CHEMICAL LOOPING COMBUSTION

GROUP MEMBERS:-

1.ASTHA (16112015)

2.ASTHA VERMA (16112016)

3.BHANU VISHWAKARMA(16112017)

4.CHIRAG GARG(16112018)

5.DARSHAN KUMAWAT(16112019)
I)PRINCIPLE

In Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC), there is a chemical in the form of a

metal/metal oxide which is termed as oxygen carrier (OC) that completes a cyclic
loop in between two reactors present in the process and helps in combustion of the
fuel. This process avoids direct contact between fuel and air. This method of
burning carbon-based fuels is blessed with inherent separation of CO2 and this
separation does not require any extra energy.

Chemical looping or chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a novel technology

that could provide the means to convert fossil fuels to electricity and provide
carbon capture without significant efficiency or cost penalties. This combustion
process is very similar to oxy-fuel combustion where there is no direct contact
between air and fuel.] Oxygen is extracted from air, then the oxygen is reacted with
the hydrocarbon fuel producing an exhaust gas composed of carbon dioxide and
water vapor. The water vapor is condensed out of the gas resulting in near 100%
carbon dioxide stream that could be separated through to the ground.

2.MECHANISM
In its most basic form, chemical looping consists of an air reactor and a fuel
reactor. Usually these reactors consist of interconnected fluidized beds. An oxygen
carrier is circulated between the two reactors. This oxygen carrier usually consists
of a metal that is easily oxidized such as Fe, Ni, or Cu. In order to describe the
chemical looping process, the oxygen carrier in its none oxidized form will be
known as Me and the oxidized form of the carrier will be MeO. We will first start
in the air (or oxidizing) reactor where Me is entrained in a fluidized bed with air as
the fluidizing agent. At an elevated temperature (around 700 to 900⁰C) Me reacts
with the oxygen in the air in an exothermic reaction producing MeO according to
the reaction:

2Me + O2 2MeO

MeO is then separated from the N2 and transported to the fuel (or reducer)
reactor. MeO reacts with a hydrocarbon fuel in the fuel reactor, around 900⁰C,
to produce CO2 and H2O while reducing MeO to Me according to the reactions:
2MeO + C CO2 + 2Me
MeO + H2 H2O + Me

The Me is then transported back to the air reactor to repeat the process.
. A simplistic line diagram of the process is shown in the figure below. It primarily
consists of two main reactors: an Air Reactor (AR) and a Fuel Reactor (FR). The
oxygen carrier is circulated in these two reactors.
Chemical looping combustion (CLC) uses two or more reactions to perform the
oxidation of hydrocarbon based fuels. In its simplest form, an oxygen carrying
species (normally a metal) is first oxidised in air forming an oxide. This oxide is
then reduced using a hydrocarbon as reducer in a second reaction. As an example,
a nickel based system burning pure carbon would involve the two redox reactions:
2 Ni(s) + O2(g) 2 NiO(s) ----------(1)
C(s) + 2 NiO(s) CO2(g) + 2Ni(s) ----------(2)

If (1) and (2) are added together, the reaction set reduces to straight carbon
oxidation—the nickel acting as a catalyst only i.e.: C(s) + O2(g)CO2(g)
 Fig 1: Sankey diagram of energy fluxes in a reversible CLC system.
The gain in efficiency is possible due to the enhanced reversibility of the two
redox reactions; in traditional single stage combustion, the release of a fuel’s
energy occurs in a highly irreversible manner - departing considerably from
equilibrium. In CLC, if an appropriate oxygen carrier is chosen, both redox
reactions can be made to occur almost reversibly and at relatively low
temperatures. Theoretically, this allows a power station using CLC to approach
the ideal work output for an internal combustion engine without exposing
components to excessive working temperatures.
Thermodynamics of Reactions involved in CLC
Fig-1 illustrates the energy exchanges in a CLC system graphically, and shows
as Sankey diagram of the energy fluxes occurring in a reversible CLC based
engine. Studying Fig 1, a heat engine is arranged to receive heat at high
temperature from the exothermic oxidation reaction. After converting part of
this energy to work, the heat engine rejects the remaining energy as heat.
Almost all of this heat rejection can be absorbed by the endothermic reduction
reaction occurring in the reducer. This arrangement requires the redox reactions
to be exothermic and endothermic respectively, but this is normally the case for
most metals. Some additional heat exchange with the environment is required
to satisfy the second law; theoretically, for a reversible process, the heat
exchange is related to the standard state entropy change, ΔSo, of the primary
hydrocarbon oxidation reaction as : Qo = ToΔSo
However, for most hydrocarbons, ΔSo is a small value and, as a result, an
engine of high overall efficiency is theoretically possible.

3.DEVICES/ UNITS
CO2 capture
In recent years, interest has been shown in CLC as a carbon capture technique.
Carbon capture is facilitated by CLC because the two redox reactions generate
two intrinsically separated flue gas streams: a stream from the oxidiser,
consisting of atmospheric N2 and residual O2, but sensibly free of CO2; and a
stream from the reducer containing CO2 and H2O with very little diluent
nitrogen. The oxidiser exit gas can be discharged to the atmosphere causing
minimal CO2 pollution. The reducer exit gas contains almost all of the
 CO2 generated by the system and CLC therefore can be said to exhibit 'inherent
carbon capture', as water vapour can easily be removed from the second flue
gas via condensation, leading to a stream of almost pure CO2. This gives CLC
clear benefits when compared with competing carbon capture technologies, as
other processes generally involve a significant energy penalty associated with
either post combustion scrubbing systems or the work input required for air
separation plants. This has led to CLC being proposed as an energy efficient
carbon capture technology,able to capture 99% of the CO2 from a Coal Direct
Chemical Looping (CDCL) plant, a promising clean coal technology.

Variants and related technologies

A variant of CLC is Chemical-Looping Combustion with Oxygen Uncoupling
(CLOU) where an oxygen carrier is used that releases gas-phase oxygen in the fuel
reactor, e.g. CuO/Cu
2O .This is helpful for achieving high gas conversion, and especially when using
solid fuels, where slow steam gasification of char can be avoided. CLOU operation
with solid fuels shows high performance.
Chemical Looping can also be used to produce hydrogen in Chemical-Looping
Reforming (CLR) processes.
Comprehensive overviews of the field are given in recent reviews on chemical
looping technologies
In summary CLC can achieve both an increase in power station efficiency
simultaneously with low energy penalty carbon capture. Challenges with CLC
include operation of dual fluidized bed.
"Chemical looping can use coal to produce both hydrogen from coal, or a stream of
combustion products that primarily consist of CO2 and steam. A relatively pure
stream of CO2 that is sequestration ready can be produced by simply condensing
the steam. This avoids the energy penalty traditional fossil fuel fired systems must
pay to produce a pure stream of CO2. Additionally, Chemical Looping for
Combustion (CLC) minimizes production of NOX that is produced in almost all
other combustion processes.

Oxygen Carriers
Oxygen carriers could include metals and none metals to "carry" oxygen from the
air reactor to the fuel reactor. Items that need to be taken into consideration include
cost, melting point, environmental impact, reactivity, and the amount of oxygen
carried per weight. Typically these metals are support on inert materials in order to
increase the strength of the particles. Some possible carriers include:
Metals

 Cu
 Fe

 Ni
4.Status and Recent Progress
First operation of chemical-looping combustion with gaseous fuels was
demonstrated in 2003 and later with solid fuels in 2006.Total operational
experience in 34 pilots of 0.3 to 3 MW is more than 9000 h.Oxygen carrier
materials used in operation include monometallic oxides of nickel, copper,
manganese and iron, as well as various combined oxides including manganese
oxides.combined with calcium, iron and silica. Also natural ores have been in use,
especially for solid fuels, including iron ores, manganese ores and ilmenite.

Chemical-Looping Combustion of solid fuels has been studied for ten years and
significant progress has been made. The paper discusses operational experiences
and various aspects of up-scaling, including similarities to fluidized-bed
combustion, key challenges, cost structure and strategies for reducing costs for
demonstration. Based on more than 9000 h of CLC operation in 34 pilots, of which
>3000 h with solid fuels, it is concluded that there are oxygen carrier materials
suitable for solid fuels, and that the technology should be ready for scale-up.

Technology Dvelopment:-