CLASS 9
Things to Remember
Number System
2
Things to Remember
surd.
Example: 2, 3, 5, etc.
|2. If n a is a surd then 'n' is known as order of surd and 'a' is
known as radical.
|3. Every surd is an irrational number but every irrational number is
not a surd.
3
Things to Remember
|4 Laws of radicals:
(a) (na)n = a
(b) na × n b = nab (One of either a or b should be non-negative
integer)
(c) na = n ab
n
b
(d) a= mn a= n m a
mn
p n
(e) pa m = pan - m
a
p n m p n+m
(f) a ×a = a
(g) p (an)m )= p an.m
|5. Rational exponents:
(a) If x, y be any rational numbers different from zero and m
be any integer, then
xm × ym = (x × y)m.
(b) If x be any rational number different from zero and m, n
be any integers, then
xm × xn = xm+n and (xm)n = xm × n.
4
Things to Remember
Motion
5
Things to Remember
6
Things to Remember
7
Things to Remember
8
Things to Remember
9
Things to Remember
10
Things to Remember
B. Liquid to gas:
On heating a liquid, the kinetic energy of its particles
increases as high as in a gas, thus causing the liquid to
change to a gas.
Boiling: The change of a liquid substance into gas on heating
is called boiling.
Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid boils and
changes rapidly into a gas at atmospheric pressure is called
its boiling point.
Boiling point of water is 100oC.
C. Gas to liquid::
On cooling a gas , the kinetic energy of its particles
decreases causing them to move slowly and bringing them
closer,thus causing the gas to change to a liquid.
Condensation: The process in which a gas, on cooling, turns
into a liquid at a specific temperature is called condensation
or liquefaction.
11
Things to Remember
D. Liquid to solid:
When a liquid is cooled down by lowering its temperature,
its particles lose kinetic energy causing the liquid to turn to
solid.
Freezing: Freezing is the process by which a substance
changes from the liquid phase to the solid phase.
Freezing point: The temperature at which the state of a
substance changes from a liquid to a solid is called the
freezing point of that substance.
6. Latent heat:
The heat energy that is required to change the state of a
substance without causing any rise in the temperature of the
substance is called latent heat. Since, the heat energy is hidden
in the bulk of the matter, it is called latent heat.
12
Things to Remember
13
Things to Remember
14
Things to Remember
15
Things to Remember
Mitochondria is the
Druse Crystal powerhouse of the cell.
It helps in production
Vacuoles are larger in plants
Large Central of energy in form of
than in animals and they are Vacuole
used to store materials
Amyloplast Mitochondrion
(starch Grain)
There are two types of cells → plant cell and animal cell. The
different cell organelles and their functions are as follows:
16
Things to Remember
17
Things to Remember
If the medium has a lower water concentration then the cell will
lose water by osmosis. Such a solution is known as hypertonic
solution.
2. Cell wall (Protective wall): Plants cells, in addition to the plasma
membrane have another rigid outer covering called cell wall. The cell
wall lies outside the plasma membrane. The plant cell wall is mainly
composed of cellulose. It is a complex substance and provides
structural strength to plant cells. When a living plant loses water
through osmosis there is shrinkage or contraction of contents of
the cell away from cell wall. This phenomenon is known as
plasmolysis.
3. Nucleus (Brain of a cell): The nucleus has a double-layered covering
called nuclear membrane. The nuclear membrane has pores which
allow the transfer of material from inside the nucleus to its outside,
i.e., to the cytoplasm. The nucleus contains chromosomes, which are
visible as rod-shaped structures only when the cell is about to divide.
Chromosomes contain information for inheritance of features from
parents to next generation in form of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
18
Things to Remember
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear
membrance
Nuclear Pore
A Nucleus
19
Things to Remember
20
The Reason Behind
22
The Reason Behind
23
Cell - The Fundamental unit of life
24
Cell - The Fundamental unit of life
25
Cell - The Fundamental unit of life
26
Cell - The Fundamental unit of life
27
Matter in our Surroundings
28
Matter in our Surroundings
29
Matter in our Surroundings
30
Matter in our Surroundings
31
Motion
A. 0.9 km
B. 1.2 km
C. 1.8 km
D. 0.6 km
32
Motion
John and Jacob, two physicists from MIT, went on a trip to Los
3
Angeles in a car. To summarize their trip, they made a distance
time graph. Jacob notices that from 2 PM to 3 PM the graph is
parallel to the time axis. John concluded that ________.
A. 4m
B. 6m
C. 8m
D. 10 m
33
Motion
A. 44.44 km/hr
B. 46.56 km/hr
C. 55.57 km/hr
D. 59.55 km/hr
6
A stone is dropped from the 16th storey of a multistoried building
and reaches the ground in 4 seconds. In the first second, it
passes through how many storeys of the building? (g = 10 m/s2).
A. |
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5
34
Motion
A. 37.5 m
B. 40.25 m
C. 22.75 m
D. 45 m
35
Number System 1
(2 6)
04. Which of the following is a simplified form of
( 2+ 3+ 5)
?
A. 2+ 3+ 5 B. 4- 2- 3
C. 2+ 3+ 6 D. 2+ 3- 5
36
Number System 1
05. If x and y are rational numbers and 4+3 5 = x+y 5, find the
values of x and y. 4-3 5
A. x = -5|
29 and y =
-24
29 B. x= -6|
29 and y = -44
29
C. x = -4|
29
and y = -24
29
D. x= -6|
29
and y = -24
29
A. 62 B. 64
C. 66 D. 68
37
Number System 2
l m | |
Simplify: ( YYm ) ( YYn ) mn ( YY1 ) n1
n
02.
|
1m
A. 4| B. |
2
C. 0 D. |
5x+2-6(5x+1) equals
03. On simplification, the expression 13(5 x
)-2(5x+1)
A. -23 B. -53
C. -7 D. -8
3 3
38
Number System 2
A. 42 B. 49
C. 56 D. 63
39
Visualizing the Basics
1 1 Find the total displacement of the body from the following graph:
25
20
15
v(m/s)
10 D
B C E
5
A F G H I
0 2 4 6 8 10
t(s)
2 E
A B
SOLID LIQUID GAS
D C
F
40
Visualizing the Basics
A. Solid only
B. Liquid only
C. Both solid and liquid
D. Gaseous
41
Visualizing the Basics
5 4. The following figure shows the square root spiral. Find the length
of AB. 1
A 1
42
Visualizing the Basics
Water
Shrunk cell
A. Isotonic solution
B. Hypotonic solution
C. Hypertonic solution
D. None of these
43
The Reason Behind
Solution:
|. Every object tends to remain stationary or in motion unless disturbed
by an external force. This tendency is called inertia. When you take a
carpet, the dust particles are well settled on its surface. When we
beat the carpet with a stick, we are essentially setting it in motion.
However, the dust particles still tend to remain stationary, and get
momentarily separated from the surface of the carpet as it moves
back. Because of the light-weightedness of the dust particles, they get
carried away by air around and thereby flying around.
2. Sun or the stars glow because at their core the pressure is so high
that hydrogen fuses to create helium. This process releases a great
amount of energy, which results in glowing of the sun or stars.
3. The air around ice-cold water container contains water vapours which
have higher energy than ice-cold water. Therefore, water vapours
present in the air lose energy when they come in contact with cold
water. These are then converted into liquid state, which can be seen as
water droplets.
45
The Reason Behind
4. During rainy days, the humidity of air increases, i.e., air is quite
saturated with water vapour or air cannot hold more water vapour.
Therefore, the rate of evaporation of water from wet clothes
decreases. So wet clothes dry slowly on a rainy day.
5. Plasma membrane regulates the entry and exit of materials in a cell. It
allows the movement of only certain substances while prevents the
others from doing so. Thus, it is called selectively permeable
membrane.
6. When an egg without shell is placed in concentrated salt solution for 5
minutes, the egg shrinks due to loss of water by the process of
osmosis. The egg membrane acts as a semipermeable membrane. The
water concentration inside the cell is more therefore water moves out
of the cell.
7. When an egg without shell is placed in concentrated salt solution for 5
minutes, the egg shrinks due to loss of water by the process of
osmosis. The egg membrane acts as a semipermeable membrane. The
water concentration inside the cell is more therefore water moves out
of the cell.
46
Cell - The Fundamental unit of life
|. Option D
Leucoplast is known as the colourless plastid.
Chromoplast is a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll. It
usually stores pigments such as carotene (orange), xanthophylls
(yellow), and various other red pigments.
Chloroplast is a plastid which stores green pigment. It also absorbs
sunlight and uses it for photosynthesis process.
Protoplast is the cell which has its cell wall removed by the enzymes.
After the removal of the cell wall, it results in protoplast which is
spherical in shape.
2. Option C
Proteins are synthesised by the ribosomes attached to the Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER). Proteins are synthesised during the
translation process in which the ribosomes convert the mRNA
(messenger RNA) into proteins.
47
Cell - The Fundamental unit of life
3. Option C
A hypotonic solution is any solution that has a lower osmotic pressure
than another solution. Generally, this refers to a solution that has less
solute and more water than another solution, while, a hypertonic solution
is one in which the concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than
outside of it.
Also, an isotonic solution refers to two solutions having the same osmotic
pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the
free movement of water across the membrane without changing the
concentration of solutes on either side.
4. Option C
The mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membrane, have their own
DNA and are involved in energy conversion. Mitochondria are present in
both plants and animals but chloroplasts are present only in plant cells.
5. Option C
The plant cell is rigid because it contains a cell wall that is absent in animal
cells. Hypotonic solution is a dilute solution and when a plant cell is placed
in this solution, water enters the cell and it swells up. As the cell wall gives
rigidity to the plant cell it prevents the cell from bursting but when an
animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution it will burst as it is devoid of
the cell wall.
48
Cell - The Fundamental unit of life
6. Option D
Lysosomes are cellular organelles that contain digestive enzymes that
break down waste materials, foreign material and cellular debris.
Lysosomes are capable of digesting nucleic acid, polysaccharides, fats,
and proteins. Lysosomes also digest or damage its own cells by its own
enzymes, which leads to the death of the cell. This process is called
autolysis. Hence lysosomes are also called suicide bags.
7. Option B
The opening and closing of the stomata are controlled by the guard cells.
In the light, guard cells take up water by osmosis and become turgid.
Because their inner walls are rigid they have pulled apart, opening the
pore.
8. Option D
The vacuole is a single-membraned organelle. Nucleus, Chloroplast and
mitochondria are double-membraned cell organelles.
49
Cell - The Fundamental unit of life
9. Option A
Water is absorbed by the root hair cell by the process of osmosis.
Osmosis is the phenomenon where solute moves from higher
concentration to lower concentration against a semi-permeable
membrane. Water passes from a region of high water concentration
(wet soil) through a semi-permeable membrane (the cell membrane) to
a region of lower water concentration (the cytoplasm).
10. Option D
Animal cell lacking nuclei would also lack the chromosome. Red blood cells
and platelets are cells that lack nuclei. The nucleus in cells contains most
of its genetic material. It is organized in such a way that a linear
structure is formed containing DNA molecules with a different variety of
proteins.
50
Matter in our Surroundings
1 Option B
A liquid boils when molecules leave the surface of the liquid in bulk. But while
increasing pressure, we are applying an external force over the surface of the
liquid to hold molecules closer to each other. Hence, molecules will require more
energy to escape from the surface. Thus, this increases the boiling point of liquid.
2 Option B
This happens due to the fact that steam contains more heat in the form of
latent heat of vaporization than boiling water. Thus more severe burns are
produced by steam.
3 Option B
The temperature of any substance remains constant during the change of state
because the heat energy supplied is used up in changing the state of matter and
is used for breaking of several bonds or attractive forces.This heat, which does
not raise the temperature of the body, is called Latent heat.
4 Option C
The particles of solids have fixed position but they vibrate about their mean
position, thus they are not at complete rest.
5 Option D
Ice in fact it is solid but it has cage like structure and hence its molecules have
more empty space as compared to water so it has smaller density then water
and hence floats on water.
51
Matter in our Surroundings
6 Option A
Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide which is formed by decreasing pressure and
increasing temperature of carbon dioxide gas.
7 Option B
Amount of moisture in the atmosphere increases with increase in
humidity. Thus, the rate of evaporation decreases with increase in
moisture in the atmosphere.
52
Motion
1 Option D
Distance is the length of the path covered by a body. Displacement is the shortest
distance between the two points. The distance and displacement will be the same
if the object moves in a straight line. So, distance covered by an object can either
be equal to or more than the displacement. Distance does not include a direction
whereas displacement does include a direction. If an object returns to the same
point it started from, then the displacement will be zero.
2 Option C
The equation of motion to be used here is : v2= u2+ 2aS
Where, u = |08 km/h = 30 m/s
v = 0 m/s
And, a = -0.25m/s2.
Substituting these values, we get:
⇒0 = (30)2 + 2×(-0.25)×S
⇒0.5S = 900
⇒S = 900
0.5
= |800 m = |.8 km
53
Motion
3 Option A
If the “distance - time graph is parallel to the time axis”, it means that the
distance of the object is not changing with time, i.e., the object is at rest.
4 Option B
We know that the area under the v-t graph gives displacement.
Area from 0 to 6 seconds = |2 × 6 × 2 = 6 m
Area from 6 to 8 seconds = |2 × 2 × (-2) = -2 m
Area from 8 to 10 seconds = 2 × 1 = 2 m
So, net displacement = 6 - 2 + 2 = 6 m
54
Motion
5 Option A
Let the car travel one way distance of x km.
Speed of car in the forward journey = 50 km/hr
x
So, time taken = Distance =
Speed 50hr
Speed of car in the return journey = 40 km/hr
Distance x
So, time taken = =
Speed 40hr x x 4x + 5x 9x
Total time for the whole journey = + = =
50 40 200 200hr
Total distance covered = x + x = 2x km
Total Distance 2x 400
Average speed = = 9x = = 44.44 km/hr
Total Time 200
9
6 Option A
Suppose ‘h’ be the height of each storey. So, distance moved in 4 s is 16h.
Using the second equation of motion, s = ut + 2| at2
⇒ 16h = 0 × t + 2 ×10 ×42
|
⇒ 16h = 5 × |6
5x|6
⇒ h = |6 = 5 m
In the first second, let the stone pass through n storey.
|
So, n × 5 = ×|0 ×|2
2
⇒ 5n = 5
⇒n=|
55
Motion
7 Option C
Let the time taken by B be t.
Time taken by A will be t+2.
Distance covered by both of them is same. So, ||(t+2)=|3t
⇒t=|| secs
Distance covered by B = |3×||=|43 m
So, |43=2πr
⇒radius,r=22.75 m
56
Number System 1
Answers
01. Option B
0.48= 0.484848...
Let x = 0.484848… --(1)
|00x = 48.484848… --(2) Multiplying both sides by |00
Subtracting equation (1) from (2)
we get 99x = 48
⇒x = 48 = 16
99 33
02. Option A
3
5
can be written as 35 × 33 = |59
2 2 5 |0
3 can be written as 3 × 5 = |5
Both the denominators are the same and the difference between the
numerators is |.
Since we have to find 5 rational numbers between them, the difference
in the numerators should be made 6.
Multiply and divide both numbers by 6.
9 6 54
|5 × 6 = 90
|0 × 6 = 60
|5 6 90
55 , 56 , 57 , 58 and 59
So the rational numbers in between are 90 90 90 90 90
i.e., || , 28 , |9 , 29 , 59
|8 45 30 45 90
57
Number System 1
03. Option C
For any two rational numbers a and b, (a+b)/2 is a rational
number.
Also, let a = mn , b = qp ,(a+b)
2
= (mq+pn)
(2pq)
= rational.
Hence we have shown that for any two rational numbers, their
average or midpoint is rational.
We can iterate this process indefinitely to produce infinitely
many rational numbers.
04. Option D
2 6 2 6 2+ 3- 5
=
2+ 3+ 5 2+ 3+ 5 x 2+ 3- 5
= 2 (2+3+2
6( 2+ 3- 5) 2
6)-5 =
6( 2+ 3- 5)
2 6 = 2+ 3- 5
.
05. Option D
4+3 5 4+3 5 4+3 5
4-3 5
= 4-3 5 x 4+3 5
(4+3 5)2 2
= (42
-3 5)2
= (4+3-295)
=(-6|
29
) + ( -24
29
) 5
=x+y 5
x = -6| -24
29 and y = 29
58
Number System 1
06. Option A
6 6
2 = 23 = 8
3 6 6
3 = 32 = 9
3 6 6
2 = 22 = 4
3 6 6
4 = 42 = |6
So 3 4 is greatest among all the given numbers.
07. Option A
Using the identity x2+ X| + 2(x) ( X| ( =( x + X| )2
2
59
Number System 2
Answers
01. Option A
(77)35 = ( 7 x ||)35 = (7)35 x (||)35
Unit digit of (||)35 is |
(7)35 = (7)32+3 = (7)4x8 x (7)3
(7)4 = 240|
Unit digit of (7)4 is | and so is for (7)4 x 8
(7)3 = 243
Unit digit of (7)3 is 3
So the unit digit of (7)35 is 3
02. Option D |
1-m 1m
|
mn
|
n1
(Y ) (Y )m-n (Y )
n-1
⇒ Y
1-m m-n n-1
1m
Y mn Y n1
⇒ Y + m-n
1-m n-1 n1-nm+1m-1n+mn-ml
1m mn + n1 =Y 1mn
⇒ y0 = 1
03. Option B
5x+2-6(5x+|)
⇒ |3(5 x
)-2(5x+|)
x+|
(5-6) = -| 5(x+|)-x = -| (5) = -5
⇒ 55x(13-|0) 3 3 3
60
Number System 2
04. Option B
(44+8 30) + (44-8 30)
= 4{ (11+2 30) + (11-2 30) }
= 2 { (11+2 30) + (11-2 30) }
Now, using identity (a+b)2 = a2+b2+2ab
Let a = (11+2 30) and b = (11-2 30)
We have a+b = ( a2+b2+2ab)
⇒ (11+2 30) + (11-2 30) = (11+2 30 + 11-2 30 + 2 (121-120))
⇒ (22+2) = 24 = 2 6
Hence, 2 { (11+2 30) + (11-2 30) } = 2 (2 6) = 4 6
A O B C E X
61
Number System 2
06. Option B
We have (2401)0.16 ×(2401)0.09 ×7 = (74)0.16 ×(74)0.09 ×7 = (70.64) (70.36)
(7)
⇒ 70.64+0.36+| = 72 = 49
07. Option D
A real number is any element of the set R, which is the union of the
set of rational numbers and the set of irrational numbers. The real
numbers include all the rational numbers, such as the integer −3 and
the fraction 89 , and all the irrational numbers, such as 2
(|.4|42|356..., the square root of 2, an irrational number).
62
Visualizing the Basics
63
Visualizing the Basics
4. Option C
Both solid and liquid states are present at AB. Only phase
64
Visualizing the Basics
Aa = (|2+|2) = 2
Ab = (|2+2) = 3
Ac = 4
Ad = 5
And so on
Thus, AB = |0units
65
Visualizing the Basics
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
Plasmodesmata
Cell wall
Ribosome
7. Option C
In a hypertonic solution the total concentration of all dissolved
solute particles is greater than the concentration of solute in a cell.
If concentrations of dissolved solutes are greater outside the cell,
the concentration of water outside is correspondingly lower. As a
result, water inside the cell will flow outwards from a region of high
concentration of water to that of lower concentration of water in
order to attain equilibrium. Thus, the cell will shrink.
66