PTI 4208

Pertanian Berlanjut

Bab 5.
ANALISIS SPASIAL
Aplikasi Penginderaan Jauh DAN Sistem Informasi
Geografi untuk Managemen Landsekap di
Ekosistem Pertanian
Oleh: Didik Suprayogo dan Sudarto

 Sumber: Sonya Dewi, Pornwilai Saipothong, David Thomas; Aaron Dushku, Sandra Brown, Tim Pearson,
David Shoch, and Bill Howley
(Foto: Kurniatun Hairiah)
6 KUNCI PENTING STRATEGI MENGELOLA BIODIVERSITAS
DAN PERTANIAN

1. Mendorong keberadaan habitat alami di sistem usaha

pertanian dan menetapkan koridor lahan pertanian yang terkait
dengan ruangan yang tidak tertanami,
2. Menetapkan daerah lindung dekat dengan lahan pertanian
3. Menirukan habitat alami dengan mengintegrasikan tanaman
pepohonan yang produktif di lahan pertanian
4. Memberi kesempatan masyarakat untuk berperan serta dalam
proses perencaan secara interaktif dan transparan
5. Memberi kesempatan para pihak untuk memvisualiasi hasil
kegiatan managemen pada skala landsekap,
6. Memungkinkan pengukuran keberhasilan kegiatan berdasarkan
prinsip-prinsip pertanian berlanjut
Analisis Spasial
 PETA DAN INFORMASI SPASIAL
Macam data di muka bumi:
 Data nonspasial:
 biasanya diujudkan dalam bentuk tabel, grafik, dsb.
 Analisis data menggunakan kalkulator, SPSS, Minitab dll
 Data spasial:
 biasanya diujudkan dalam bentuk peta
 Analisis data dalam GIS menggunakan Analisis Spasial
Analisis Spasial
 Teknik analisis data geografis berdasarkan
distribusi spasial obyek-obyek geografis.
 Analisis spasial terbagi menjadi tiga bagian:
 analisis statistik,
 analisis grafis dan
 analisis matematis.
Tipe data dalam Analisis Spasial
Analisis data titik, sebelah kiri plotting data
asli sebelah kanan hasil interpolasi (yang
telah diklasifikasi)
Analisis data kontinyu, sebelah kiri plotting
data asli sebelah kanan hasil interpolasi
(data
Analisis data
area/ luasan,
Mengapa Butuh Spatial Analysis?
Manusia menggunakan lahan dan sumberdaya tergantung
pada:
 Rupa /corak alam, termasuk kuantitas dan kualitas hutan,
tanah, topografi, iklim, sungai
 Terbangunnya rupa lahan (infrastructure) seperti jalan,
jembatan, jaringan jalan kereta api, pelabuhan, dan
jaringan listrik
 Kenampakan perekonomian seperti pasar untuk input
dan output
 Pusat pemerintahan, institusi
 Kebijakan, sektor luar yang terkait
(in a feedback loop systems. Spatial heterogeneity
and spatial autocorrelation apply in landscapes)
What is GIS?
 Sistem informasi yang dirancang untuk bekerja
dengan data yang bereferensi spasial atau
berkoordinat geografi

 Aronoff (1989)
SISTEM berdasarkan komputer yang mempunyai
kemampuan untuk menangani data yang
bereferensi geografi yang mencakup: a)
pemasukan, b). Manajemen data (penyimpanan
data dan pemanggilan lagi), c). Manipulasi dan
analisis, d). Pengembangan produk dan
pencetakan.
 Layer vertikal.

Layer horisontal.

layer horisontal, sebaran keruangan secara horisontal (misalnya

penggunaan lahan), kadang sebuah peta harus dipotong-
potong menjadi beberapa lembar
Layer vertikal, tema peta yang berbeda dipetakan menjadi peta-peta yang
berbeda.
PETA CETAK DATA TABULAR Posisi GIS DAN RS dalam Pemetaan
Sumberdaya Lahan

Membuat peta baru

digitasi Peta Tematik
dari peta yang sudah
ada yang dibuat

INPUT EDITING MANIPULASI ANALISIS DISPLAY

• Daya dukung lahan

Titik, garis, Atribut: Titik,
• Kesesuaian lahan
poligon garis, poligon
• Potensi bencana
• Perencanaan tataguna lahan

Iklim • Lain-2

PENGINDERAAN JAUH
Bentuklahan (Remote Sensing)
Survei SDL
Penggunaan/Tutup
an lahan
What’s for?
 Data acquisition: collecting, compiling, updating
 Relational database with search engine:
overlaying, selecting, zoning
 Research tool: classifying, stratifying, designing
sampling, extrapolating, integrating, studying
interaction, scaling up and down
 Analytical tool: studying pattern from process,
and pattern to process, spatial econometrics
 Management tool: monitoring, planning, inventory
 Communication tool
 Esthetics 
Source of data
 Maps
 Satellite data
 Participatory data
 Theories
 Statistics
 Desk and field studies
Kegunaan Analisis Spasial

1. Sampling site selection

2. Overlaying planning
3. Spatial clustering diagnosis
4. Change analysis monitoring
5. Communicating research results
6. Visualizing bivariate pattern
7. Empirical modelling Spatial econometrics
8. Scoping issues to options
9. Carbon Stock estimation
1. Sampling Site selection
Landcover 2002
Cluster description
 Cluster 1: low forest cover, low segregation, medium
population density, close to district capital
 Cluster 2: high forest cover, high segregation, low
population density, far from district capital
 Cluster 3: low-medium forest cover, low segregation, high
population density, close to district capital
2. Overlaying Planning
 Sarula

Sibolga

Landcover 2005 (ICRAF)

Batang Toru

Padang
Sidempuan
 Sarula

The red line

delineates
HTR Sibolga
Landcover 2005 (ICRAF)
+ HTR Baplan 2006

Batang Toru

Padang
Sidempuan
Landcover 2005 (ICRAF) +
HTR Baplan 2006 Lahan
Tutupan Area (ha) % Area
Old shrub 361 2
Only 3% w/o
Shrub 99 1
tree cover
Bareland 3 0
No data 255 2
Rubber agroforest 4200 28
Forest and benzoin agroforest 2762 18
Durian Agroforest 1746 12 90% is
Monoculture rubber 1742 12 productive
Salak Agroforest 1008 7
Settlement 740 5
Mixed garden 639 4
Paddy 364 2
Pineapple 164 1
Oil palm 162 1
Monoculture coffee 106 1
Swamp forest 659 4 4% forested
Pine 37 0
Total 15.047 100
3. Spatial Clustering Diagnosis
Birdnest
Spatial
clustering

Timber

Logging
NTFP
Agric.
Agroforest
Agroforest Agriculture
Fish Fishery
Birdnest

Timber
 Characteristics
Agriculture Local market, market dependent,
suitable land dependent, low
return to labour, high return to
land
Agroforest External stimulant, strong role of
middle man, external market,
land dependent, medium return
to labour, medium return to land
Timber NR-dependent, ‘unlimited
external market’, capital
dependent, high return to labour,
low return to land, low BCR
Non-timber Minor contribution to livelihoods,
seasonal, varies from local to
external market, significant role
of middleman, medium return to
labour, low return to land
Bird nest Highly economical product, NR
dependent, ‘unlimited external
market’, capital dependent, high
return to labour, low BCR, high
return to land
Non farm Govt, enterprises (mostly
external), sufficient level of
purchasing power, varied return
to labour and land
Issues Opportunities
Infrastructure, market Land availability
mechanism, technology,
capital, skill
Infrastructure, market Land availability, potential
mechanism, technology, market, env services
capital, skill, longer
investment
Law Accumulated income can
enforcement/disenforce be used as capital for other
ment, governance, not activities
sustainable
Undefinable market; Need no capital, safety net,
fluctuating resources env services
Security, inequal Accumulated income can
distribution, may not be be used as capital for other
sustainable activities
Wider governance issue NR-independent
than just NR
4. Change analysis Monitoring
Results : East Kalimantan 1990’s
Results : East Kalimantan 2000’s
Results : East Kalimantan 2005’s
Results : East Kalimantan Land Cover Changes
5. Communicating Research
Results
Research questions:
 to characterize the marketing of NTFP in Cameroon and the borders
of neighboring countries
 to examine the channels through which NTFP flow through the
farmer to the consumer
6. Visualizing Bivariate pattern
Forest cover and population: Brazil
 Forest and Poverty: Brazil

CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 47: Poverty and Forest: Multi-country analysis of
spatial association and proposed policy solution
7. Empirical modelling Spatial
Econometrics
WELL-BEING PROPORTION of AGRO-SUITABLE AREA

25 0 25
Kilometers

Transportation Network
Major river
Other river
Major road
Other road
Suitability
0 - 0.205
0.205 - 0.47
0.47 - 0.692
0.692 - 0.872
0.872 - 1
 ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES PROPORTION of FOREST COVER

Transportation Network
Major river
Other river
Major road
Other road Transportation Network
Transmigration Major river
Coal Mining Other river
Plantation Major road
Forest Concessioner Other road
Diversification Proportion of Forest 92
0 - 0.111 0.342 - 0.594
0.111 - 0.295 0.594 - 0.737
0.295 - 0.465 0.737 - 0.831
0.465 - 0.665 0.831 - 0.892
0.665 - 1.179 0.892 - 0.971
 Village level analysis

Spatial error modela of ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES (EDI)

Variable Coefficient S.D. z-value

PROVINCIAL ROAD 206.31 39.88 5.17**
DISTRICT ROAD 54.13 15.89 3.41**
MINE ROAD -8.65 20.89 -0.41
LOGGING/PLANTATION ROAD 23.16 10.96 2.11*
TIME TO LOGGING 4.10E-03 0.01 0.43
TIME TO TRANSMIGRATION 0.02 7.16E-03 3.35**
DEFORESTATION 1992/1996 2.27 0.64 3.55**
LAMBDA -0.38 0.14 -2.79**

a with maximum likelihood estimation, number of observation=73, R2=0.82,

LIK=5.62, AIC=2.76.
* and ** significance level of 0.05 and 0.01.
 Village level analysis

Spatial error modela of WELL-BEING

Variable Coefficient S.D. z-value

EDI 0.19 0.05 3.70**
AGRO SUITABILITY 0.27 0.03 7.86**
LAND USE INTENSITY 0.15 0.06 -2.39*
FOREST 92 0.53 0.08 6.79**
POPULATION 8.87E-05 1.64E-05 5.39**
TIME TO DISTRICT -0.03 0.02 -1.13
TIME TO SUB-DISTRICT 0.01 0.03 0.38
LAMBDA -0.44 0.13 -3.30**

a with maximum likelihood estimation, number of observation=73, R2=0.98,

LIK=63.65, AIC=-113.31
* and ** are significance level of 0.05 and 0.01

World Development Vol. 33, No. 9, pp. 1419–1434, 2005: Village Economic Opportunity,
Forest Dependence, and Rural Livelihoods in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
8. Scoping issues to Options
Delineation issues to be resolved in enhancing protection status…
2. The existing 1. Reclassification of the ‘limited produc-
7. If East Sarulla
‘protection forest’ tion forest’ (HPT) to a stronger protection
is included, the
on the western status will be an important first step; re-
‘connection
flank is control- voking logging concession; HKM agree-
point’ is critical;
led by Tapanuli ments with surrounding villages feasible
a new Sipirok -
Tengah, and ma- Tarutung road
naged for water will be a great
flows; HKM con- help for
tracts on edge of 6
conservation
HL are feasible 1
3. Activities of the 6. Include the
goldmine need to 2 ‘East Sarulla’
be care-fully block of logged
monitored, using 7 over forest? It
AMDAL
3 may harbour 150
procedures 5 orangutan; if so,
4. Inclusion of the
4 North (and not
‘nature reserves’ South) Tapanuli
in the South in- will be the main
5. The corridor of village land in between
volves border is- district for the
the river and the Lubukraya & Sibualbuali
sues due to chan- PA….
nature reserves has many inhabitants;
ges from histori- voluntary agreements are essential here
cal boundaries
Issues on Inputs
Key parameters for
‘sustainable land for pattern analysis:
functional soil & land
management’ Remote sensing imagery
cover processes,
Ground sampling protocols
Quantitative
Laboratory data (spectral + ‘functional’)
performance
Land use patterns & socio-econ. drivers
indicators

GIS
Outputs
tools
Inputs for process-based models:
for process-based models:
Plot-level: WaNuLCAS Waterbalance: E & Q components
Vegetation cover/phenology Landscape-level: Hydrograph: peak & baseflows
Rainfall, ETpot SWAT,GenRiver, FALLOW, Yields/productivity
Topography IAHCRES, Watershed function indicators
Soils Enhanced diagnosis
Tradeoff &
scenario LEK validation
Outputs . analysis
Science at negotia-
Landscape for land degradation/suitability analysis: tion tables
stratification, Degradation status,
toposequences, long Better-informed
Critical thresholds,
term dynamics, decisions
Spatial prioritization of rehabilitation
geomorphology etc. interventions Adaptive policies
9. Carbon Stock Estimation
Perubahan Tutupan Lahan di DAS Kalikonto
(1990-2005)

1990 2005
 Hierarchi klasifikasi tutupan lahan

Hutan Alami Berbasis Agroforestry

(terdegra- pohon 5
2 dasi) 4
Perkebunan
Daratan Vegetasi
3
Tidak Bera
1 Bukan hutan berbasis
pohon 6
Satelite Tan.
Non-
semusim
Vegetasi
Tidak ada
data:
• awan
• bayangan
 25000
Shade

20000 Cloud

Water (dam)
Total area, ha

15000 Settlement

Bush Fallow
10000
Annual Crop

5000 Plantation

Agroforestry
0
Disturbed forest
1990 2005
Menduga Cadangan Karbon pada berbagai Tutupan Lahan

Bambu
 Soil, 0-30 cm Root Biomass Necromass Understorey Plant Biomass

125

75
C stock, Mg ha-1

25

-25

-75
Agroforestry Plantation/monoculture Annual
-125
 Distribusi Carbon di DAS Kalikonto th. 1990 dan 2005
• Dalam kurun waktu 15 tahun (1990 – 2005), seluruh DAS Kali Konto (seluas 23810.13 ha) kehilangan
C tersimpan sebesar 25924 Mg th-1 atau rata-rata kehilangan karbon sekitar 1.48 Mg ha-1 th-1

1990 2005
1990 2005
Sampai jumpa minggu depan

BAB 6: LAYANAN LINGKUNGAN

Manfaat Biodiversitas bagi lingkungan di tingkat
lanskap: Peran Biodiversitas dalam HIDROLOGI
 Case Study

Spatial Information as a Tool for Land Use

Management: Mapping with comunity
Altitude Zones in Mountain Agroforestry Landscapes:
Ecology, Ethnicity, & Agroecosystem Change in North Thailand
Generalized watershed landscape transect in Mae Chaem

Hmong

Karen
Northern
Thai
Landscape mosaic in
Mae Chaem watershed
Land Use Policy Spatial Data

In “preparation” for
protected area status
Class 1 watersheds
In reserved forest

Doi Inthanon
National Park

Expanding state
forest land claims in
Mae Chaem
Mae Tho Ob Luang
National Park (new) National Park
Satellite data 2000

Other maps & information

from outsiders
Maps and information available in villages
Participatory Mapping of Land Use Zones Established by Communities in Local
Landscapes
Methodology of participatory mapping to link local & expert knowledge
GIS-based map:
DEM, River/Stream, Road, Village location, land use maps, etc.

Field visit, observation, informal interview

and discuss with stakeholders

Data into GIS and associated software

Preliminary Preliminary Village

Land use map boundary map

Participatory mapping process

[GIS team and the communities within the watershed]

Data assimilation [GIS techniques]

Consultation with the communities

and other key stakeholders

Village Output maps: further

District office Landuse, village analyses
Watershed network boundary, infrastructure, & studies
Local governance unit forest types, etc.
Methodology of participatory mapping to link local & expert knowledge
GIS-based map:
DEM, River/Stream, Road, Village location, land use maps, etc.

Field visit, observation, informal interview

and discuss with stakeholders

Data into GIS and associated software

Preliminary Preliminary Village

Land use map boundary map
Basic Land Use Survey
Base map
Basic Land Use Survey Field visit & observation
Basic Land Use Survey Informal interview and discussion with stakeholders
Basic Land Use Survey

Landmarks & land use area boundaries drawn on base map

Basic Land Use Survey

Transform data into GIS format

หลัง
Methodology of participatory mapping to link local & expert knowledge
GIS-based map:
DEM, River/Stream, Road, Village location, land use maps, etc.

Field visit, observation, informal interview

and discuss with stakeholders

Data into GIS and associated software

Preliminary Preliminary Village

Land use map boundary map

Participatory mapping process

[GIS team and the communities within the watershed]
Participatory mapping process

Make sketch maps of the area

Participatory mapping process
Transform sketch map to GIS map
Participatory mapping process Presentation of output map by villager
representative & group discussion
Methodology of participatory mapping to link local & expert knowledge
GIS-based map:
DEM, River/Stream, Road, Village location, land use maps, etc.

Field visit, observation, informal interview

and discuss with stakeholders

Data into GIS and associated software

Preliminary Preliminary Village

Land use map boundary map

Participatory mapping process

[GIS team and the communities within the watershed]

Data assimilation [GIS techniques]

Consultation with the communities

and other key stakeholders

Village Output maps:

District office Landuse, village
Watershed network boundary, infrastructure,
Local governance unit forest types, etc.
Data Assimilation

Sketch map

GIS map

GIS land use zoning by community map

Product Testing Consult with the communities and other key stakeholders
Output Products Example map products for villages & local stakeholders
Output Products

Final Map Products

Printed on weatherproof
roll-up plastic sheets
and distributed to participating
• villages
• sub-watershed management
networks
• key local stakeholders
Some additional custom maps
have since been provided
according to local requests

- 7 local sub-watersheds
- 125 settlements
- 53 admin villages
- 1,400 sq km
Methodology of participatory mapping to link local & expert knowledge
GIS-based map:
DEM, River/Stream, Road, Village location, land use maps, etc.

Field visit, observation, informal interview

and discuss with stakeholders

Data into GIS and associated software

Preliminary Preliminary Village

Land use map boundary map

Participatory mapping process

[GIS team and the communities within the watershed]

Data assimilation [GIS techniques]

Consultation with the communities

and other key stakeholders

Village Output maps: further

District office Landuse, village analyses
Watershed network boundary, infrastructure, & studies
Local governance unit forest types, etc.
Mae Tum
Forest fallow rotational
shifting cultivation persists
with 5 - 9 year cycles
 Community
protected forest

Grassland
Rotational forest
fallow area

Current upland
crop fields
Paddy
fields

Urban

Planted &
rehab. forest

Community
Subsistence
Use forest
 Mae Tum
4,000

3,500

other forest
3,000
protect forest
land area (hectares)

subsist forest 2,500

orchard
fallow 2,000
grass
upland field 1,500
paddy field
water 1,000
urban
other 500

-
L L L L K K K K K TKH
5 6 7 8 3 4 9 13 14 10
7.7 7.8 6.2 11 5.7 8.0 6.5 3.3 6.3 0.1

ethnicity, village, fallow/upland ratio

 Mae Karen+Thai
Lawa Karen
units Tum + Hmong
Study Area
Administrative Villages no. 10 4 5 1
Settlements no. 20 5 13 2
Population persons 3,613 1,222 2,166 225
percent 100 34 60 6
Land Area hectares 15,981 6,615 8,133 1,234
percent 100 41 51 8
Population Density per / sq km 22.6 18.5 26.6 18.2
Average Population Data
settlements/admin village no. 2.0 1.3 2.6 2.0
settlement size households 32.6 45.4 28.6 26.0
household size persons 5.5 5.4 5.8 4.3
Average Land per Household
Mae Tum
house plot hectares 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4
4,000 cultivated land hectares 2.6 2.9 2.3 3.0
3,500
- paddy land percent 28 32 31 0
3,000
- upland crops percent 70 68 67 96
land area (hectares)

2,500
- orchard percent 1 - 2 3
forest fallow
2,000
hectares 11.0 15.6 9.6 0.4
1,500

1,000
- fallow / upland crops ratio 6.1 8.0 6.1 0.1
500
permanent forest hectares 10.7 10.5 9.7 18.3
- - subsistence use percent 22 26 19 24
L L L L K K K K K TKH
5 6 7 8 3 4 9 13 14 10 - community protected percent 67 70 73 36
7.7 7.8 6.2 11 5.7 8.0 6.5 3.3 6.3 0.1

ethnicity, village, fallow/upland ratio

- plantation & other percent 11 4 7 41
 average land resource use per household size of examples in sample sample share system footprint
average land resource use per household
Overall patternsuncultivated land (ha)
cultivated land major village
villages system
practicing components
system percent ratio
of cultivated land uncultivated land (ha)
in all mapped TOTAL persons % of % %
ll paddy upland orchard subsist protect all forest + admin natur house Land Area sample sample
fallow paddy
per all
land paddy perm
forest upland orchard subsist protect all fore
a) sub-watersheds
% % % paddy fallow
forest forest forest rice vill upland
vill rice
holds popfield crop
(ha) people
orchard land
/upland (ha) (ha) %
sq km cultiv fallow forest % % forest forest forest fall

Northern Thai Villages

. expanded - , maize , <minor> - . . - 28%
. small - , maize , <minor> - . . - land
. small - maize , fruit trees - . . -
. - - -<minor>- - - garden .- , . . - - - -
Short-
Lawa Villages cycles
. - small long forest fallow <minor> , <minor> . . . -
. - . <minor> medium forest fallow <minor> <minor> . . . - .
. - expanded medium forest fallow <minor> , <minor> . . . - 17%
Karen Villages people
. 38% <minor> long forest fallow , <minor> , <minor> . . .
. small medium forest fallow , <minor> , <minor> . . .
.
land . expanded medium forest fallow , <minor> , <minor> . . . .
. - <minor> short forest fallow <minor> , . . . -
. Fixed expanded short forest fallow , <minor> , <minor> . . . 34%
. fields expanded short forest fallow , maize , <minor> . . .
land
. small short forest fallow vegetables , <minor> . . .
. small fixed field maize <minor> - . . -
55% Forest
. . expanded fixed field , maize , <minor> - . . - .
. people - expanded - vegetables , - . . - - fallow
. - expanded - , , fruit trees . . - -
. <minor> - maize , <minor> - . . - 28%
Hmong Villages people
. <minor> - <minor> fruit trees -. . . -
. . <minor> - vegetables , fruit trees - . . -.
. small - , vegetables , <minor> . . .
Mixed Villages
. . expanded medium forest fallow <minor> , <minor> . . . .
. expanded fixed field maize , <minor> - . . -
. <minor> - , vegetables , <minor> . . .

. Overall Study Area , , , . . .

Change in landscape patterns

Air photo
coverages
Participatory field mapping

2001 to 2003

Combined with
Air photo time series analysis

1954 to 1996
Air photo coverages
Matching Village Categories with Land Use Monitoring Tools
Aggregate local categories
Aggregate satellite data categories Aggregate airphoto categories
Forest Areas
Forest Areas Forest Areas
Hill evergreen forest Planted + Other
Planted + Other Forest without further designation
Pine forest
Forest plantation government forest plantings
Dry deciduous forest
Mix deciduous forest village forest rehabilitation areas
Forest Community Protected
forest community protected forest
Disturbed forest birth spirit forest groves
cemetery forest groves
other spiritual grouves
Subsistence Use
community subsistence use forest
community forest
‘food bank’ forest
Other Uncultivated Areas Other Uncultivated Areas
Fallow Fallow Other Uncultivated Areas
Young fallow
Fallow
Old fallow
regenerating forest fallow areas
Grass
Grass
Grassland areas
Grassland areas
Cultivated Fields Cultivated Fields
Cultivated Fields
Field crop Orchards
Cash crop Orchards
Fruit trees
Bare soil Fruit tree gardens and orchards
Upland fields
Bunded paddy field Upland fields
Upland crop fields
Upland vegetables current cultivated field crop areas
Bare soil specific upland vegetable areas

Paddy fields Paddy fields

Bunded paddy fields Bunded paddy fields

Settlement Areas Settlement Areas Settlement Areas

Urban village house areas village ‘urban’ housing areas
Other Other Other
cloud cloud/unknown Areas of mining operations
Water Water Water
 Has rotational
Mae Tum: Forest fallow shifting cultivation forest
with 5 – 9 yearfallow
cycles
shifting cultivation really been
a major cause of rapid
Mae Tum Watershed - 14,770
deforestation?
100%
ha
Mature
90%
forest
80%

70%

60%
Forest fallow
fields 50%

40%

30%

Grassland 20%

10%
Paddy
Upland crop 0%
fields
fields
1954 1976 1984 1996 2002
Mae Raek
Mae Kong Kha
Forest fallow shifting cultivation
All transformed to permanent fields
Mae Raek: Shifting cultivation transformed to permanent fields
More permanent forest – Success!!
But also less total forest, more upland crops
and more Mae Raek Watershed
chemical use - 5,210 ha
100%

90%

Mature 80%
forest
70%

60%

50%
Forest fallow
fields 40%
Upland crop
30% fields

20%
Grassland
10% Paddy
fields
0%
1954 1976 1984 1996 2001
Analysis of events & processes

Landslides
 Combining Science & Local Knowledge to Strengthen
Local Institutions & Multi-Level Understanding & Communications

Early form of
Negotiation
Support
System
Sampai jumpa minggu depan

BAB 6: LAYANAN LINGKUNGAN

Manfaat Biodiversitas bagi lingkungan di tingkat
lanskap: Peran Biodiversitas dalam HIDROLOGI