𝝋𝒕𝒃 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝝋𝒕𝒃 = ∑ 𝝋𝒊 𝒉𝒊 / ∑ 𝒉𝒊
 𝟒. 𝟓′ . 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗 + 𝟐𝟖. 𝟓′ . 𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓′ . 𝟏. 𝟔 + 𝟏𝟑′ . 𝟑. 𝟖 + 𝟐𝟗′ . 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕 + 𝟐𝟔′ . 𝟒. 𝟗
𝝋𝒕𝒃 = = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑′
𝟏𝟖. 𝟗 + 𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟔 + 𝟑. 𝟖 + 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕 + 𝟒. 𝟗
𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝜶 = 𝝋𝒕𝒃 = . 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟕′
𝟒 𝟒
- Settlement of soil layer under pile tip caused by the self’ weight of pile cap, pile and weight of
soil layer in consideration.
- Length of pile:
𝑳𝒒𝒖 = 𝑩𝒒𝒖 = 𝑳 + 𝟐𝑳𝒄 𝒕𝒈𝜶 = 𝟖 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝟒. 𝟎𝟕 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟔 𝒎

- Area:
𝑭𝒒𝒖 = 𝑩𝒒𝒖 ∗ 𝑳𝒒𝒖 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟒 𝒎𝟐
- Weight of soil layer is counted from the bottom of the pile cap to the end of the pile, minus the
volume of the pile.
𝑷 = ∑ 𝑷𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
𝒊 − ∑ 𝑷𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆

𝑷𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
𝒊 = 𝜸𝒊 𝒉𝒊 (𝑭𝒂𝒖 − ∑ 𝑭𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 )
- Self-weight of pile in soil layer i:
𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝑷𝒊 = 𝜸𝒊 𝒉𝒊 ∑ 𝑭𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆

Soil gamma
h F_equivalent Total F p_i_soil p_i_pile
layer (T/m^3)
2 18.9 0.445 203.4 3.14 5469.201 26.40897
3 2 0.915 203.4 3.14 766.9958 5.7462
4 3.8 0.882 203.4 3.14 1432.179 10.52402
5a 4.9 0.895 203.4 3.14 1859.514 13.77047
5b 16.7 0.858 203.4 3.14 6213.787 44.9918
Type equation here.
15741.68 101.4415
Type equation here. 15843.11908

- Standard moment at the center of equivalent pile cap

𝑴𝒒𝒖 = 𝑴𝒕𝒄 + 𝑸𝒕𝒄 (𝑳𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 + 𝒉𝒔 )
𝑴𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟓(𝟒𝟒 + 𝟐. 𝟓) = 𝟐𝟎𝟕. 𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝒕𝒄
𝑴𝒐𝒀 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐𝟔 + 𝟓. 𝟑𝟓(𝟒𝟒 + 𝟐. 𝟓) = 𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎
𝑴𝒕𝒄
𝒐𝒙 𝟐𝟎𝟕. 𝟕𝟔
𝒆𝒙 = 𝒕𝒄 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝒎
𝑵 + 𝑵𝒕𝒄 𝒒𝒖 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟑. 𝟏𝟐
𝑴𝒕𝒄
𝒐𝒚 𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟔
𝒆𝒚 = 𝒕𝒄 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟓 𝒎
𝑵 + 𝑵𝒕𝒄 𝒒𝒖 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟑. 𝟏𝟐
 - Standard pressure at the bottom center
𝑵𝒕𝒄 + 𝑵𝒕𝒄
𝒒𝒖 𝟔𝒆𝒙 𝟔𝒆𝒚
𝝈𝒕𝒄
𝒎𝒂𝒙,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = (𝟏 ± ± )
𝑭𝒒𝒖 𝑩𝒒𝒖 𝑳𝒒𝒖

𝝈𝒕𝒄
𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟓 𝑻/𝒎
𝟐

𝝈𝒕𝒄
𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟐𝟓 𝑻/𝒎
𝟐

𝝈𝒕𝒄
𝒕𝒃 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 𝑻/𝒎
𝟐

- Strength of soil under pile tip

𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑹𝒒𝒖 = (𝑨𝑩𝒒𝒖 𝜸𝑰𝑰 + 𝑩𝒉𝒒𝒖 𝜸𝑰𝑰 + 𝑫𝒄)
𝑲𝒕𝒄
Where:
𝒎𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟒, 𝒎𝟐
= 𝟏 − 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟓
𝑲𝒕𝒄 = 𝟏 − 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑫 − 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟒, 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆
𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒
With 𝝋 = 𝟐𝟔′ => {𝑩 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕
𝑫 = 𝟔. 𝟗
𝑻
𝒄𝑰𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 𝟐
𝒎

𝜸𝑰 , 𝜸𝑰𝑰 − 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝑻
𝜸𝑰 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟖 − 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟖 𝟑
𝒎
∑ 𝜸𝒊 𝒉𝒊 𝑻
𝜸𝑰𝑰 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟒 𝟑
∑ 𝒉𝒊 𝒎
(𝟏. 𝟒 ∗ 𝟏)
=> 𝑹𝒒𝒖 = (𝟎. 𝟖𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟔 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟖 + 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 ∗ 𝟒𝟕
𝟏
𝑻
∗ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 ∗ 𝟔. 𝟗) = 𝟐𝟐𝟖. 𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝟐
𝒎
𝑻 𝑻
𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌: 𝝈𝒕𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟓 < 𝟏. 𝟐𝑹 𝒒𝒖 = 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟔𝟔
𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟐
𝑻 𝑻
𝝈𝒕𝒄
𝒕𝒃 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 𝟐
< 𝑹𝒒𝒖 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖. 𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝟐
𝒎 𝒎
 So that the soil layer under the pile is stable, so that we can calculate the settlement
of piles based on elastic theory.

- Pile settlement:
Initial stress of foundation at the soil layer i:
𝝈𝒊 = ∑ 𝒉𝒊 𝜸𝒊
 gamma
Soil layer hi (T/m^3) 𝝈𝒊
2 18.9 0.445 9.9105
3 2 0.915 11.7405
4 3.8 0.882 15.0921
5a 4.9 0.895 19.4776
5b 16.7 0.858 33.8062

- Settlement pressure at the equivalent block:

𝑻
𝝈𝒔𝒆𝒕 = 𝝈𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝝈𝒕𝒃
𝒕𝒄 − 𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 − 𝟑𝟑. 𝟖 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟑𝟖
𝒎𝟐
- Maximum stress area stop at 𝝈𝒔𝒆𝒕 < 𝝈𝒉𝒊 . 𝟎. 𝟐 so that we have to calculate the settlement under
the foundation because it has not satisfied.

5. Horizontal force and moment

Mx (T.m) My (T.m) Qx (T) Qy (T)

Calculated
230 210 5.31 6.21
value
Standard
200 182.6086957 4.617391304 5.4
value

- Horizontal load at the bottom of the foundation:

Qx (T) Qy (T) Hx Hy
Calculated
value 5.31 6.21 1.33 1.55
Standard value 4.617391304 5.4 1.15 1.35

- Calculate base on condition:

∆𝒏 < 𝑺𝒈𝒉
𝝍 ≤ 𝝍𝒈𝒉
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝝍, ∆𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒑
𝑺𝒈𝒉 , 𝝍𝒈𝒉 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆

(𝑯𝒍𝟑𝟎 ) 𝑴𝒍𝟐𝟎
∆𝒏 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝝍𝟎 𝒍𝟎 + + ;
𝟑𝑬𝟎 𝑱 𝟐𝑬𝒃 𝑱
𝑯𝒍𝟐𝟎 𝑴𝒍𝟎
𝝍 = 𝝍𝟎 + + ;
𝟐𝑬𝒃 𝑱 𝑬𝒃 𝑱
With:
𝒚𝟎 = 𝑯𝟎 𝜹𝑯𝑯 + 𝑴𝟎 𝜹𝑯𝑴
𝝍𝟎 = 𝑯𝟎 𝜹𝑯𝑴 + 𝑴𝟎 𝜹𝑯𝑯
 𝟏
𝜹𝑯𝑯 = 𝑨𝟎 ;
𝜶𝟑𝒃𝒅 𝑬𝒃 𝑰
𝟏
𝜹𝑯𝑴 = 𝜹𝑴𝑯 = 𝟐 𝑩𝟎 ;
𝜶𝒃𝒅 𝑬𝒃 𝑰
𝟏
𝜹𝑯𝑯 = 𝟏 𝑪𝟎 ;
𝜶𝒃𝒅 𝑬𝒃 𝑰
𝟓 𝑲𝒃𝒄
𝜶𝟏𝒃𝒅 = √
𝑬𝒃 𝑰
𝑻
Where: 𝑬𝒃 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝟐 for B25 concrete
𝒃𝒄 − 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆, 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑻𝑪𝑿𝑫 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟕𝟖, 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒙 𝑮; 𝒅 =
𝟏. 𝟎 𝒎 > 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎, 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒃𝒄 = 𝒅 + 𝟏𝒎 = 𝟐𝒎
𝝅𝑫𝟒
𝑰= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝟒 − 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝟔𝟒
𝑲 − 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔, 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑮. 𝟏
- Effective length of pile:
𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒅) = 𝟒 𝒎
- Due to the pile go through the effective length of the 5b soil layer, so that we obtain K
coefficient, K = 450 T/m4 for medium sand
𝟓 𝑲𝒃𝒄 𝟓 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒙𝟐
𝜶𝒃𝒅 = √ =√ = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔
𝑬𝒃 𝑰 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝑨𝟎 , 𝑩𝟎 , 𝑫𝟎 − 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑮. 𝟐 𝑻𝑿𝑫 𝟐𝟎𝟓: 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟖, 𝑳𝒆 = 𝜶𝒃𝒅 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟒 𝒎
𝑨𝟎 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟏
{𝑩𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟏
𝑫𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟏

Horizontal displacement by Horizontal load:

𝟏 𝟏
𝜹𝑯𝑯 = 𝟑 𝑨𝟎 = ∗ 𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟏
𝜶𝒃𝒅 𝑬𝒃 𝑰 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟑 ∗ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓 (𝒎)

Rotation angle of section by moment M0 =Mtc=1

𝟏 𝟏
𝜹𝑯𝑴 = 𝜹𝑴𝑯 = 𝑩𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟏
𝜶𝟐𝒃𝒅 𝑬𝒃 𝑰 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟒

𝟏 𝟏
𝜹𝑴𝑴 = 𝑪𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟒
𝜶𝟏𝒃𝒅 𝑬𝒃 𝑰 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟏 ∗ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓

𝒚𝟎 − 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎

 𝝍𝟎 − 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎
𝑯𝟎 − 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒑
𝑴𝟎 − 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒑;
𝑴𝟎 = 𝑴𝒏𝒈 + 𝑸𝒕𝒕 𝒄 𝒙 𝒍𝟎
𝒍𝟎 − 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍
- This is a shallow pile cap, based on the blueprint of pile distribution in the pile cap, height of the
pile cap can be assumed to be rigid support to the pile cap and can neglect the possibility that the
pile cap is rotated 𝝍 = 𝟎
- Calculate Mng of the pile pile cap and the pile
𝒍𝟐
𝜹𝑴𝑯 + 𝒍𝟎 𝜹𝑴𝑴 + 𝟐𝑬𝟎 𝑰
𝒃
𝑴𝒕𝒕
𝒏𝒈 = − 𝑯𝒕𝒄
𝒚 = −𝟑. 𝟒𝟕𝟓 𝑻𝒎
𝒍𝟎
𝜹𝑴𝑴 + 𝟐𝑬 𝑰
𝒃
- Recheck Horizontal displacement
𝒕𝒄
∆𝒏 = 𝒚𝟎 = 𝑯𝒕𝒄
𝒚 𝒙𝜹𝑯𝑯 + 𝑴𝑵𝑮 𝜹𝑯𝑴
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓 − 𝟑. 𝟒𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟑
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝒎
∆𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 < 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎
 𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅
- Recheck the rotate angle
𝒕𝒄
𝒍𝟎 = 𝟎; 𝝍𝟎 = 𝑯𝒕𝒄𝒚 𝒙𝜹𝑴𝑯 + 𝑴𝑵𝑮 𝜹𝑴𝑴
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟑 − 𝟑. 𝟓𝟏 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟐
= 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 ≈ 𝟎

 Assumption is correct
- Moment, shear force, Axial force calculation:
Bending moment M_z (T.m); shear force Q_y (T); axial force N_y (T) are calculated:
𝑯𝟎
𝑴𝒛 = 𝜶𝟐𝒃𝒅 𝑬𝒃 𝑰𝒚𝟎 𝑨𝟑 − 𝜶𝒃𝒅 𝑬𝒃 𝑰𝝍𝟎 𝑩𝟑 + 𝑴𝟎 𝑪𝟑 + 𝑫
𝜶𝒃𝒅 𝟑
𝑸𝒛 = 𝜶𝟑𝒃𝒅 𝑬𝒃 𝑰𝒚𝟎 𝑨𝟒 − 𝜶𝟐𝒃𝒅 𝑬𝒃 𝑰𝝍𝟎 𝑩𝟒 + 𝑴𝟎 𝑪𝟑 + 𝑯𝟎 𝑫𝟒
Where: K – coefficient above
𝑨𝟏 , 𝑩𝟏 , 𝑫𝟏
{𝑨𝟑 , 𝑩𝟑 , 𝑫𝟑 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑮. 𝟑
𝑨𝟒 , 𝑩𝟒 , 𝑫𝟒
 𝒛𝒆 = 𝜶𝒃𝒅 𝒛 (𝒎) − 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
 z – real depth
 N – calculated load at the pile top
- Mz, Qy, Ny are calculated as followed:

Z Zx A3 C3 D3 A4 C4 D4 M Q
0.00 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 -3.48 1.00
 0.28 0.1 0 1 0.1 -0.005 0 1 -3.20 0.99
0.56 0.2 -0.001 1 0.2 -0.02 0 1 -2.92 0.97
0.83 0.3 -0.005 1 0.3 -0.045 -0.001 1 -2.66 0.95
1.11 0.4 -0.11 1 0.4 -0.08 -0.003 1 -2.75 0.91
1.39 0.5 -0.021 0.999 0.5 -0.125 -0.008 0.999 -2.16 0.87
1.67 0.6 -0.036 0.998 0.6 -0.18 -0.016 0.997 -1.93 0.83
1.94 0.7 -0.057 0.996 0.699 -0.245 -0.03 0.994 -1.72 0.79
2.22 0.8 -0.085 0.992 0.799 -0.32 -0.051 0.98 -1.53 0.75
2.50 0.9 -0.121 0.985 0.897 -0.404 -0.082 0.98 -1.35 0.76
2.78 1 -0.167 0.975 0.994 -0.499 -0.125 0.967 -1.21 0.77
3.06 1.1 -0.222 0.96 1.09 -0.603 -0.183 0.946 -1.09 0.82
3.33 1.2 -0.287 0.938 1.183 -0.716 -0.259 0.917 -0.98 0.92
3.61 1.3 -0.365 0.907 1.273 -0.838 -0.356 0.876 -0.89 1.06
3.89 1.4 -0.455 0.866 1.358 -0.967 -0.479 0.821 -0.83 1.27
4.17 1.5 -0.559 0.881 1.437 -1.105 -0.63 0.747 -1.03 1.54
4.44 1.6 -0.676 0.739 1.507 -1.248 -0.815 0.652 -0.75 1.91
4.72 1.7 -0.808 0.646 1.566 -1.396 -1.036 0.529 -0.72 2.37
5.00 1.8 -0.956 0.053 1.612 -1.547 -1.299 0.374 -0.70 2.94
5.28 1.9 -1.118 0.385 1.64 -1.699 -1.608 0.181 -0.69 3.63
5.56 2 -1.295 0.207 1.646 -1.848 -1.966 0.057 -0.68 4.56
6.11 2.2 -1.693 -0.271 1.575 -2.125 -2.849 -0.692 -0.61 6.53
6.67 2.4 -2.141 -0.941 1.352 -2.339 -3.973 -1.592 -0.47 9.27
7.22 2.6 -2.621 -1.877 0.917 -2.437 -5.355 -2.821 -0.10 12.72
7.78 2.8 -3.103 -3.408 0.197 -2.346 -6.99 -4.445 1.53 16.89
8.33 3 -3.541 -4.688 -0.891 -1.969 -8.84 -6.52 1.43 21.72
9.72 3.5 -3.919 -10.35 -5.854 1.074 -13.692 -13.826 5.99 35.11
11.11 4 -1.614 -17.919 -15.076 9.244 -15.611 -23.14 14.74 42.75
 Q
45.00

40.00

35.00

30.00

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

M
20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

-5.00

6. Reinforced bar calculation

- From moment graph, the maximum bending moment is equal to 14.74 Tm at the pile end and
pile top.
 - We do not consider the moment by installing and transportation due to this pile is a cast-in-place
pile foundation.
Area of steel:
𝑴
 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟎.𝟗𝑹 (𝒄𝒎𝟐 )
𝒔 𝒉𝟎
- We convert the circle into rectangle for calculation:

𝝅𝒅𝟐 𝝅𝒅𝟐
= 𝒃𝟐 => 𝒃 = √ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 𝒎
𝟒 𝟒
Choose a=6cm => 𝒉𝟎 = 𝟖𝟗 − 𝟔 = 𝟖𝟑 𝒄𝒎
𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑨𝒔 = = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝟎. 𝟗 ∗ 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑
Total steel in pile: 𝑨 = 𝟔 ∗ 𝟕. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑 𝒄𝒎𝟐
The area of steel reinforcement is 61.07 cm2 > A => We don’t have to recalculate the
reinforcement

- Stir-up bar calculation

We have maximum shear force is Q=4.275 T
Due to small shear force, we choose the formation bar 𝟏𝟎∅𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎
Length of anchorage:
𝑹𝒓 ∅ 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟐
𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒓 > = = 𝟗. 𝟕 𝒄𝒎
𝟒𝑹𝒃 𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟒𝟓
𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒓 ≥ 𝟑𝟎 ∗ ∅ = 𝟔𝟎 𝒄𝒎
So that we choose the anchorage bar length is 80 cm

8. Pile cap calculation

* Punching resistance check
- With the punching angle is 45’, however the most dangerous angle may not be 45’, so that we
must consider as the following diagram:

Check by formula:
𝑷 ≤ [𝜶𝟏 (𝒃𝒄 + 𝑪𝟐 ) + 𝜶𝟐 (𝒉𝒄 + 𝑪𝟏 )]𝒉𝟎 𝑹𝒃𝒕
Where:
𝜶𝟏 , 𝜶𝟐 − 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑷 − 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓
𝒉𝒄 , 𝒃𝒄 − 𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝒉𝟎 − 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒑
𝑪𝟏 , 𝑪𝟐
− 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑷 = 𝑵𝒕𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟔 ∗ 𝑵𝒕𝒕 = 𝟔 ∗ 𝟐𝟒𝟓 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟎 𝑻
𝒃𝒄 = 𝒉𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎
𝒉𝟎 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝒎
 𝑻
𝑹𝒃𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝒎𝟐
Because 𝑪𝟏 , 𝑪𝟐 < 𝟎. 𝟓𝒉𝟎
 𝑪𝟏 = 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒉𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎
𝜶𝟏 = 𝜶𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟓
𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕 = [𝟑. 𝟑𝟓(𝟎. 𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐) + 𝟑. 𝟑𝟓(𝟎. 𝟖 + 𝟏. 𝟐)]𝟐. 𝟒
∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓 = 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟖 𝑻
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟎 𝑻 < 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕 = 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟖 𝑻
 The pile cap is not punched through

- Reinforced bar in pile cap

With 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝑵𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟐𝟒𝟓 = 𝟒𝟗𝟎 𝑻
Moment 𝑴 = 𝟑. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟒𝟗𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟗 𝒕 = 𝑻𝒎
𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟗∗𝟏𝟎𝟓
Steel area: 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟎.𝟗∗𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟎∗𝟐𝟑𝟓 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟕𝟔 𝒄𝒎𝟐
 Recheck shear force:
𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝑵𝒕𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒈𝜽
With 𝑵𝒕𝒕 − 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
𝜽−
𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒑 𝒕𝒐𝒑
𝟐𝟑𝟓
 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔
 𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟒𝟓 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟓𝟓 𝑻
𝑻 𝟗𝟓. 𝟓𝟓
𝑨𝒔 = = = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝑹𝒔 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟎
 𝑺𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
We distribute 𝟐𝟎∅𝟑𝟔 (𝒂𝟏𝟓𝟎) for both side