Chap 011

Chapter 11
Analysis of Variance
True / False Questions
1. One-factor ANOVA is a procedure intended to compare the variances of c

samples.
True False
2. Analysis of variance is a procedure intended to compare the means of c samples.
True False
3. If you have four factors (call them A, B, C, and D) in an ANOVA experiment with
replication, you could have a maximum of four different two-factor interactions.
True False
4. Hartley's test measures the equality of the means for several groups.
True False
5. Hartley's test is to check for unequal variances for c groups.
True False
6. Comparison of c means in one-factor ANOVA can equivalently be done by using c

individual t-tests on c pairs of means at the same α.
True False
7. ANOVA assumes equal variances within each treatment group.
True False
8. Three-factor ANOVA is required if we have three treatment groups (i.e., three data
columns).
True False
9. ANOVA assumes normal populations.
True False
10. Tukey's test compares pairs of treatment means in an ANOVA.
True False
11. Tukey's test is similar to a two-sample t-test except that it pools the variances for
all c samples.
True False
12. Tukey's test is not needed if we have the overall F statistic for the ANOVA.
True False
13. Interaction plots that show crossing lines indicate likely interactions.
True False
14. Interaction plots that show parallel lines would suggest interaction effects.
True False
15. In a two-factor ANOVA with three columns and four rows, there can be more than
two interaction effects.
True False
16. Sample sizes must be equal in one-factor ANOVA.
True False
17. In a 3×4 randomized block (two-factor unreplicated) ANOVA, we have 12
treatment groups.
True False
18. One-factor ANOVA with two groups is equivalent to a two-tailed t-test.
True False
19. One factor ANOVA stacked data for five groups will be arranged in five separate
columns.
True False
20. Hartley's test is the largest sample mean divided by the smallest sample mean.
True False
21. Tukey's test for five groups would require 10 comparisons of means.
True False
22. ANOVA is robust to violations of the equal-variance assumption as long as group

sizes are equal.
True False
23. Levene's test for homogeneity of variance is attractive because it does not depend
on the assumption of normality.
True False
24. Tukey's test with seven groups would entail 21 comparisons of means.
True False
25. Tukey's test pools all the sample variances.
True False
26. It is desirable, but not necessary, that sample sizes be equal in a one-factor
ANOVA.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions

27. Which is the Excel function to find the critical value of F for α = .05, df1 = 3, df2 =
25?
A. =F.DIST(.05, 2, 24)
B. =F.INV.RT(.05, 3, 25)
C. =F.DIST(.05, 3, 25)
D. =F.INV(.05, 2, 24)
28. Which Excel function gives the right-tail p-value for an ANOVA test with a test
statistic Fcalc = 4.52, n = 29 observations, and c = 4 groups?
A. =F.DIST.RT(4.52, 3, 25)
B. =F.INV(4.52, 4, 28)
C. =F.DIST(4.52, 4, 28)
D. =F.INV(4.52, 3, 25)
29. Variation "within" the ANOVA treatments represents:
A. random variation.
B. differences between group means.
C. differences between group variances.
D. the effect of sample size.

30. Which is not an assumption of ANOVA?
A. Normality of the treatment populations.
B. Homogeneous treatment variances.
C. Independent sample observations.
D. Equal population sizes for groups.
31. In an ANOVA, when would the F-test statistic be zero?
A. When there is no difference in the variances.
B. When the treatment means are the same.
C. When the observations are normally distributed.
D. The F-test statistic cannot ever be zero.
32. ANOVA is used to compare:
A. proportions of several groups.
B. variances of several groups.
C. means of several groups.
D. both means and variances.

33. Analysis of variance is a technique used to test for:
A. equality of two or more variances.
B. equality of two or more means.
C. equality of a population mean and a given value.
D. equality of more than two variances.
34. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the F distribution?
A. It is always right-skewed.
B. It describes the ratio of two variances.
C. It is a family based on two sets of degrees of freedom.
D. It is negative when s12 is smaller than s22.
35. In an ANOVA, the SSE (error) sum of squares reflects:
A. the effect of the combined factor(s).
B. the overall variation in Y that is to be explained.
C. the variation that is not explained by the factors.
D. the combined effect of treatments and sample size.

36. To test the null hypothesis H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 using samples from normal
populations with unknown but equal variances, we:
A. cannot safely use ANOVA.
B. can safely employ ANOVA.
C. would prefer three separate t-tests.
D. would need three-factor ANOVA.
37. Which is not assumed in ANOVA?
A. Observations are independent.
B. Populations are normally distributed.
C. Variances of all treatment groups are the same.
D. Population variances are known.
38. In a one-factor ANOVA, the computed value of F will be negative:
A. when there is no difference in the treatment means.
B. when there is no difference within the treatments.
C. when the SST (total) is larger than SSE (error).
D. under no circumstances.
39. Degrees of freedom for the between-group variation in a one-factor ANOVA with
n1 = 5, n2 = 6, n3 = 7 would be:
A. 18.
B. 17.
C. 6.
D. 2.
40. Degrees of freedom for the between-group variation in a one-factor ANOVA with
n1 = 8, n2 = 5, n3 = 7, n4 = 9 would be:
A. 28.
B. 3.
C. 29.
D. 4.
41. Using one-factor ANOVA with 30 observations we find at α = .05 that we cannot
reject the null hypothesis of equal means. We increase the sample size from 30
observations to 60 observations and obtain the same value for the sample F-test
statistic. Which is correct?
A. We might now be able to reject the null hypothesis.
B. We surely must reject H0 for 60 observations.
C. We cannot reject H0 since we obtained the same F-value.
D. It is impossible to get the same F-value for n = 60 as for n = 30.
42. One-factor analysis of variance:
A. requires that the number of observations in each group be identical.
B. has less power when the number of observations per group is not identical.
C. is extremely sensitive to slight departures from normality.
D. is a generalization of the t-test for paired observations.
43. In a one-factor ANOVA, the total sum of squares is equal to:
A. the sum of squares within groups plus the sum of squares between groups.
B. the sum of squares within groups times the sum of squares between groups.
C. the sum of squares within groups divided by the sum of squares between
groups.
D. the means of all the groups squared.

44. The within-treatment variation reflects:
A. variation among individuals of the same group.
B. variation between individuals in different groups.
C. variation explained by factors included in the ANOVA model.
D. variation that is not part of the ANOVA model.
45. Given the following ANOVA table (some information is missing), find the F
statistic.
A. 3.71
B. 0.99
C. 0.497
D. 4.02
46. Given the following ANOVA table (some information is missing), find the critical
value of F.05.
A. 3.06
B. 2.90
C. 2.36
D. 3.41
47. Identify the degrees of freedom for the treatment and error in this one-factor
ANOVA (blanks indicate missing information).
A. 4, 24
B. 3, 20
C. 5, 23
48. For this one-factor ANOVA (some information is missing), how many treatment
groups were there?
A. Cannot be determined
B. 3
C. 4
D. 2
49. For this one-factor ANOVA (some information is missing), what is the F-test
statistic?
A. 0.159
B. 2.833
C. 1.703
D. Cannot be determined
50. Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some information is
missing).
The F-test statistic is:
A. 2.84.
B. 3.56.
C. 2.80.
D. 2.79.
missing).
Degrees of freedom for between groups variation are:
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 5.
D. Can't tell from given information.

missing).
SS for between groups variation will be:
A. 129.99.
B. 630.83.
C. 1233.4.
D. Can't tell.
missing).
The number of treatment groups is:
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 1.
missing).
The sample size is:
A. 20.
B. 23.
C. 24.
D. 21.
missing).
Assuming equal group sizes, the number of observations in each group is:
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 6.
missing).
Degrees of freedom for the F-test are:
A. 5, 22.
B. 4, 21.
C. 3, 20.
D. impossible to determine.
missing).
The critical value of F at α = 0.05 is:
A. 1.645.
B. 2.84.
C. 3.10.
D. 4.28.
missing).
At α = 0.05, the difference between group means is:
A. highly significant.
B. barely significant.
C. not quite significant.
D. clearly insignificant.
59. The Internal Revenue Service wishes to study the time required to process tax
returns in three regional centers. A random sample of three tax returns is chosen
from each of three centers. The time (in days) required to process each return is
recorded as shown below.
The test to use to compare the means for all three groups would require:
A. three-factor ANOVA.
B. one-factor ANOVA.
C. repeated two-sample test of means.
D. two-factor ANOVA with replication.

recorded as shown below. Subsequently, an ANOVA test was performed.
Degrees of freedom for the error sum of squares in the ANOVA would be:
A. 11.
B. 2.
C. 4.
D. 6.
recorded as shown below.
Degrees of freedom for the between-groups sum of squares in the ANOVA would
be:
A. 11.
B. 2.
C. 4.
D. 6.
62. Prof. Gristmill sampled exam scores for five randomly chosen students from each
of his two sections of ACC 200. His sample results are shown.
He could test the population means for equality using:
A. a t-test for two means from independent samples.
B. a t-test for two means from paired (related) samples.
C. a one-factor ANOVA.
D. either a one-factor ANOVA or a two-tailed t-test.

63. Systolic blood pressure of randomly selected HMO patients was recorded on a
particular Wednesday, with the results shown here:
The appropriate hypothesis test is:
A. one-factor ANOVA.
B. two-factor ANOVA.
C. three-factor ANOVA.
D. four-factor ANOVA.
particular Wednesday, with the results shown here. An ANOVA test was
performed using these data.
Degrees of freedom for the between-treatments sum of squares would be:
A. 3.
B. 19.
C. 17.
D. depends on α.
What are the degrees of freedom for the error sum of squares?
A. 3
B. 19
C. 16
D. It depends on α.
66. Sound levels are measured at random moments under typical driving conditions
for various full-size truck models. The Excel ANOVA results are shown below.
The test statistic to compare the five means simultaneously is:
A. 2.96.
B. 15.8.
C. 5.56.
D. 4.45.
67. Sound levels are measured at random moments under typical driving conditions
for various full-size truck models. The ANOVA results are shown below.
The test statistic for Hartley's test for homogeneity of variance is:
A. 2.25.
B. 5.04.
C. 4.61.
D. 4.45.
missing).
ANOVA Table
A. 5.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. impossible to ascertain from given.

missing).
ANOVA Table
The F statistic is:
A. 2.88.
B. 4.87.
C. 5.93.
D. 6.91.
missing).
ANOVA Table
The number of observations in the original sample was:
A. 59.
B. 60.
C. 58.
D. 54.
missing).
ANOVA Table
Using Appendix F, the 5 percent critical value for the F-test is approximately:
A. 3.24.
B. 6.91.
C. 2.56.
D. 2.06.
missing).
ANOVA Table
The p-value for the F-test would be:
A. much less than .05.
B. slightly less than .05.
C. slightly greater than .05.
D. much greater than .05.

missing).
The MS (mean square) for the treatments is:
A. 239.13.
B. 106.88.
C. 1,130.8.
D. impossible to ascertain from the information given.

missing).
The F statistic is:
A. 4.87.
B. 3.38.
C. 5.93.
D. 6.91.
missing).
The number of observations in the entire sample is:
A. 20.
B. 19.
C. 22.
missing).
The 5 percent critical value for the F test is:
A. 2.46.
B. 3.24.
C. 3.38.
D. impossible to ascertain from the given information.

missing).
Our decision about the hypothesis of equal treatment means is that the null
hypothesis:
A. cannot be rejected at α = .05.
B. can be rejected at α = .05.
C. can be rejected for any typical value of α.
D. cannot be assessed from the given information.

78. To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a random sample of four
shipments is taken for each of three firms. The cost per shipment is shown below.
In a one-factor ANOVA, degrees of freedom for the between-groups sum of

squares will be:
A. 11.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 9.
In a one-factor ANOVA, degrees of freedom for the within-groups sum of squares

will be:
A. 11.
B. 3.
C. 9.
D. 2.
Degrees of freedom for the total sum of squares in a one-factor ANOVA would
be:
A. 11.
B. 8.
C. 2.
D. 9.
81. Refer to the following MegaStat output (some information is missing). The sample
size was n = 65 in a one-factor ANOVA.
At α = .05, which is the critical value of the test statistic for a two-tailed test for a
significant difference in means that are to be compared simultaneously? Note:
This question requires a Tukey table.
A. 2.81
B. 2.54
C. 2.33
D. 1.96
Which pairs of days differ significantly? Note: This question requires access to a
Tukey table.
A. (Mon, Thu) and (Mon, Wed) only.
B. (Mon, Wed) only.
C. (Mon, Thu) only.
D. (Mon, Thu) and (Mon, Wed) and (Mon, Fri) and (Mon, Tue).
At α = .05, what is the critical value of the Tukey test statistic for a two-tailed test
for a significant difference in means that are to be compared simultaneously?
Note: This question requires access to a Tukey table.
A. 2.07
B. 2.80
C. 2.76
D. 1.96
Which pairs of meds differ at α = .05? Note: This question requires access to a
Tukey table.
A. Med 1, Med 2
B. Med 2, Med 4
C. Med 3, Med 4
D. None of them.
85. What is the .05 critical value of Hartley's test statistic for a one-factor ANOVA with
n1 = 5, n2 = 8, n3 = 7, n4 = 8, n5 = 6, n6 = 8? Note: This question requires access to
a Hartley table.
A. 10.8
B. 11.8
C. 13.7
D. 15.0
86. What is the .05 critical value of Tukey's test statistic for a one-factor ANOVA with
n1 = 6, n2 = 6, n3 = 6? Note: This question requires access to a Tukey table.
A. 3.67
B. 2.60
C. 3.58
D. 2.75
87. What are the degrees of freedom for Hartley's test statistic for a one-factor
ANOVA with n1 = 5, n2 = 8, n3 = 7, n4 = 8, n5 = 6, n6 = 8?
A. 7, 6
B. 6, 6
C. 6, 41
88. What are the degrees of freedom for Tukey's test statistic for a one-factor ANOVA
with n1 = 6, n2 = 6, n3 = 6?
A. 3, 6
B. 6, 3
C. 6, 15
D. 3, 15
89. After performing a one-factor ANOVA test, John noticed that the sample standard
deviations for his four groups were, respectively, 33, 24, 73, and 35. John should:
A. feel confident in his ANOVA test.
B. use Hartley's test to check his assumptions.
C. use an independent samples t-test instead of ANOVA.
D. use a paired t-test instead of ANOVA.
90. Which statement is incorrect?
A. We need a Tukey test because ANOVA doesn't tell which pairs of means differ.
B. Hartley's test is needed to determine whether the means of the groups differ.
C. ANOVA assumes equal variances in the c groups being compared.
91. Which is not an assumption of unreplicated two-factor ANOVA (randomized

block)?
A. Normality of the population
B. Homogeneous variances
C. Additive treatment effects
D. There is factor interaction.

92. Which is correct concerning a two-factor unreplicated (randomized block)
ANOVA?
A. No interaction effect is estimated.
B. The interaction effect would have its own F statistic.
C. The interaction would be insignificant unless the main effects were significant.
93. In a two-factor unreplicated (randomized block) ANOVA, what is the F statistic for
the treatment effect given that SSA (treatments) = 216, SSB (block) = 126, SSE
(error) = 18?
A. 12
B. 1.71
C. 7
D. Can't tell without more information

94. Three bottles of wine are tasted by three experts. Each rater assigns a rating (scale
is from 1 = terrible to 10 = superb). Which test would you use for the most
obvious hypothesis?
A. t-test for independent means
B. One-factor ANOVA
C. Two-factor ANOVA without replication
D. Two-factor ANOVA with replication

95. To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a firm ships material to each of
four different destinations over a six-month period. The average cost per
shipment is shown below.
Which test would be appropriate?
A. Independent samples t-test
B. Two-factor ANOVA with replication
C. Dependent (paired-samples) t-test
D. Two-factor ANOVA without replication

96. To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a firm ships material to each of
four different destinations over a six-month period. The average cost per
For the appropriate type of ANOVA, total degrees of freedom would be:
A. 11.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 12.
97. Here is an Excel ANOVA table that summarizes the results of an experiment to
assess the effects of ambient noise level and plant location on worker productivity.
The test used α = 0.05.
Is the effect of plant location significant at α = .05?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Need more information to say

Is the effect of noise level significant at α = .01?
A. Yes
B. No

The experimental design and ANOVA appear to be:
A. replicated two factor.
B. unreplicated two-factor.
C. impossible to determine.
100.Here is an Excel ANOVA table that summarizes the results of an experiment to
assess the effects of ambient noise level and plant location on worker
productivity. The test used α = 0.05.
The sample size is:
A. 15.
B. 10.
C. 16.
101.At the Seymour Clinic, the number of patients seen by three doctors over three
days is as follows:
This data set would call for:
A. two-factor ANOVA without replication.
B. two-factor ANOVA with replication.
D. five-factor ANOVA.
102.At the Seymour Clinic, the number of patients seen by three doctors over three
days is as follows:
Degrees of freedom for the error sum of squares would be:
A. 6.
B. 14.
C. 8.
D. 15.
103.Here is an Excel ANOVA table for an experiment that analyzed factors that may
affect patients' blood pressure (some information is missing).
The number of medication types is:
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
104.Here is an Excel ANOVA table for an experiment that analyzed two factors that
may affect patients' blood pressure (some information is missing).
The number of patient age groups is:
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
The number of patients per replication is:
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
The overall sample size is:
A. 7.
B. 25.
C. 32.
D. impossible to determine as given.

At α = .05 the effect of medication type is:
A. significant.
B. insignificant.
C. borderline.
At α = .01 the effect of patient age is:
A. very clearly significant.
B. just barely significant.

At α = .10 the interaction is:
A. significant.
B. insignificant.
C. borderline.
110.Three randomly chosen pieces of four types of PVC pipe of equal wall thickness
are tested to determine the burst strength (in pounds per square inch) under
three temperature conditions, yielding the results shown below.
A. One-factor ANOVA
D. Two-factor ANOVA with no replication

111. Three randomly chosen pieces of four types of PVC pipe of equal wall thickness
Total degrees of freedom for the ANOVA would be"
A. 19.
B. 12.
C. 35.
D. 59.
112.A firm is studying the effect of work shift and parts supplier on its defect rate
(dependent variable is defects per 1000). The resulting ANOVA results are shown
below (some information is missing).
How many suppliers were there?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
How many replications per cell were there?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
At α = 0.01, the effect of supplier is:
A. clearly significant.
C. almost but not quite significant.
The number of observations was:
A. 37.
B. 45.
C. 44.
D. 40.
At α = 0.01, the interaction effect is:
A. strongly significant.

117.A firm is concerned with variability in hourly output at several factories and shifts.
Here are the results of an ANOVA using output per hour as the dependent
variable (some information is missing).
The original data matrix has how many treatments (rows × columns)?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 3
D. 8
The number of observations in each treatment cell (row-column intersection) is:
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
At α = 0.01 the effect of factory is:
B. clearly insignificant.
C. of borderline significance.
The p-value for the interaction effect is going to be:
A. very small (near 0).
B. very large (near 1).
C. impossible to know—could be either large or small.

121.Sound engineers studied factors that might affect the output (in decibels) of a
rock concert speaker system. The results of their ANOVA tests are shown (some
information is missing).
Which is the number of amplifiers and positions tested?
A. 1, 3
B. 2, 4
C. 3, 5
D. 4, 1
The number of observations per cell was:
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
rock concert speaker system. The desired level of significance was α = .05. The
results of their ANOVA tests are shown (some information is missing).
The most reasonable conclusion at α = .05 about the three sources of variation
(amplifier, position, and interaction) would be that their effects are:
A. significant, significant, insignificant.
B. insignificant, significant, significant.
C. very significant, almost significant, insignificant.

124.Sound engineers studied factors that might affect the output, in decibels, of a
The F statistic for amplifier was:
A. 9.90.
B. 10.16.
C. 5.72.
D. 4.27.
125.A multinational firm manufactures several types of 1280 × 1024 LCD displays in
several locations. They designed a sampling experiment to analyze the number of
pixels per screen that have significant color degradation after 52,560 hours (six
years of continuous use) using accelerated life testing. The Excel ANOVA table for
their experiment is shown below. Some table entries have been obscured. The
response variable (Y) is the number of degraded pixels in a given display.
Degrees freedom for display type will be:
A. 1.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. 5.
How many display types were there?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5
How many countries were studied?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
The F statistic for display effect is:
A. 1.78.
B. 3.16.
C. 2.39.
D. 2.94.
At α = .05, the interaction effect is:
The numerator degrees of freedom for the interaction test would be:
A. 2.
B. 4.
C. 8.
D. 16.
131.A veterinarian notes the age (months) at which dogs are brought to the clinic to
be neutered.
What kind of test would be used?
A. One-factor ANOVA
D. Three-factor ANOVA with replication.

132.A veterinarian notes the age (months) at which dogs are brought in to the clinic
to be neutered.
Numerator degrees of freedom for the ANOVA interaction test would be:
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 6.
D. can't tell.
133.A veterinarian notes the age (months) at which dogs are brought in to the clinic
to be neutered.
Total degrees of freedom for a two-factor replicated ANOVA would be:
A. 6.
B. 14.
C. 17.
D. 11.
134.Refer to the following partial ANOVA results from Excel (some information is
missing).
How many nozzle settings were observed?
A. 3
B. 2
C. 1
D. Can't tell.
missing).
Degrees of freedom for pressure level would be:
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 6.
missing).
Error degrees of freedom would be:
A. 24.
B. 15.
C. 12.
D. 13.
missing).
The overall sample size was:
A. 24.
B. 23.
C. 22.
D. 18.
missing).
How many pressure levels were observed?
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1
missing).
At α = .05, the critical F value for nozzle setting is:
A. 4.71.
B. 4.75.
C. 3.68.
D. 3.02.
missing).
The form of the original data matrix is:
A. 3 × 1 table.
B. 1 × 2 table.
C. 4 × 3 table.
D. 2 × 3 table.
missing).
The number of replications per treatment was:
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 1.
missing).
At α = 0.05, the effect of nozzle setting is:
143.As shown below, a hospital recorded the number of minutes spent in post-op
recovery by three randomly chosen knee-surgery patients in each category,
based on age and type of surgery. Which is the most appropriate test?
A. One-factor ANOVA
B. Two-factor ANOVA without replication
C. Two-factor ANOVA with replication
D. Rimsky-Korsakov test
missing). The response variable was Y = maximum amount of water pumped
from wells (gallons per minute).
The degrees of freedom for age of well is:
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
The F statistic for depth of well is:
A. 25.23.
B. 25.78.
C. 25.31.
D. 25.06.
The MS for interaction is:
A. 7.25.
B. 8.17.
C. 8.37.
D. 9.28.
missing). The response variable was Y = maximum amount of water pumped from
wells (gallons per minute).
The MS for age of well is:
A. 185.23.
B. 179.26.
C. 180.25.
D. 182.33.
Short Answer Questions

148.The table below shows raw data on air pollutant levels (micrograms of particulate
per liter of air) sampled at four different randomly chosen times of day on three
different freeways. State the most reasonable hypotheses. What test would a
statistician probably use? How many total degrees of freedom? How many
degrees of freedom for the treatment(s)? How many error degrees of freedom?
Explain. Do not do the F-test.
149.The table below shows six random observations on the number of airline tickets
booked on Orbitz per hour in the five months bracketing the summer travel
season. State the most reasonable hypotheses. What test would a statistician
probably use? How many total degrees of freedom? How many degrees of
freedom for the treatment(s)? How many error degrees of freedom? Explain. Do
not do the F-test.
150.What is GLM, and why do we need it?
Chapter 11 Analysis of Variance Answer Key
True / False Questions
1. One-factor ANOVA is a procedure intended to compare the variances of c

samples.
FALSE
ANOVA compares several means (although its test statistic is based on

variances).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 11-01 Use basic ANOVA terminology correctly.
Topic: Overview of ANOVA
2. Analysis of variance is a procedure intended to compare the means of c
samples.
TRUE
Although its test statistic is based on variances, ANOVA compares several

means.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
3. If you have four factors (call them A, B, C, and D) in an ANOVA experiment with
replication, you could have a maximum of four different two-factor
interactions.
FALSE
There could be six two-way interactions: AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 11-11 Recognize the need for experimental design and GLM (optional).
Topic: Higher-Order ANOVA Models (Optional)
4. Hartley's test measures the equality of the means for several groups.
FALSE
Hartley's test is designed to detect unequal population variances.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 11-08 Use Hartley's test for equal variances in c treatment groups.
Topic: Tests for Homogeneity of Variances
5. Hartley's test is to check for unequal variances for c groups.
TRUE
Unequal population variances would violate an ANOVA assumption.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
6. Comparison of c means in one-factor ANOVA can equivalently be done by
using c individual t-tests on c pairs of means at the same α.
FALSE
Multiple two-sample t-tests from the same data set would inflate the overall α.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 11-07 Understand and perform Tukey's test for paired means.
Topic: Multiple Comparisons
7. ANOVA assumes equal variances within each treatment group.
TRUE
ANOVA checks for unequal means, while assuming homogeneous variances.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 11-06 Explain the assumptions of ANOVA and why they are important.
8. Three-factor ANOVA is required if we have three treatment groups (i.e., three
data columns).
FALSE
If there are only three columns of data, we only have one factor (with three
treatments). The hypothesis is whether the three treatment group means are
the same.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
9. ANOVA assumes normal populations.
TRUE
Populations are assumed to be normally distributed and to have equal

variances.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
10. Tukey's test compares pairs of treatment means in an ANOVA.
TRUE
Tukey's test is a follow-up to ANOVA to detect which pairs of means differ (if
any).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
11. Tukey's test is similar to a two-sample t-test except that it pools the variances
for all c samples.
TRUE
There is a strong analogy with the two-sample t-test, except that we pool all
the variances.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
12. Tukey's test is not needed if we have the overall F statistic for the ANOVA.
FALSE
Tukey's test is a follow-up to ANOVA to detect which pairs of means differ (if
any).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
13. Interaction plots that show crossing lines indicate likely interactions.
TRUE
Interaction plots provide an intuitive visual way of seeing possible interactions.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 11-10 Interpret main effects and interaction effects in two-factor ANOVA.
Topic: Two-Factor ANOVA with Replication (Full Factorial Model)
14. Interaction plots that show parallel lines would suggest interaction effects.
FALSE
Interaction plots that show crossing lines indicate likely interactions.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
15. In a two-factor ANOVA with three columns and four rows, there can be more
than two interaction effects.
FALSE
There can only be one interaction (row × column).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
16. Sample sizes must be equal in one-factor ANOVA.
FALSE
Sample sizes often are equal by design, but it is not necessary.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 11-02 Recognize from data format when one-factor ANOVA is appropriate.
Topic: One-Factor ANOVA (Completely Randomized Model)
17. In a 3×4 randomized block (two-factor unreplicated) ANOVA, we have 12

treatment groups.
TRUE
Each row/column combination is a treatment group.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Topic: Two-Factor ANOVA without Replication (Randomized Block Model)
18. One-factor ANOVA with two groups is equivalent to a two-tailed t-test.
TRUE
The p-values will be the same in either test as long as the t-test is two-tailed.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
19. One factor ANOVA stacked data for five groups will be arranged in five
separate columns.
FALSE
One column will contain the data, while a second column names the group.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
20. Hartley's test is the largest sample mean divided by the smallest sample mean.
FALSE
Hartley's test statistic is the ratio of s2max to s2min.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
21. Tukey's test for five groups would require 10 comparisons of means.
TRUE
The number of possible comparisons is c(c - 1)/2 = 5(4)/2 = 10.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
22. ANOVA is robust to violations of the equal-variance assumption as long as
group sizes are equal.
TRUE
Studies suggest that equal group sizes strengthen the ANOVA test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
23. Levene's test for homogeneity of variance is attractive because it does not
depend on the assumption of normality.
TRUE
While Hartley's test is sensitive to nonnormality, Levene's test statistic is not.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
24. Tukey's test with seven groups would entail 21 comparisons of means.
TRUE
The number of possible comparisons is c(c - 1)/2 = 7(6)/2 = 21.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
25. Tukey's test pools all the sample variances.
TRUE
In a Tukey test, all c sample variances are combined (weighted by their degrees
of freedom).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
26. It is desirable, but not necessary, that sample sizes be equal in a one-factor
ANOVA.
TRUE
Studies suggest that equal group sizes strengthen the ANOVA test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Multiple Choice Questions
27. Which is the Excel function to find the critical value of F for α = .05, df1 = 3, df2
= 25?
A. =F.DIST(.05, 2, 24)
B. =F.INV.RT(.05, 3, 25)
C. =F.DIST(.05, 3, 25)
D. =F.INV(.05, 2, 24)
The equivalent Excel 2007 function would be =FINV(.05, 3, 25).
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 11-05 Use a table or Excel to find critical values for the F distribution.
28. Which Excel function gives the right-tail p-value for an ANOVA test with a test
statistic Fcalc = 4.52, n = 29 observations, and c = 4 groups?
A. =F.DIST.RT(4.52, 3, 25)
B. =F.INV(4.52, 4, 28)
C. =F.DIST(4.52, 4, 28)
D. =F.INV(4.52, 3, 25)
The equivalent Excel 2007 function would be =FDIST(.05, 3, 25).
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 11-04 Use Excel or other software for ANOVA calculations.
29. Variation "within" the ANOVA treatments represents:
A. random variation.
B. differences between group means.
C. differences between group variances.
D. the effect of sample size.
Variation within groups is also called error variance or unexplained variance.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
30. Which is not an assumption of ANOVA?
A. Normality of the treatment populations.
B. Homogeneous treatment variances.
C. Independent sample observations.
D. Equal population sizes for groups.
It is desirable, but not necessary, that sample sizes be equal in a one-factor

ANOVA.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
31. In an ANOVA, when would the F-test statistic be zero?
A. When there is no difference in the variances.
B. When the treatment means are the same.
C. When the observations are normally distributed.
D. The F-test statistic cannot ever be zero.
If each group mean equals the overall mean, then Fcalc could be zero (an
unusual situation).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 11-03 Interpret sums of squares and calculations in an ANOVA table.
32. ANOVA is used to compare:
A. proportions of several groups.
B. variances of several groups.
C. means of several groups.
D. both means and variances.

means.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
33. Analysis of variance is a technique used to test for:
A. equality of two or more variances.
B. equality of two or more means.
C. equality of a population mean and a given value.
D. equality of more than two variances.

means.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
34. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the F distribution?
A. It is always right-skewed.
B. It describes the ratio of two variances.
C. It is a family based on two sets of degrees of freedom.
D. It is negative when s12 is smaller than s22.
The F distribution is the ratio of two mean squares, so it cannot be negative.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 11-04 Use Excel or other software for ANOVA calculations.
35. In an ANOVA, the SSE (error) sum of squares reflects:
A. the effect of the combined factor(s).
B. the overall variation in Y that is to be explained.
C. the variation that is not explained by the factors.
D. the combined effect of treatments and sample size.
The error variance or unexplained variance is variation within groups.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
36. To test the null hypothesis H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 using samples from normal
populations with unknown but equal variances, we:
A. cannot safely use ANOVA.
B. can safely employ ANOVA.
C. would prefer three separate t-tests.
D. would need three-factor ANOVA.
As long as the variances are equal, we can safely use ANOVA.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
37. Which is not assumed in ANOVA?
A. Observations are independent.
B. Populations are normally distributed.
C. Variances of all treatment groups are the same.
D. Population variances are known.
Population variances are almost never known.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
38. In a one-factor ANOVA, the computed value of F will be negative:
A. when there is no difference in the treatment means.
B. when there is no difference within the treatments.
C. when the SST (total) is larger than SSE (error).
D. under no circumstances.
The F distribution is the ratio of two mean squares, so it cannot be negative.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
39. Degrees of freedom for the between-group variation in a one-factor ANOVA

with n1 = 5, n2 = 6, n3 = 7 would be:
A. 18.
B. 17.
C. 6.
D. 2.
For between-group variation, we have dfnumerator = c - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
40. Degrees of freedom for the between-group variation in a one-factor ANOVA
with n1 = 8, n2 = 5, n3 = 7, n4 = 9 would be:
A. 28.
B. 3.
C. 29.
D. 4.
For between group variation we have dfnumerator = c - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
41. Using one-factor ANOVA with 30 observations we find at α = .05 that we
cannot reject the null hypothesis of equal means. We increase the sample size
from 30 observations to 60 observations and obtain the same value for the
sample F-test statistic. Which is correct?
A. We might now be able to reject the null hypothesis.
B. We surely must reject H0 for 60 observations.
C. We cannot reject H0 since we obtained the same F-value.
D. It is impossible to get the same F-value for n = 60 as for n = 30.
With more degrees of freedom, the critical value F.05 will be smaller, so we
might reject.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
42. One-factor analysis of variance:
A. requires that the number of observations in each group be identical.
B. has less power when the number of observations per group is not identical.
C. is extremely sensitive to slight departures from normality.
D. is a generalization of the t-test for paired observations.
Studies suggest that equal group sizes strengthen the power of the ANOVA
test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
43. In a one-factor ANOVA, the total sum of squares is equal to:
A. the sum of squares within groups plus the sum of squares between groups.
B. the sum of squares within groups times the sum of squares between groups.
C. the sum of squares within groups divided by the sum of squares between
groups.
D. the means of all the groups squared.
The basic identify is SSbetween + SSwithin = SStotal.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
44. The within-treatment variation reflects:
A. variation among individuals of the same group.
B. variation between individuals in different groups.
C. variation explained by factors included in the ANOVA model.
D. variation that is not part of the ANOVA model.
Variation within groups is also called error variance or unexplained variance.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
45. Given the following ANOVA table (some information is missing), find the F
statistic.
A. 3.71
B. 0.99
C. 0.497
D. 4.02
MStreatment = 744/4 = 186, MSerror = (751.5)/15 = 50.1, so F = 186/50.1 = 3.71.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
46. Given the following ANOVA table (some information is missing), find the critical
value of F.05.
A. 3.06
B. 2.90
C. 2.36
D. 3.41
For df = (4, 15) we use Appendix F to get F.05 = 3.06.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
47. Identify the degrees of freedom for the treatment and error in this one-factor
ANOVA (blanks indicate missing information).
A. 4, 24
B. 3, 20
C. 5, 23
Since SS/df = MS, we know that df = SS/MS. Hence, 993/331 = 3 and 1002/50.1
= 20.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
48. For this one-factor ANOVA (some information is missing), how many treatment
groups were there?
A. Cannot be determined
B. 3
C. 4
D. 2
Since SS/df = MS, we know that df = SS/MS and, hence, 654/218 = 3 = c - 1.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
49. For this one-factor ANOVA (some information is missing), what is the F-test
statistic?
A. 0.159
B. 2.833
C. 1.703
D. Cannot be determined
Fcalc = (MStreatment)/(MSerror) = 218/128 = 1.703.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
The F-test statistic is:
A. 2.84.
B. 3.56.
C. 2.80.
D. 2.79.
Fcalc = (MSbetween)/(MSwithin) = (210.2788)/(74.15) = 2.836.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
Degrees of freedom for between groups variation are:
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 5.
D. Can't tell from given information.
SSbetween = 2113.833 - 1483 = 630.833, so df = (630.833)/(210.2778) = 3.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
SS for between groups variation will be:
A. 129.99.
B. 630.83.
C. 1233.4.
D. Can't tell.
SSbetween = 2113.833 - 1483 = 630.833.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
missing).
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 1.
SSbetween = 2113.833 - 1483 = 630.833, so df = (630.833)/(210.2778) = 3 = c - 1.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
The sample size is:
A. 20.
B. 23.
C. 24.
D. 21.
(630.833)/(210.2778) = 3 and (1483)/(74.15) = 20, so 3 + 20 = 23 = n - 1.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
Assuming equal group sizes, the number of observations in each group is:
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 6.
(630.833)/(210.2778) = 3 and (1483)/(74.15) = 20, so 3 + 20 = 23 = n - 1 and n/c

= 24/4 = 6.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
Degrees of freedom for the F-test are:
A. 5, 22.
B. 4, 21.
C. 3, 20.
(630.833)/(210.2778) = 3 and (1483)/(74.15) = 20.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
The critical value of F at α = 0.05 is:
A. 1.645.
B. 2.84.
C. 3.10.
D. 4.28.
(630.833)/(210.2778) = 3 and (1483)/(74.15) = 20, so F.05 = 3.10 for df = (3, 20).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
At α = 0.05, the difference between group means is:
B. barely significant.
The p-value is not less than .05 so we cannot reject the hypothesis of equal
means.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
returns in three regional centers. A random sample of three tax returns is
chosen from each of three centers. The time (in days) required to process each
return is recorded as shown below.
The test to use to compare the means for all three groups would require:
A. three-factor ANOVA.
B. one-factor ANOVA.
C. repeated two-sample test of means.
D. two-factor ANOVA with replication.
One factor (three group means to be compared).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
return is recorded as shown below. Subsequently, an ANOVA test was
performed.
Degrees of freedom for the error sum of squares in the ANOVA would be:
A. 11.
B. 2.
C. 4.
D. 6.
Error df = n - c = 9 - 3 = 6.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
return is recorded as shown below.
Degrees of freedom for the between-groups sum of squares in the ANOVA

would be:
A. 11.
B. 2.
C. 4.
D. 6.
Between groups df = c - 1= 3 - 1 = 2.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
62. Prof. Gristmill sampled exam scores for five randomly chosen students from
each of his two sections of ACC 200. His sample results are shown.
He could test the population means for equality using:
A. a t-test for two means from independent samples.
B. a t-test for two means from paired (related) samples.
C. a one-factor ANOVA.
D. either a one-factor ANOVA or a two-tailed t-test.
As there are only two groups, either ANOVA or a two-tailed t-test will give the
same p-value.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
particular Wednesday, with the results shown here:
The appropriate hypothesis test is:
A. one-factor ANOVA.
B. two-factor ANOVA.
D. four-factor ANOVA.
One factor (four group means to be compared).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Degrees of freedom for the between-treatments sum of squares would be:
A. 3.
B. 19.
C. 17.
D. depends on α.
Between-reatments df = c - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
What are the degrees of freedom for the error sum of squares?
A. 3
B. 19
C. 16
D. It depends on α.
Error df = n - c = 20 - 4 = 16.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
66. Sound levels are measured at random moments under typical driving
conditions for various full-size truck models. The Excel ANOVA results are
shown below.
The test statistic to compare the five means simultaneously is:
A. 2.96.
B. 15.8.
C. 5.56.
D. 4.45.
Fcalc = (154.1)/(34.6) = 4.45.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
67. Sound levels are measured at random moments under typical driving
conditions for various full-size truck models. The ANOVA results are shown
below.
The test statistic for Hartley's test for homogeneity of variance is:
A. 2.25.
B. 5.04.
C. 4.61.
D. 4.45.
Hartley's H = s2max/s2min = (8.944)2/(3.983)2 = 5.04.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
ANOVA Table
A. 5.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. impossible to ascertain from given.
59 - 55 = 4 = c - 1, so c = 5
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
ANOVA Table
The F statistic is:
A. 2.88.
B. 4.87.
C. 5.93.
D. 6.91.
Fcalc = 11,189/1619 = 6.91.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
ANOVA Table
The number of observations in the original sample was:
A. 59.
B. 60.
C. 58.
D. 54.
n - 1 = 59, so n = 60.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
missing).
ANOVA Table
Using Appendix F, the 5 percent critical value for the F-test is approximately:
A. 3.24.
B. 6.91.
C. 2.56.
D. 2.06.
Treatment df = 59 - 55 = 4, so F.05 = 2.56 using df = (4, 50) in Appendix F.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
ANOVA Table
The p-value for the F-test would be:
A. much less than .05.
B. slightly less than .05.
C. slightly greater than .05.
D. much greater than .05.
Fcalc = 11,189/1619 = 6.91 while F.05 = 2.56 using df = (4, 50) in Appendix F.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
The MS (mean square) for the treatments is:
A. 239.13.
B. 106.88.
C. 1,130.8.
D. impossible to ascertain from the information given.
(717.4)/3 = 239.133.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
missing).
The F statistic is:
A. 4.87.
B. 3.38.
C. 5.93.
D. 6.91.
Between-groups MS = (717.4)/3 = 239.133, so Fcalc = (239.133)/(70.675) = 3.383.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
The number of observations in the entire sample is:
A. 20.
B. 19.
C. 22.
n - 1 = 19, so n = 20.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
missing).
The 5 percent critical value for the F test is:
A. 2.46.
B. 3.24.
C. 3.38.
D. impossible to ascertain from the given information.
Error df = 19 - 3 = 16, so F.05 = 3.24 using df = (3, 16) in Appendix F.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
Our decision about the hypothesis of equal treatment means is that the null
hypothesis:
A. cannot be rejected at α = .05.
B. can be rejected at α = .05.
C. can be rejected for any typical value of α.
D. cannot be assessed from the given information.
The p-value is less than .05, so we conclude unequal population means.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
shipments is taken for each of three firms. The cost per shipment is shown
below.
In a one-factor ANOVA, degrees of freedom for the between-groups sum of

squares will be:
A. 11.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 9.
Between-groups df = c - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
below.
In a one-factor ANOVA, degrees of freedom for the within-groups sum of

squares will be:
A. 11.
B. 3.
C. 9.
D. 2.
Within-groups df = n - c = 12 - 3 = 9.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
below.
Degrees of freedom for the total sum of squares in a one-factor ANOVA would
be:
A. 11.
B. 8.
C. 2.
D. 9.
Total df = n - 1 = 12 - 1 = 11.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
81. Refer to the following MegaStat output (some information is missing). The
sample size was n = 65 in a one-factor ANOVA.
At α = .05, which is the critical value of the test statistic for a two-tailed test for
a significant difference in means that are to be compared simultaneously? Note:
This question requires a Tukey table.
A. 2.81
B. 2.54
C. 2.33
D. 1.96
T.05 = 2.81 for df = (c, n - c) with c = 5 and n = 65.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Which pairs of days differ significantly? Note: This question requires access to a
Tukey table.
A. (Mon, Thu) and (Mon, Wed) only.
B. (Mon, Wed) only.
C. (Mon, Thu) only.
D. (Mon, Thu) and (Mon, Wed) and (Mon, Fri) and (Mon, Tue).
Use T.05 = 2.81 for df = (c, n - c) with c = 5 and n = 65.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
At α = .05, what is the critical value of the Tukey test statistic for a two-tailed
test for a significant difference in means that are to be compared
simultaneously? Note: This question requires access to a Tukey table.
A. 2.07
B. 2.80
C. 2.76
D. 1.96
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Which pairs of meds differ at α = .05? Note: This question requires access to a
Tukey table.
A. Med 1, Med 2
B. Med 2, Med 4
C. Med 3, Med 4
D. None of them.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
85. What is the .05 critical value of Hartley's test statistic for a one-factor ANOVA
with n1 = 5, n2 = 8, n3 = 7, n4 = 8, n5 = 6, n6 = 8? Note: This question requires
access to a Hartley table.
A. 10.8
B. 11.8
C. 13.7
D. 15.0
H.05 = 13.7 for df = (c, (n/c) - 1) where c = 6 and n = 42, so we use df = (6, 6).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
86. What is the .05 critical value of Tukey's test statistic for a one-factor ANOVA
with n1 = 6, n2 = 6, n3 = 6? Note: This question requires access to a Tukey
table.
A. 3.67
B. 2.60
C. 3.58
D. 2.75
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
87. What are the degrees of freedom for Hartley's test statistic for a one-factor
ANOVA with n1 = 5, n2 = 8, n3 = 7, n4 = 8, n5 = 6, n6 = 8?
A. 7, 6
B. 6, 6
C. 6, 41
Use df = (c, (n/c) - 1) where c = 6 and n = 42, or df = (6, 6).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
88. What are the degrees of freedom for Tukey's test statistic for a one-factor
ANOVA with n1 = 6, n2 = 6, n3 = 6?
A. 3, 6
B. 6, 3
C. 6, 15
D. 3, 15
Use df = (c, n - c) with c = 3 and n = 18, or df = (3, 15).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
89. After performing a one-factor ANOVA test, John noticed that the sample
standard deviations for his four groups were, respectively, 33, 24, 73, and 35.
John should:
A. feel confident in his ANOVA test.
B. use Hartley's test to check his assumptions.
C. use an independent samples t-test instead of ANOVA.
D. use a paired t-test instead of ANOVA.
The unusually large standard deviation for group 3 suggests unequal variances.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
90. Which statement is incorrect?
A. We need a Tukey test because ANOVA doesn't tell which pairs of means
differ.
B. Hartley's test is needed to determine whether the means of the groups

differ.
C. ANOVA assumes equal variances in the c groups being compared.
Hartley's test compares variances (not means).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
91. Which is not an assumption of unreplicated two-factor ANOVA (randomized
block)?
A. Normality of the population
B. Homogeneous variances
C. Additive treatment effects
D. There is factor interaction.
The usual assumptions apply to a two-factor ANOVA (but no interaction

estimate is possible without replication).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
92. Which is correct concerning a two-factor unreplicated (randomized block)
ANOVA?
A. No interaction effect is estimated.
B. The interaction effect would have its own F statistic.
C. The interaction would be insignificant unless the main effects were

significant.
We cannot estimate the interaction effect without replication in a two-factor

ANOVA.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
93. In a two-factor unreplicated (randomized block) ANOVA, what is the F statistic
for the treatment effect given that SSA (treatments) = 216, SSB (block) = 126,
SSE (error) = 18?
A. 12
B. 1.71
C. 7
D. Can't tell without more information
We cannot calculate the mean squares without knowing r, c, and n, so no F

statistics.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
94. Three bottles of wine are tasted by three experts. Each rater assigns a rating
(scale is from 1 = terrible to 10 = superb). Which test would you use for the
most obvious hypothesis?
A. t-test for independent means
B. One-factor ANOVA
D. Two-factor ANOVA with replication
Only one observation per row/column cell (two factors but no replication).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 11-09 Recognize from data format when two-factor ANOVA is needed.
95. To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a firm ships material to each
of four different destinations over a six-month period. The average cost per
A. Independent samples t-test
D. Two-factor ANOVA without replication
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
96. To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a firm ships material to each
of four different destinations over a six-month period. The average cost per
For the appropriate type of ANOVA, total degrees of freedom would be:
A. 11.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 12.
df = n - 1 = 12 - 1 = 11.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Is the effect of plant location significant at α = .05?
A. Yes
B. No
The p-value is not less than .05, so plant location has no significant effect.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Is the effect of noise level significant at α = .01?
A. Yes
B. No
The p-value is much less than .05, so noise level has a significant effect.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
The experimental design and ANOVA appear to be:
A. replicated two factor.
B. unreplicated two-factor.
C. impossible to determine.
The absence of an interaction suggests an unreplicated two-factor model.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
The sample size is:
A. 15.
B. 10.
C. 16.
For unreplicated two-factor ANOVA, total df = 3 + 3 + 9 = 15 = n - 1, so n = 16.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
101. At the Seymour Clinic, the number of patients seen by three doctors over three
days is as follows:
This data set would call for:
A. two-factor ANOVA without replication.
B. two-factor ANOVA with replication.
D. five-factor ANOVA.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
102. At the Seymour Clinic, the number of patients seen by three doctors over three
days is as follows:
Degrees of freedom for the error sum of squares would be:
A. 6.
B. 14.
C. 8.
D. 15.
For unreplicated two-factor ANOVA, the error df = (r - 1)(c - 1) = (5 - 1)(3 - 1) =

8.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
103. Here is an Excel ANOVA table for an experiment that analyzed factors that may
affect patients' blood pressure (some information is missing).
The number of medication types is:
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
df = 1 = (number of medications - 1), so there were 2 medications.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
104. Here is an Excel ANOVA table for an experiment that analyzed two factors that
The number of patient age groups is:
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
For patient age group, df = (25.0938)/(8.3646) = 3 = c - 1 (so 4 age groups).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
The number of patients per replication is:
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
c - 1 = (25.0938)/(8.3646) = 3 (so 4 age groups), r - 1 = 1 (so 2 meds), total df =

1 + 3 + 3 + 24 = 31 = n - 1 (so n = 32), 8 treatments (3 × 4) and thus 32/8 = 4
replications per treatment.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
The overall sample size is:
A. 7.
B. 25.
C. 32.
D. impossible to determine as given.
c - 1 = (25.0938)/(8.3646) = 3 (so 4 age groups), r - 1 = 1 (so 2 meds), total df =

1 + 3 + 3 + 24 = 31 = n - 1 (so n = 32).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
At α = .05 the effect of medication type is:
A. significant.
B. insignificant.
C. borderline.
The p-value is much less than .05, so medication type has a highly significant
effect.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
At α = .01 the effect of patient age is:
A. very clearly significant.
The p-value of .011 is greater than .01, so age group does not have a significant
effect at α = .01 (however, it is a very close decision).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
At α = .10 the interaction is:
A. significant.
B. insignificant.
C. borderline.
The p-value is much greater than .05 so there is no significant interaction.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
A. One-factor ANOVA
D. Two-factor ANOVA with no replication
Within each treatment combination we have three replications.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Total degrees of freedom for the ANOVA would be"
A. 19.
B. 12.
C. 35.
D. 59.
Total df = n - 1 = 36 - 1 = 35.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
112. A firm is studying the effect of work shift and parts supplier on its defect rate
(dependent variable is defects per 1000). The resulting ANOVA results are
shown below (some information is missing).
How many suppliers were there?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
44 - 36 - 4 - 2 = 2 = c - 1, so there were 3 suppliers.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
How many replications per cell were there?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
n - 1 = 44 (n = 45), 44 - 36 - 4 - 2 = 2 = c - 1 (3 suppliers), r - 1 = 2 (3 shifts), so

3 × 3 = 9 row/column cells and hence 45/9 = 5 replications per treatment
combination.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
At α = 0.01, the effect of supplier is:
C. almost but not quite significant.
The p-value is much greater than .05, so supplier has no significant effect.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
The number of observations was:
A. 37.
B. 45.
C. 44.
D. 40.
n - 1 = 44 (n = 45).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
At α = 0.01, the interaction effect is:
A. strongly significant.
The p-value is much less than .05, so there is a significant interaction effect.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
117. A firm is concerned with variability in hourly output at several factories and
shifts. Here are the results of an ANOVA using output per hour as the
dependent variable (some information is missing).
The original data matrix has how many treatments (rows × columns)?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 3
D. 8
r - 1 = 1 (2 factories), c - 1 = 2 (3 shifts), so 2 × 3 = 6 row/column cells.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
The number of observations in each treatment cell (row-column intersection)

is:
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
n - 1 = 17 (n = 18), r - 1 = 1 (2 factories), c - 1 = 2 (3 shifts), so 2 × 3 = 6

row/column cells and hence 18/6 = 3 replications per treatment combination.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
At α = 0.01 the effect of factory is:
B. clearly insignificant.
C. of borderline significance.
The p-value is much less than .05, so factory has a significant effect.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
The p-value for the interaction effect is going to be:
A. very small (near 0).
B. very large (near 1).
C. impossible to know—could be either large or small.
For interaction, Fcalc = (40454.167)/(719.444) = 56.23, so very small p-value.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
121. Sound engineers studied factors that might affect the output (in decibels) of a
Which is the number of amplifiers and positions tested?
A. 1, 3
B. 2, 4
C. 3, 5
D. 4, 1
r - 1 = 1 (2 amplifiers), c - 1 = 3 (4 positions).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
The number of observations per cell was:
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
n - 1 = 23 (n = 24), r - 1 = 1 (2 amplifiers), c - 1 = 3 (4 positions), so 2 × 4 = 8

row/column cells and hence 24/8 = 3 replications per treatment combination.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
rock concert speaker system. The desired level of significance was α = .05. The
results of their ANOVA tests are shown (some information is missing).
The most reasonable conclusion at α = .05 about the three sources of variation
(amplifier, position, and interaction) would be that their effects are:
A. significant, significant, insignificant.
B. insignificant, significant, significant.
C. very significant, almost significant, insignificant.
The p-value is smaller than .05 for amplifier, but not quite for position and
definitely not for the interaction term.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
124. Sound engineers studied factors that might affect the output, in decibels, of a
The F statistic for amplifier was:
A. 9.90.
B. 10.16.
C. 5.72.
D. 4.27.
Fcalc = (99.02344)/(9.742188) = 10.16.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
125. A multinational firm manufactures several types of 1280 × 1024 LCD displays in
several locations. They designed a sampling experiment to analyze the number
of pixels per screen that have significant color degradation after 52,560 hours
(six years of continuous use) using accelerated life testing. The Excel ANOVA
table for their experiment is shown below. Some table entries have been
obscured. The response variable (Y) is the number of degraded pixels in a given
display.
Degrees freedom for display type will be:
A. 1.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. 5.
For display type, df = (233.2333)/(58.30833) = 4.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
display.
How many display types were there?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5
For display type, df = (233.2333)/(58.30833) = 4 = c - 1 (so 5 display types).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
display.
How many countries were studied?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
For country, df = (202.9)/(101.45) = 2 = r - 1 (so 3 countries).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
display.
The F statistic for display effect is:
A. 1.78.
B. 3.16.
C. 2.39.
D. 2.94.
Fcalc = (58.30833)/(24.36667) = 2.393.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
display.
At α = .05, the interaction effect is:
Fcalc = (18.47084)/(24.36667) = 0.76, which is far less than F.05 for df = (8, 45).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
display.
The numerator degrees of freedom for the interaction test would be:
A. 2.
B. 4.
C. 8.
D. 16.
For interaction, df = (147.7667)/(18.47084) = 8.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
131. A veterinarian notes the age (months) at which dogs are brought to the clinic to
be neutered.
What kind of test would be used?
A. One-factor ANOVA
D. Three-factor ANOVA with replication.
There are three replications and two factors.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
132. A veterinarian notes the age (months) at which dogs are brought in to the clinic
to be neutered.
Numerator degrees of freedom for the ANOVA interaction test would be:
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 6.
D. can't tell.
Two factor ANOVA with replication, interaction df = (r - 1)(c - 1) = (2 - 1)(3 - 1) =

2.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
133. A veterinarian notes the age (months) at which dogs are brought in to the clinic
to be neutered.
Total degrees of freedom for a two-factor replicated ANOVA would be:
A. 6.
B. 14.
C. 17.
D. 11.
n - 1 = 18 - 1 = 17.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
How many nozzle settings were observed?
A. 3
B. 2
C. 1
D. Can't tell.
For nozzle, df = 1 = r - 1 (so 2 nozzles).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
Degrees of freedom for pressure level would be:
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 6.
For pressure, df = (8.07444)/(4.03722) = 2 = c - 1 (so 3 pressures).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
Error degrees of freedom would be:
A. 24.
B. 15.
C. 12.
D. 13.
For error, df = (8.5400)/(0.711667) = 12.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
The overall sample size was:
A. 24.
B. 23.
C. 22.
D. 18.
Divide each SS by its MS to get 1 + 2 + 2 + 12 = 17 = n - 1 (so n = 18).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
How many pressure levels were observed?
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1
For pressure, df = (8.07444)/(4.03722) = 2 = c - 1 (so 3 pressures).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
At α = .05, the critical F value for nozzle setting is:
A. 4.71.
B. 4.75.
C. 3.68.
D. 3.02.
Using Appendix F with df = (1, 12), we get F.05 = 4.75.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
The form of the original data matrix is:
A. 3 × 1 table.
B. 1 × 2 table.
C. 4 × 3 table.
D. 2 × 3 table.
Divide each SS by its MS to get (r - 1) = 1, (c - 1) = 2, so r × c = 2 × 3 = 6

treatments.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
missing).
The number of replications per treatment was:
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 1.
Divide each SS by its MS to get total df = 1 + 2 + 2 + 12 = 17 = n - 1, so n = 18

and r × c = 2 × 3 = 6 treatments, giving three replications per treatment.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
missing).
At α = 0.05, the effect of nozzle setting is:
Its p-value is slightly less than .05, so the nozzle effect is barely significant.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Evaluate
143. As shown below, a hospital recorded the number of minutes spent in post-op
recovery by three randomly chosen knee-surgery patients in each category,
based on age and type of surgery. Which is the most appropriate test?
A. One-factor ANOVA
B. Two-factor ANOVA without replication
C. Two-factor ANOVA with replication
D. Rimsky-Korsakov test
Three replications per cell with two factors.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
The degrees of freedom for age of well is:
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
For age of well, df = 26 - 18 - 4 - 2 = 2 (so 3 ages).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
The F statistic for depth of well is:
A. 25.23.
B. 25.78.
C. 25.31.
D. 25.06.
Fcalc = (1225)/(47.519) = 25.779.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
The MS for interaction is:
A. 7.25.
B. 8.17.
C. 8.37.
D. 9.28.
For interaction, we have MS = (32.667)/4 = 8.167.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
The MS for age of well is:
A. 185.23.
B. 179.26.
C. 180.25.
D. 182.33.
By subtraction, for age of well df = 26 - 18 - 4 - 2 = 2. so MS = (364.667)/(2) =

182.334.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Short Answer Questions

148. The table below shows raw data on air pollutant levels (micrograms of
particulate per liter of air) sampled at four different randomly chosen times of
day on three different freeways. State the most reasonable hypotheses. What
test would a statistician probably use? How many total degrees of freedom?
How many degrees of freedom for the treatment(s)? How many error degrees
of freedom? Explain. Do not do the F-test.
One-factor ANOVA using three groups (2 d.f.). Total degrees of freedom would
be 11 (n - 1). Error d.f. = n - c = 12 - 3 = 9.
Feedback: The data are arranged in rows rather than in columns, but it is still
three groups of independent observations (no second factor), so we use a one-
factor ANOVA with three groups (2 d.f.). Total degrees of freedom would be 11
(n - 1). Error d.f. = n - c = 12 - 3 = 9. The cell borders make it look a bit like a
two-factor ANOVA, but there is no second (column) factor.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking

Blooms: Evaluate
149. The table below shows six random observations on the number of airline tickets
booked on Orbitz per hour in the five months bracketing the summer travel
season. State the most reasonable hypotheses. What test would a statistician
probably use? How many total degrees of freedom? How many degrees of
freedom for the treatment(s)? How many error degrees of freedom? Explain.
Do not do the F-test.
One-factor ANOVA using 5 groups (4 d.f.). Total degrees of freedom would be

29 (n - 1). Error d.f. = n - c = 30 - 5 = 25.
Feedback: We have five columns of independent observations, so we want a

one-factor ANOVA using five groups (4 d.f.). Total degrees of freedom would
be 29 (n - 1). Error d.f. = n - c = 30 - 5 = 25.

Blooms: Evaluate
150. What is GLM, and why do we need it?
If there are more than two factors, a more complex ANOVA is required. Excel
does not handle such calculations, so we use a package such as SPSS, SyStat, or
Minitab. Unbalanced designs and various types of interactions may be handled
in GLM.
Feedback: When we have more than two factors, a more complex ANOVA is
required. Excel does not handle such calculations, so we turn to a more
powerful statistical package such as Systat, SPSS, SAS, or Minitab. Also,
unbalanced designs and various types of interactions may be handled in GLM.

Blooms: Evaluate

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Chapter 11

True / False Questions

1. One-factor ANOVA is a procedure intended to compare the variances of c

2. Analysis of variance is a procedure intended to compare the means of c samples.

6. Comparison of c means in one-factor ANOVA can equivalently be done by using c

7. ANOVA assumes equal variances within each treatment group.

9. ANOVA assumes normal populations.

10. Tukey's test compares pairs of treatment means in an ANOVA.

16. Sample sizes must be equal in one-factor ANOVA.

18. One-factor ANOVA with two groups is equivalent to a two-tailed t-test.

22. ANOVA is robust to violations of the equal-variance assumption as long as group

25. Tukey's test pools all the sample variances.

Multiple Choice Questions

29. Variation "within" the ANOVA treatments represents:

B. differences between group means.

C. differences between group variances.

D. the effect of sample size.

A. Normality of the treatment populations.

B. Homogeneous treatment variances.

C. Independent sample observations.

D. Equal population sizes for groups.

31. In an ANOVA, when would the F-test statistic be zero?

A. When there is no difference in the variances.

B. When the treatment means are the same.

C. When the observations are normally distributed.

D. The F-test statistic cannot ever be zero.

32. ANOVA is used to compare:

A. proportions of several groups.

B. variances of several groups.

C. means of several groups.

D. both means and variances.

A. equality of two or more variances.

B. equality of two or more means.

C. equality of a population mean and a given value.

D. equality of more than two variances.

34. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the F distribution?

B. It describes the ratio of two variances.

C. It is a family based on two sets of degrees of freedom.

D. It is negative when s12 is smaller than s22.

35. In an ANOVA, the SSE (error) sum of squares reflects:

A. the effect of the combined factor(s).

B. the overall variation in Y that is to be explained.

C. the variation that is not explained by the factors.

D. the combined effect of treatments and sample size.

A. cannot safely use ANOVA.

B. can safely employ ANOVA.

C. would prefer three separate t-tests.

D. would need three-factor ANOVA.

37. Which is not assumed in ANOVA?

A. Observations are independent.

B. Populations are normally distributed.

C. Variances of all treatment groups are the same.

D. Population variances are known.

38. In a one-factor ANOVA, the computed value of F will be negative:

A. when there is no difference in the treatment means.

B. when there is no difference within the treatments.

C. when the SST (total) is larger than SSE (error).

A. We might now be able to reject the null hypothesis.

B. We surely must reject H0 for 60 observations.

C. We cannot reject H0 since we obtained the same F-value.

D. It is impossible to get the same F-value for n = 60 as for n = 30.

42. One-factor analysis of variance:

A. requires that the number of observations in each group be identical.