Mr. Rwakatiwana
Farm
Structures
Allowable
stress
intensities
Reinforced
Concrete
ε
• It is not suitable when deformations are not
proportional to the loads e.g. in a slender column
• Unsafe when dealing with the stability of
structures that are subject to overturning forces
Agricultural Structures CUAE 306 Lecture notes © P. Rwakatiwana 7
Principles of Structural Design Cont.
Current design approach
• This design approach is based on the ultimate
strength and the serviceability of the structure
with the allowable stress approach serving as
an alternative
Current
Design
Approach
Limit State
Plastic Design
Design
Vibration
Durability Fatigue
Cracking Fire
Deflections
Farm Others
Structure
• DDD
• Reinforcement (a) is better than (b) because only
a component of the vertical steel is acting across
the failure zone but this type of reinforcement is
not practical so reinforcement (b) is used.
Agricultural Structures CUAE 306 Lecture notes © P. Rwakatiwana 32
Safety Factors
Charateristic Strengh
Deseign Strength
m
1.15 for steel
Where γm is the material safety factor
1.25 - 1.5 for concre
Design Load Characteristic Load f
dead and wind loads 1.4 for adverse conditions
1.2 for a combination of the two
Where f Load factor i.e.
1.6 for live loads
1.2 for earth pressure
Yield Stress
Permissible Stress
Fs
3 for concrete
Where Fs Factor of safety i.e.
1.75 - 2.0 for steel
Agricultural Structures CUAE 306 Lecture notes © P. Rwakatiwana 33
DESIGN OF BEAMS
[Singley Reinforced Concrete]
• The behaviour of structural concrete is
represented by parabolic stress-strain relationship
up to a strain ε0 from which point the strain
increases while the stress remains constant.
• DDdd
• DDD
• DDD
• DDD
γ m
fy
γm
Strain
Agricultural Structures CUAE 306 Lecture notes © P. Rwakatiwana 37
• Within the elastic range the relationship
between stress and strain is:
Stress Elastic Modulus x Strain
Es s
• So that the design yield strain is:
fy
m
Es
where Es 20010 N / m
3 2
b. y. f c y
BM d
2 3
Agricultural Structures CUAE 306 Lecture notes © P. Rwakatiwana 50
b) Given: - dimension of the section
- area of reinforcement
- bending moment
- modular ratio
Required: - stresses in concrete and steel.
M
OR yc d
M r
2. Equate the moment of resistance of the
compression area to the given bending moment
and find d.
b. y. f c y
d BM
2 3
54
Agricultural Structures CUAE 306 Lecture notes © P. Rwakatiwana
3. Find the area of steel by equating the total
compression on the beam section to the total
tension on the beam section.
b. y. f c
At . f t
2
If b is not given choose your own b and proceed
from 2.
s
Z d .............................(3)
2
Substituti ng (2) in (1)
BM 0.45 f cu b.s Z
Reversing s from equation (3)
BM 0.9 f cu b(d Z ) Z ...............(4)
BM
Rearranging (4) and substituti ng for k
f cu bd 2
Agricultural Structures CUAE 306 Lecture notes © P. Rwakatiwana 58
2
Z Z k
0
d d 0 .9
k
Z d 0.5 0.25 ....................(5)
0.9
d
when the depth of neutral axis y that is the
2
maximum allowed by the code BS 8110 for a singley
reinforced section in order to provide a ductile
section which has a gradual tension type failure.
BM
If
2
k is greater than 0.156 then
bd f cu
compression reinforcement is also required to
supplement the moment of resistance of the
concrete.
For a singley reinforced beam:
BM 0.156 f cu bd 2
Span
3. 20, for no excessive deflections
Effective depth
4. h d Cover t
t 12 32 28 mm
1
2
Agricultural Structures CUAE 306 Lecture notes © P. Rwakatiwana 71