CHAPTER I

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

In the 21st century, people set their minds to think of something new,

innovative and integrated industrialization, which is considered one of the

products of modernization. For industries, machine is a very useful aid in the

process or operation in order to achieve the goals considering productivity

and efficiency.

Industrialization is simply a development of one area into a new form

with the fused technology available in the society. Different processes within

industry are created for the operation. Most of them are using one common

medium which are reliable to transport the process into different locations,

and this process is conveyed thru pipes.

For a thousand years ago, ancient agriculturists have used pipes. They

diverted water from steams and river into their fields and around 2000 B.C

Chinese used reed pipes for transporting water to the desired locations. The

first pipe was fabricated in Europe during the first century. Around 3000 B.C

the first metal pipe made from copper was made by Europeans. Clay tubes

that were used by other ancient civilizations have been discovered. Bamboo

was used to transport water in other tropical countries. The Colonial

Americans used wood parallel to the other purposes.

Tube is a material used to transfer or deliver water, gas, oil or other

liquid substances. It is a long cylinder of metal, plastic, and glass that are

used in a different purpose -like in cities and town; they are used under the

ground for transporting water and gas. Whether the pipes are strong, they are
weightless. In other places, they find it useful in automobiles, refrigerator

units, heating and plumbing -system, flagpoles, street lamp, and etc.

Pipe size is specified by two designations: a Nominal Pipe Size (NPS)

for diameter based on inches, and a schedule (Sched. Or Sch) for wall

thickness. NPS is often incorrectly called National Pipe Size, due to confusion

with a National Pipe Thread (NPT). The European International Standard

Organization (ISO) designation equivalent to NPS is DN (diameter nominal/

nominal diameter/Durchmessernach Norm), in which sizes are measured in

millimetres. The term Nominal Bore (NB) is also frequently used

interchangeably with NPS.

These are the standard sizes of the pipes in Nominal Pipe Size, 1/8,

1/4, 3/8, ½, 1. Outer Diameter is .405, .540, .675, .840 and1.050.

The most important step in the process of manufacturing industrial

pipes and tubing is bending which serves as a dynamic role in both

construction and transportation materials. Most bent pipes and tubes act as a

passageway unit that facilitates the transfer of substances. Automobile roll

cages, handrails, handle bars, furniture are example of structural tubing while

fuel and water lines, hydraulic systems and exhaust lines are examples of

passage way tubing.

Tube bending is the umbrella term for metal forming process used to

permanently form pipes or tubing. Tube or pipe bending can be performed

over with a number of different processes that involve a draw press, ram and

rolling bending but each way is based upon the identical introductory concept.

Bending principles such as elongation and bend radius, as well as the tool
functions of mandrels and wipers, form the foundation for most tube and pipe

bending operations. These principles intersect in several ways that influence

the effectiveness of pipe and tube manufacturing.

Not all tube bending processes are successful, due to wrong choice of

tools and equipment that resulted to waste of time, materials and money.

Therefore, this encountered problem led the researchers to think of one

solution to solve this dilemma.

Instrument Auto–tube Bender, is a portable , automated machine to be

used in bending instrument pipes or tubes equipped with linear actuator, relay

module, power supply, keypad membrane, emergency stop button, jumping

wires and Arduino Uno R3. This can be used in bending of pipes in various

requirements.

Furthermore, this project will help all the industrial firms in achieving

good product quality, good compliance to standards and needed pipe

requirements for the operation.

Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to develop the Auto-Tube Bender. Generally, it

focuses in small industries. The main purposes of this study are listed below:

1. To fabricate an “Auto-Tube Bender,” in terms of:

1.1 Material specification;

1.2 Component parts;

1.3 Integrate Arduino Uno in prototype

2. To test and evaluate the performance of the constructed project in terms of:

2.1 Functionality;

2.2 Safety;

3. To provide an operational manual for the “Auto–tube Bender”

Scope, Limitation and Delimitation

This study aimed to establish the objectives of the study in order to

provide a new product and create new services within the organization.

This instrument tube bender works with a principle of automated

bender powered by linear actuator. The variety and classification of materials

to be used for the fabrication of this equipment is a very important aspect to

be considered.

This tube bender is an automated device that can bend perfect and

equal angle for instrument pipe or tube.

The type of tube used in bending was an instrument tube. Instrument

tube is made of stainless steel. The sizes of the instrument tube to be bended

are ¼”, 3/8”, 5/16” and ½”.

The rollers of the Auto–Tube Bender have a center mark to be able to

center the tube accurately. Automatic tube bender is more accurate than

manual pipe bending-machine to a small industries as well as big

manufacturer of various pipes.

The researchers used Arduino Uno R3, Linear Actuator (24v with 5.6A)

Motor for cutter (12v with 3000 RPM), Relays (5V with 10A), Push buttons,

Power Supply (12v with 10A), Bending Roller with a diameter of3 ½” and 2
½”.Universal Chuck, Jumping Wires (male to male and female to male),

Resistors (10 ohms), Pipe Cutter and Platform.

The size of this prototype is 743mm in length, 356 mm in width and 387

mm in height.

It has limited angles for bending. It only bends a commonly used angle

in an instrumentation tube like 45 deg., 90 deg., and 135 deg. It can only bend

one part in every bending process.

Significance of the Study

This study developed a pipe bender which is useful to bend a pipe in

workshop and in industries. This portable pipe bender is used to bend steel

pipes into curve and the other curvature shapes. The size of this is very

convenient for portable work. Moreover, it is easy to transfer and use at any

time and any place. It lessens human effort, lessens the time consumption

and also requires low less skill to operate this prototype. This may also help to

avoid and lessen some accidents in using manually operated pipe bender.

The concept of this study would be a great contribution in the vast knowledge

in every one.

For the mechanical workers, this study can be adopted by means of

bending tubes in an easy way to save time, human effort and produce a

product with a good quality.

For the schools, this study will help the institution to strengthen out the

facilities and enhance the quality of instructions.

For students, this study can help them to distinguish better the
importance of this prototype in the production that are commonly used in

buildings, industries and other establishments.

For the researchers, this study will benefit and help them as their

guide.